Water Treatment Tank Research Articles

IOT Based Smart Wastewater Treatment Model for Industry 4.0 Using Artificial Intelligence

Wastewater is created by pharma firms and has become a huge worry for the ecosystem. There is a significant amount of toxins that are being dropped continuously from numerous pharmaceutical companies that causes serious damages to the environment and public health because of its comprising high organics as well as inorganic loadings and thus requirements appropriate treatment before final disposal to the ecosystem. Goal of this approach is to treat the wastewater treatment model with industrial data. Algorithms of the artificial neural network (ANN) were employed progressively to predict parameters for wastewater plants. This provision assists users to take remedial measures and function the process by the standards. It is proven as beneficial technology because of its complicated mechanism, dynamic and inconsistent changes in aspects, to overcome some of the limitations of common mathematical models for the wastewater treatment plant. The target is to achieve better prediction accuracy in wastewater treatment model. In this paper, ANN approaches are relevant to the prediction of input and effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) for effluent treatment procedures. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) offer accurate technique modeling for complex systems using an artificial intelligence technique. Three distinct types of back-propagation ANN were devised to avoid the concentration of wastewater treatment facilities in the concentration of COD, suspended particles, and mixed liquid solids in an epidermal water treatment tank (MLSS). To anticipate COD levels in influential and effluent areas, two ANN-based techniques have been presented. The proper structure for the neural network models was identified via a variety of training and model testing methods. An efficient and robust forecasting tool has been created for the ANN model.

Assessing the Fly Ash Effect on the Durability of Reinforced Concrete of Water Treatment Tanks Exposed to Coagulating Ferric Chloride by an Electrochemical Process

This study aims to assess the corrosion behaviour of reinforcing steel of blended concretes using pozzolanic additives—fly ash—replacing 15% and 25% of cement weight in order to enhance the durability of potable water treatment tanks exposed to 3.5 wt% FeCl3. The test was evaluated in a very short time by the acceleration corrosion (impressed constant voltage 15 V). Specimens were analysed through open-circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests after placing them in a 3.5wt% FeCl3 and drinking water solution. The depth of chloride penetration was also measured to determine the extent of chloride permeability. Moreover, SEM/EDS techniques were carried out to identify corrosion products. The results have indicated that cement concretes mixed with fly ash exhibit a positive impact on compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. OCP and EIS measurements have shown that the addition of fly ash enhances the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete exposed to ferric chloride and potable water. In addition, the results have also shown that the fly ash dosage with 25% is more effective in improving durability, while the one with 15% is less effective in reducing durability.

Separation of Stable Water−Oil Emulsion Using Ultrasonic Action

The influence of ultrasonic action on water-oil emulsion breaking is investigated and the optimum parameters of this process are determined. The investigations are conducted on water-oil emulsion samples from water treatment tanks of the Kamennyi Log field oil treatment unit of the Oil and Gas Production Division No. 4 (LUKOIL PLC, Perm, Russia). The existing stable water-oil emulsion treatment technology at the facility involves thermochemical action with heating up to 80°C and addition of a demulsifier in a dose of 200 g/ton of oil. It is shown that the average water droplet size in water-oil emulsion changes little upon ultrasonic treatment (UST). Direct dependence of water-oil emulsion breaking efficiency on specific temporary acoustic power is not observed. Conditions develop in the emulsion medium upon action of acoustic vibrations for coalescence of disperse medium droplets and demulsification occurs more actively than on conventional heating and addition of demulsifier. For extrastable water-oil emulsion, the specific acoustic power is found to be 73–75 W/dm3, at which the disperse phase is scattered, upon which, however, the stability of the emulsion decreases, as evidenced by stratification of the extrastable water-oil emulsion after UST (after heating and addition of a substantial quantity of emulsifier, the emulsion sample does not break up for 24 h and longer).

Effect of Pelleted feeds (Floating and Sinking) on Growth and survival of Post Fry Sea Bream, Acanthopagrusberda (Forsskal, 1775)

The nutritional efficacy of sea-bream seed Acanthopagrusberda (Forsskal, 1775), was observed intensively cultivated for 5 weeks. Seed of experimental fish were collected from wild by the help of cast net. Collected seed were procured with oxygenated tanks carefully into the aqua-lab. Juveniles were kept in well aerated 60-L-1 glass water treatment tanks (10-1) with their two replicates and fed on different commercial diets i.e. T1-floating feed and T2-sinking feed. Feed were given twice daily after seven hours interval period, according to their total biomass (body weight, 2 %) and later on, the amount of feed was adjusted by their wet body weight in all tanks. After completion of acclimatization period, fries were distributed among treatments having mean initial length and weight (4.5±0.5 cm, 5.84±0.3g) respectively. At the end of experiment, all juveniles were collected and measured total length (cm) and weight (g). Results shows that, the highest weight gain (g) was found in T1, floating feed (17.8±0.2g) as compared to T2, sinking feed (12.6±0.17g), while the ratio of food conversion and growth, also K were absolutely different (P<0.05) among treatments. Survival remained 100% in both treatments. However, physicochemical parameters of water found in an optimum range throughout the experimental period i.e. (temperature; 27 to 28 ◦C), (Dissolve oxygen; 6.8 to 7.3±32 mgL-1), pH (7.3 to 7.5), ammonia (0.067±0.004 mgL-1), NO2-N below (0.006 mgL-1) and salinity (17‰ to 20‰). It is suggested that, 40% protein comprising floating feed is best for obtaining optimum growth in post fry black-fin seabream, Acanthopagrusberda in captivity.

Evaluation of polyurethane resin injection for concrete leak repair

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of water leakage treatment using polyurethane resin injection for concrete structure elements. Water leakage may have destructive effects on building structures. Leaks may be attributed to several factors, such as the use of an inadequate waterproofing system, inadequate design, poor concrete quality, and poor workmanship.A wide range of techniques and products are employed to control water intrusion, including resin injection, which is among the methods commonly used for resolving leakage in waterproofing systems. The aforementioned techniques and products also provide special solutions for other construction problems. In this study, the effectiveness of using resin injection to stop water leakage is investigated. As part of the experimental work, two water tanks are modelled to simulate actual field conditions. The tanks are filled with pumped water, and three measured water pressure values are investigated to determine the effectiveness of resin injection method. The water pressure is gradually increased up to 3 bar (43.5 psi) for three days, and relevant pressure reductions are determined in each case. The results indicate that the ability of concrete elements to resist water flow is inadequate when a waterproofing system is not employed (Case 1); however, concrete permeability is slightly reduced when waterproofing materials are used (Case 2). More specifically, the use of polyurethane resin injection can substantially stop water leaks (Case 3). Polyurethane resins are designed to expand with water to permanently block the passage of water through cracks or voids. Their fast expansive reaction with water forms a tough and flexible/elastic foam. The analysis demonstrates the reduction in concrete permeability after the application of polyurethane resin injection. The results obtained in this research can be utilised as a solution to stop water leaks and cracks in concrete elements, such as basement walls, manholes, tunnels, storm sewers, retaining walls, seawalls, dams, below-grade parking decks, water treatment tanks, elevator pits, box culverts, below-grade vaults, walls, pits, and floors.

Full-scale comparison of N2O emissions from SBR N/DN operation versus one-stage deammonification MBBR treating reject water - and optimization with pH set-point.

To be able to fulfill the Paris agreement regarding anthropogenic greenhouse gases, all potential emissions must be mitigated. Wastewater treatment plants should aim to eliminate emissions of the most potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, these emissions were measured at a full-scale reject water treatment tank during two different operation modes: nitrification/denitrification (N/DN) operating as a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), and deammonification (nitritation/anammox) as a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The treatment process emitted significantly less nitrous oxide in deammonification mode 0.14-0.7%, compared to 10% of total nitrogen in N/DN mode. The decrease can be linked to the changed feeding strategy, the lower concentrations of nitrite, a lower load of ammonia oxidized, a shorter aeration time, the absence of non-optimized ethanol dosage or periodic lack of oxygen as well as the introduction of biofilm. Further, evaluation was done how the operational pH set point influenced the emissions in deammonification mode. Lower concentrations of nitrous oxide were measured in water phase at higher pH (7.5-7.6) than at lower pH (6.6-7.1). This is believed to be mainly because of the lower aeration ratio and increased complete denitrification at the higher pH set point.

Liquid Sloshing Damping in an Accelerated Tank Using a Novel Slot-Baffle Design

A slot-baffle design used in water treatment tanks previously developed by the authors is used to suppress sloshing effects in an accelerated tank. This new application is another example of the versatility of the slot-baffle design in inducing turbulence in fluid flow systems, which has numerous uses in engineering applications. Large amplitude surface waves in a harmonically excited tank are simulated using a second-order accurate numerical model in OpenFOAM. The verification of the numerical model is performed by comparing the numerical results with existing laboratory measurements, which show a favorable agreement. Various slot configurations are studied in order to evaluate the damping performance during the external excitation of the tank. It is shown that the present design shows an effective dissipation performance in a broad range of oscillation frequencies, while 88% of the internal kinetic energy of the liquid is dissipated over thirty oscillation periods for the resonance case.

Performance of a storage tank coupled with UV light on enteric virus inactivation in drinking water

Abstract Water destined for personal and household consumption should be safe and acceptable in taste, odor and color. However, complaints about drinking water quality are a common issue among the Brazilian population. Also, due to the pollution of water bodies, social groups that are not supplied by treated water may be exposed to different contaminants. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of a water treatment tank coupled with UV light on the inactivation of enteric viruses and the reduction of chlorine concentration for use in residences, as well as in rural and isolated communities. Viral disinfection and chlorine concentration decay assays were performed in a tank with capacity of 300 L and a 36-W UV lamp coupled, with controlled temperature. Recombinant human adenovirus (AdHu5-GFP) and murine norovirus (MNV-1) infectivity were assessed after 0, 3, 6 and 12 h of water recirculation. 99.99% inactivation was reached after 12 h for AdHu5-GFP and before 6 h for MNV-1. Chlorine concentration had a decay of 0.77 mg/L after 12 h. Regarding the efficiency observed, a product model was designed. This tank model was efficient in ensuring viral inactivation as well as in reducing residual chlorine and can be adjusted to other scales.

Conversion of activated-sludge reactors to microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment coupled to electricity generation

Wastewater can be treated in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with the aid of microbes that oxidize organic compounds using anodes as electron acceptors. Previous studies have suggested the utility of cassette-electrode (CE) MFCs for wastewater treatment, in which rice paddy-field soil was used as the inoculum. The present study attempted to convert an activated-sludge (AS) reactor to CE-MFC and use aerobic sludge in the tank as the source of microbes. We used laboratory-scale (1L in capacity) reactors that were initially operated in an AS mode to treat synthetic wastewater, containing starch, yeast extract, peptone, plant oil, and detergents. After the organics removal became stable, the aeration was terminated, and CEs were inserted to initiate an MFC-mode operation. It was demonstrated that the MFC-mode operation treated the wastewater at similar efficiencies to those observed in the AS-mode operation with COD-removal efficiencies of 75-80%, maximum power densities of 150-200mWm(-2) and Coulombic efficiencies of 20-30%. These values were similar to those of CE-MFC inoculated with the soil. Anode microbial communities were analyzed by pyrotag sequencing of 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. Comparative analyses revealed that anode communities enriched from the aerobic sludge were largely different from those from the soil, suggesting that similar reactor performances can be supported by different community structures. The study demonstrates that it is possible to construct wastewater-treatment MFCs by inserting CEs into water-treatment tanks.

내부 방수⋅방식재의 프라이머 종류별 역수압 작용 및 콘크리트 표면 상태에 따른 부착강도 특성

Recently, concrete facility as advanced water treatment facilities is extending in the water treatment facilities according to raise awareness of pure drinking water and delicious water. For this reason, it is increased to the necessity need to make the standard and the development of waterproofing and anti-corrosion materials for concrete structures applied water treatment tank. So, related research has become active recently. However, as the limit of research focused on durability improvement of top coating material, it is insufficient to study on the adhesion strength between the concrete surface and primer. Therefore, there is to confirm the adhesion of between concrete surface and the three primers used as anti-corrosion waterproofing materials, and to investigate the properties of adhesion strength according to the condition such as dry condition, wet condition, and water pressure condition of the concrete surface in this study.

Effects of Scale and Discharge Variation on Similitude and Solute Transport in Water Treatment Tanks

AbstractThis paper addresses the design and experimentation aspects of scaled contact tanks, a key type of treatment units in water works worldwide. The paper covers the effects of scale and discharge variation on the dynamic similitude and hydraulic efficiency of such tanks. The flow patterns tending to complete mixing (CM) and plug flow (PF) were studied, each assessed in a prototype and three further geometrically similar models of L-shaped and serpentine geometries. Tracer experiments were conducted under five discharge values. The sensitivity of each flow pattern to the changing conditions was assessed based on the residence time distribution curves and hydraulic efficiency index values, contrasted for prototypes and their scaled models. Although the CM flow pattern was insensitive to the variation of scale and discharge, within the ranges tested in this study, the PF pattern was affected by both variations when the flow regime was not turbulent in a model tank. A dependency of the dispersion number ...

Production of &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt; Fingerlings in Recirculating Systems

Fingerling productions using recirculating system of fish pond, powered with electricity and solar panelsas power sources were carried out. Plumbing work was carried out for installation of pipes and accessories that helped in water circulation inside and outside the pond and treatment tank. Oxygen pump with air stones was installed and air stones placed in each pond to aerate the ponds continuously. The dimensions of treatment tank which was constructed with concrete were (3.4×1×1.5) m. There were four compartments in the water treatment tank each measuring (1×0.6×1.25) m. Procurements of biofilters that were arranged inside the treatment tank in the following order; bioblocks, biobrush, Maifan stones, coral sand, ceramic ring, activated charcoal and UV light. The results of the microbial analysis of the recirculating system water samples were (2.2×10 3 ±200) cfu/mL, (6.8×10 3 ±10) cfu/mL and (1.8×10 3 ±10)cfu/mL for solar powered pump water, electric powered pump water, and UV treated waste water (outlet water) respectively. Oxygen values were 9.4±1.6, 6.2±0.20, 5.7±0.20, 7.2±0.15 for inlet, solar powered fish pond, electric powered fish pond and UV treated water respectively; dissolved oxygen was between 5.7 mg/L to 9.4 mg/L. Survival % was high for both systems.

마이크로버블 발생노즐 설계를 위한 수치적 연구

현재 생활문화 수준의 향상과 소득 증대에 따라 환경오염에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 또한, 수질오염에 대한 규제가 강화되어 수질오염 방지 및 하수처리 효율 향상을 위한 연구가 지속적으로 수행되고 있다. 하수처리 효율을 향상시키는 방법 중 하나는 수처리조 내에서 용존산소량을 늘려주는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 용존산소량을 늘려주고, 산소 발생기에서 발생되는 버블의 크기를 작게 만들 수 있는 설계 방안을 제시한다. 마이크로버블 발생노즐로 유입되는 물과 공기의 유동 형태에 따라 선회 및 충돌을 생성시켜 버블의 크기를 미세하게 만들었다. 본 해석결과에서 충돌 방식의 경우 버블의 크기는 목표치를 만족하지 못하였다. 반면 선회를 이용한 노즐에서는 0~ 50μm 사이의 버블이 79.3%를 차지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 마이크로버블 발생노즐은 하수처리 효율을 증대시킬 수 있을 것이다.

Changes of the bacterial assemblages throughout an urban drinking water distribution system

We analyzed the bacterial 16S rRNA gene diversity throughout the major components of the drinking water distribution system of a ca. 52,000-inhabitants city (Trikala City, Greece) in order to describe the changes of the bacterial assemblages and to detect possible bacterial pathogens which are not included in the standard monitoring process. Bacterial DAPI counts and DNA extraction was performed in the water pumping wells, the water treatment tank and tap water from households. Approximately 920 bp of the bacterial 16S rDNA were PCR-amplified, cloned, and sequenced for a total of 191 clones, which belonged to 112 unique phylotypes. The water of the pumping wells harbored a typical subsurface bacterial assemblage, with no human pathogens, dominated by beta-Proteobacteria. Cell abundance in the water treatment tank decreased significantly, close to detection limit, but bacterial diversity remained high. However, the dominance of beta-Proteobacteria decreased considerably, indicating the sensitivity of this group to drinking water disinfection treatment. Tap water from the households hosted a much less diverse, low-cell bacterial assemblage, dominated by Mycobacterium-like phylotypes, related to biofilm bacterial communities.

三相流動反応槽による養殖場排水の処理特性

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the optimum treatment conditions of the three phase fluidized bed with draft tube for the aquaculture wastewater treatment, and thereby reduce the volume of treatment process. Three phase fluidized bed process with draft tube had more effective than traditional methods for reducing ammonia in the culture system, which can results in the reduction of the water treatment tank volume. When Oreochromis niloticus was reared, the unit production of pollutants were 0.07g NH4+-N · kg fish-1 · d-1 and 0.06g PO43--P · kg fish-1 · d-1, and sludge production rate was 0.39g SS · kg fish-1 · d-1. The maximum removal rates of COD and ammonia were 1,200 mg · l-1 · d-1 and 488 mg · l-1 · d-1, respectively. Ammonia removal rates were more than 90% during HRT of 1hours. In the three phase fluidized bed, the volume of water treatment tank could be calculated from an empirical equation by using the relationship between the influent COD to NH4+-N ratio (C/N), media concentration (Cm, g · l-1), influent ammonia nitrogen concentration (N1, mg · l-1), effluent ammonia nitrogen concentration (Ne, mg · l-1), and influent flowrate (Q, m3 · hr-1). The empirical equation from was obtained from this study.V=1011.7507 C/N-1.2330 Cm-6.5715 Ni1.5091 Ne-1.8489 Q

Flocculation mechanism of Hansenula anomala J224.

The flocculation mechanism of a flocculent yeast, Hansenula anomala J224, isolated from a waste water treatment tank of a Japanese sake brewing factory, was investigated by comparing some characteristics with strain J 224–1 (a nonflocculent mutant of strain J224). The cell titration curves showed that strain J224 was different from strain J224-1 in charge distribution on the cell surface. The cell wall of strain J224 was more abundant in Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, NH4+, and total phosphorus contents but had less fatty acids than that of strain J 224–1. The cell walls of both strains had almost the same amino acid composition. Acylation of strain J224 with acetic anhydride caused deflocculation. By treatment with proteinase K, an additional protein of 37 K dalton (37 K-protein) whose molecular mass was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was released in the supernatant from strain J224 cells. The 37 K-protein was purified by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. T...