Content Of Water-soluble Polysaccharides Research Articles

Effect of aqueous extraction method on total water-soluble polysaccharides content and phytochemical properties of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Abstract White oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is an important raw material for nutraceuticals because it contains various bioactive substances, including polysaccharides, vitamins, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and sterols. P. ostreatus mushroom polysaccharides possess diverse biological activities (antioxidant, hyperglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory). The extraction process impacts the yield, affecting the biological function of natural active ingredients. In this study, aqueous extraction methods, i.e., ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and kinetic-assisted hot extraction (KAHE), were applied to investigate the impact of extraction methods on polysaccharides crude extract from the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus mushroom and their phytochemical properties. Water-soluble polysaccharides content, total polyphenolic content, total terpenoid content, and antioxidant level were analyzed using the spectrophotometric method by phenol-sulfuric acid, Follin-Ciocalteau’s reagent, vanillin-perchloric acid, and 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, respectively. After the extraction process, the morphological alterations on the surface of mushroom residues were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The investigation has shown that aqueous extraction methods significantly affect the yields of polysaccharides crude extract and other phytochemical properties, i.e., total phenolic content, terpenoid content, and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The sample from MAE had the highest total water-soluble polysaccharide content (61,73±1,35% w/w DW) and the highest total phenolic content (3,44±0,75 %w/w DW). MAE method has the best potential and efficiency compared to UAE and KAHE for extracting polysaccharides while maintaining their phytochemical properties.

Adaptation to appropriate sub-freezing temperatures through reduction of mycelial porosity and alteration of cell wall composition in Stropharia rugosoannulata

Sub-zero temperatures are avoided for storing mushrooms due to freeze damage. Stropharia rugosoannulata (S. rugosoannulata) often encounter such low temperatures prior to harvest. To preserve S. rugosoannulata, sub-freezing was studied at −2 °C, −6 °C, and −10 °C. The mechanism that caused the differences in the quality was analyzed from the perspective of water distribution and microstructure. The results revealed that at −2 ℃, S. rugosoannulata achieved a firmness and flavor that was comparable to that of the fresh samples. Water migration was observed at −2 ℃. However, at this temperature, S. rugosoannulata exhibited a lower drip loss compared to the fresh samples, and there was no significant variation in the malondialdehyde (MDA) and the electrolyte leakage rate (EL). Despite the swelling of the cells, the mycelial porosity decreased and the cell wall protein and water-soluble polysaccharide content increased to acclimate to the low temperature. In summary, the results of this study imply that it is possible to store S. rugosoannulata at suitable sub-freezing temperatures.

Effect of constant and variable temperature drying processes on drying characteristics, quality, and volatile profile of rose petals in infrared-assisted spouted bed drying.

The edible rose (Rosa Crimson Glory) petals were dried using infrared-assisted spouted bed drying technology. The effects of different drying temperature conditions (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C, as well as stepped heating drying [SHD] and stepped cooling drying) on the drying characteristics, physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and changes in volatile flavor compounds of the rose petals were investigated. The results showed that the drying time was shortened with increasing drying temperature. Both variable temperature drying processes gave the shortest drying times. Optimal color retention of rose petals was achieved at a constant temperature of 40°C and SHD. Increased drying temperature resulted in higher water-soluble polysaccharide content in the dried rose petals, whereas lower temperatures facilitated anthocyanin preservation. The variable temperature drying processes favored the retention of water-soluble polysaccharides in rose petals, but not anthocyanins. Regarding antioxidant capacity, the samples dried at 40°C and those subjected to the two variable temperature drying processes performed better. This study also analyzed the differences in volatile flavor compounds of rose petals dried under different drying conditions. It was found that the majority of volatile flavor compounds in the rose petals dried by SHD exhibited higher content levels than the other drying conditions. Therefore, considering a thorough evaluation of all relevant factors, it was clear that utilizing the SHD process was the most efficient method for obtaining the best quality rose petals overall.

PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF COSMOS BIPINNATUS CAV. (FAM. ASTERACEАE), CULTURED IN THE WESTERN CAUCASIAN REGION

The purpose of the work: to reveal the study of the morpho-anatomical composition and composition of biologically active groups – compounds, carboxylic acids and trace elements of the aerial part of various species of Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.: ‘Purity’, ‘Rosea’ and ‘Dazzler’.
 Materials and methods. The object of the study is the cultivation of three species of space plants in Europe, collected in the flowering phase at the beginning of 2020. Micropreparations were obtained using a Biomed-2 microscope (eyepiece 16x, objective 4x, 10x) in accordance with the procedures of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XVI edition (SP XVI). Carbohydrate complexes are isolated from dried raw materials by the method of N.K. Kochetkov and M. Sinner. Quantify the content of each assessment gravimetrically. The monosaccharide composition is established after acid hydrolysis by paper chromatography. Identification of acid consumption is carried out using thin layer chromatography. The elemental and amino acid composition is examined by capillary electrophoresis.
 Results and discussion. Certain characteristic microscopic features of Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., Aster varieties ‘Rosea’, ‘Dazzler’, ‘Purity’ for various morphological parts of plants (leaves, flowers, inflorescence involucre, stem), revealing the identified signs of the alleged medicinal source as a source of biologically active connections. A comparative analysis of the composition of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and carbohydrates of shoots (leaves and stems) showed that water-soluble polysaccharides are arabinose fructose, rhamnose and galactose, pectin monosaccharides are galacturonic acid, glucose and arabinose detection, and hemicelluloses A and B are xylose, glucose and galactose. In all known varieties, succinic acid is noted. A high content of proline and essential amino acids: leucine, methionine, valine, threonine, as well as the ability of all the studied sources to collect potassium, magnesium, iron and boron ions were noted.
 Conclusion. It has been established that the unusual colors of the flowers are predominantly the color of the stems. The anatomical features of different species are practically the same. It was revealed that the ‘Purity’ variety surpasses the objects in terms of the content of water-soluble polysaccharides, cellulose-hemi A and B, other essential amino acids, aliphatic amino acids, iron and boron. Variety ‘Dazzler’ is the richest in pectin doses and potassium ions. ‘Rosea’ variety contains the maximum amount of high content of amino acids.

The study of carbohydrates of corn raw materials

The aim. The aim of the study was to study the content of polysaccharide fractions depending on the dissolution, qualitative composition and quantitative content of sugars in corn silk, leaves and roots.
 Materials and methods. To study different fractions of polysaccharides - water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS), pectin substances (PS), hemicelluloses A (HC A) and B (HM B) used a gravimetric method based on the extraction of polysaccharide fractions with a suitable solvent followed by sedimentation and weighing of the sediment. Determination of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of monosaccharides in corn medicinal plant materials (MPM) was carried out by the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
 Results. Conducted studies of corn silk, leaves and roots carbohydrates using the fractionation method indicate the following trend of BAS accumulation in the studied raw materials: the content of WSPS and PS in corn silk exceeded the content of these compounds in other types of raw materials – 4.07±0.14 % and 7.20±0.29 %, respectively; leaves accumulated the most HC A and HC B compared to the content of these fractions in other samples - 6.81±0.21 % and 21.20±0.84 %, respectively. It was established by the GC/MS method that 4 substances were identified in corn silk in the free state: arabinose, glucose, galactose and fructose. After hydrolysis 5 substances were identified in corm silk - arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose. Among the free sugars 3 compounds were found in corn leaves - glucose, fructose and sucrose. After hydrolysis, 4 compounds were identified in in corn leaves – arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose. In corn roots 3 compounds are found in a free form - glucose, fructose and sucrose. After hydrolysis 4 compounds were identified in corn roots - arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose.
 Conclusions. The obtained results indicate a significant content of polysaccharides and sugars in the raw materials of corn, which makes it possible to predict the anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, adsorbing, energetic activity of the studied types of corn plant raw materials

Biochemical composition and antioxidant activity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) during the summer-autumn cultivation period in South Dagestan

Broccoli cabbage Brassica oleracea L. var. italica is an economically important and widely cultivated vegetable crop, consumed both fresh and processed. To solve the problems of import substitution, the provision of high-quality varietal diversity of broccoli for agricultural producers in the middle zone of Russia and the Southern Federal District (SFD) comes first. Our work presents the results of the study of seven varieties and hybrids of broccoli, previously identified by productivity and commercial qualities. For the first time in the conditions of the northern dry subtropics of southern Dagestan, the content of dry matter, water-soluble polysaccharides, organic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in fresh products were determined. The distribution of these substances by plant organs is shown. Broccoli samples with a high content of individual chemicals, as well as a set of characteristics that can be used as sources in breeding for an increased content of dry matter, water-soluble polysaccharides, organic acids, flavonoids and with high antioxidant activity, were isolated.

Seasonal Changes in the Sorption Activity of Water-soluble Polysaccharides in Scotch Pine Cones (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.)

Introduction. Currently, there is much tension around the issue of increasing the efficiency of use of forest resources. One of these resources are scotch pine cones, which remain at the felling areas. Polysaccharides of scotch pine cones have a significant sorption activity; however, it remains unclear does the month, when raw materials were collected, affect the sorption activity.Aim. The research of the content, sorption activity and molecular weight of water-soluble polysaccharides of scotch pine cones in different seasons of the year.Materials and methods. Water-soluble polysaccharide complex (WSPC) of scotch pine cones was obtained with a method based on the well-known scheme for the carbohydrates separation according to Bailey et al. WSPC was obtained from the samples of scotch pine cones collected from July till March. Determination of the content of scots pine cones WSPC was spectrophotometrically carried out, with the modified Draywood anthrone-sulfurous method. The sorption activity of polysaccharides was determined by the methylene blue. The molecular weight of polysaccharides was identified by the viscosimetric method.Results and discussion. The content of WSPC in scotch pine cones from July till March was identified. The highest yield of WSPC was registered in winter (3.24 ± 0.31 %), and the lowest in summer (0.46 ± 0.01 %). The sorption activity of scotch pine cones WSPC in terms of methylene blue from July till March was researched in vitro. It was found that WSPC has the highest sorption activity in October (230.69 ± 4.18 %) and November (243.30 ± 9.43 %). The WSPC sorption activity is above the activity of standard medications: absorbent carbon (230.9 ± 2.34 mg/g) and colloidal silicon dioxide ("Рolisorb MP") (211.5 ± 1.87 mg/g). The average molecular weight of scotch pine cones WSPC from July till March was determined. The average molecular weight of WSPC is in the range from 6 872,27 to 21 598,06. The dependence of the scotch pine cones WSPC sorption activity on the molecular weight was registered.Conclusion. The water-soluble polysaccharide complex of scotch pine cones, obtained at different seasons, has different sorption activity, which depends on a polysaccharide molecular weight. The highest content and sorption activity of scotch pine cones WSPC matches with the period of wood production, which stipulates a practical use of cones and directions for future research.

Enhancement of quality attributes of dried Poria cocos Wolf cubes by stress sweating combined with steam pretreatment

The effect of different pretreatment namely natural sweating (NS), steam treatment (S), and stress sweating combined with steam treatment (SS) on the quality attributes (water-soluble polysaccharide, total triterpene content, alcohol-soluble extractive values, and broken rate) and drying characteristics of Poria cocos Wolf (PCW) cubes were investigated. The results showed that NS and SS pretreatment resulted in a noticeable weight loss, while S pretreatment resulted in a significant weight gain by PWC cubes. Such treatments as NS, S, and SS did not significantly affect the drying time of PCW cubes. SS pretreatment greatly improved the water-soluble polysaccharide content and alcohol-soluble extractive values of dried products by 1.54 and 1.68 times, respectively. NS pretreatment for four days resulted in the highest content of total triterpenes, i.e. 6.46 mg/g d.b. of dried PCW cubes, while S pretreatment significantly reduced the broken index. A comprehensive evaluation method was used to quantify the feasibility of NS, S, and SS pretreatments in terms of drying time and quality attributes. Samples subjected to SS pretreatment were characterized by the highest comprehensive score. The results of this study showed that the selection of the appropriate treatment may help to improve the material quality and drying characteristics.

Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Value, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Cancer, and Anti-Bacterial Assessment of Aqueous Extract from Abelmoschus esculentus Pods

Known for its high nutritional and medicinal value, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is commonly used for replacing plasma and expanding blood volume in humans. It is a major economic crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate and evaluate the nutritional properties and prospective applications of the consumable parts of okra. The total ash content (mineral content), carbohydrate, crude fiber, fat, protein, and moisture fractions of okra pod aqueous extract were determined. The results show that okra aqueous extract contained 84.670–87.650% moisture, 1.514–1.197% ash, 7.857–8.261% carbohydrate, 2.367–3.410% crude protein, and 6.781–8.314% crude fiber. Okra was determined to have high nutritional value, with γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol contents about 2.67 mg/100 g and 1.62 mg/100 g, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to determine the sugars present in okra aqueous extract. The water-soluble polysaccharide content was 10.22–16.45 g/100 g. The tested aqueous extract was a rich source of total phenolic compounds in gallic acid equivalents (288.2–3426.2 mg/100 g), chlorophyll a (3.53 mg/100), chlorophyll b (2.43 mg/100), and carotenoids (1.3 mg/100 g). The detected minerals were Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, K, Na, and Mn. Atomic absorption spectrometry analysis of these ashed minerals was performed. In addition to the nutritional benefits, okra pods exhibited antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. The aqueous extract was found to be potentially active against bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC value = 21.8 mg/mL), Escherichia coli (MIC value = 18.7 mg/mL), Bacillus cereus (MIC value = 20.7 mg/mL), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC value = 20.2 mg/mL). Okra aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 120 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 115 µg/mL). The okra extract exhibited high anticancer activity, concentration-dependent and with an IC50 value of about 158.3 mg/mL. The results indicated that okra pods have nutritional and medicinal properties and, hence, can be used as a functional food and broad-spectrum nutraceutical supplement.

STUDY OF THE TOTAL CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS, POLYSACCHARIDES, ELEMENT COMPOSITION AND AMINO ACIDS OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL OF RIBES NIGRUM L.

This paper presents information on the total content of antioxidants, polysaccharides, micro and macro elements and amino acids of Ribes nigrum L. leaves. The purpose of this work is to study the chemical composition of Ribes nigrum L. leaves. The flavonoids were quantified spectrophotometrically, pectin substances gravimetrically, and the percentage of functional groups in pectin substances was carried out by the titrimetric method. The determination of the lipid-cholesterol blood profile of pectin substances isolated from of Ribes nigrum L. leaves was performed on 30 rats. The procedure for introducing solutions of the studied pectin substances and cholesterol solution were separated by a 2-hour interval. The total content of antioxidants was determined by amperometric method. The maximum content of antioxidants was revealed in the extraction of Ribes nigrum L. leaves, obtained by extraction with ethyl alcohol 50%. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances from of Ribes nigrum L. leaves is 2.17±0.06 and 9.91±0.28, respectively. The studied pectin substances belong to the group of low esterified pectins. The use of pectin substances from of Ribes nigrum L. leaves contributed to the correction of dyslipidemia. The sum of flavonoids in the analyzed object is 0.67±0.01%. The extraction of Ribes nigrum L. leaves obtained by extraction with purified water revealed aspartic and glutamic acids, alanine, proline, methionine and valine. Based on the data obtained, potassium predominates in the extraction from currants obtained by extraction with ethyl alcohol 70%. During the study, flavonoids, polysaccharides, amino acids, micro and macro elements of Ribes nigrum L. leaves were studied.

Phylogenetic relationships of sucrose transporters (SUTs) in plants and genome-wide characterization of SUT genes in Orchidaceae reveal roles in floral organ development.

Sucrose is the primary form of photosynthetically produced carbohydrates transported long distance in many plant species and substantially affects plant growth, development and physiology. Sucrose transporters (SUTs or SUCs) are a group of membrane proteins that play vital roles in mediating sucrose allocation within cells and at the whole-plant level. In this study, we investigated the relationships among SUTs in 24 representative plant species and performed an analysis of SUT genes in three sequenced Orchidaceae species: Dendrobium officinale, Phalaenopsis equestris, and Apostasia shenzhenica. All the SUTs from the 24 plant species were classified into three groups and five subgroups, subgroups A, B1, B2.1, B2.2, and C, based on their evolutionary relationships. A total of 22 SUT genes were identified among Orchidaceae species, among which D. officinale had 8 genes (DoSUT01-08), P. equestris had eight genes (PeqSUT01-08) and A. shenzhenica had 6 genes (AsSUT01-06). For the 22 OrchidaceaeSUTs, subgroups A, B2.2 and C contained three genes, whereas the SUT genes were found to have significantly expanded in the monocot-specific subgroup B2.1, which contained 12 genes. To understand sucrose partitioning and the functions of sucrose transporters in Orchidaceae species, we analyzed the water-soluble sugar content and performed RNA sequencing of different tissues of D. officinale, including leaves, stems, flowers and roots. The results showed that although the total content of water-soluble polysaccharides was highest in the stems of D. officinale, the sucrose content was highest in the flowers. Moreover, gene expression analysis showed that most of the DoSUTs were expressed in the flowers, among which DoSUT01,DoSUT07 and DoSUT06 had significantly increased expression levels. These results indicated that stems are used as the main storage sinks for photosynthetically produced sugar in D. officinale and that DoSUTs mainly function in the cellular machinery and development of floral organs. Our findings provide valuable information on sucrose partitioning and the evolution and functions of SUT genes in Orchidaceae and other species.

Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China

In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing.

Metabolic accumulation and related synthetic genes of O-acetyl groups in mannan polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale.

Mannan polysaccharides (MPs), which contain substituted O-acetyl groups in their backbone, are abundant in the medicinal plant Dendrobium officinale. Acetyl groups can influence the physiological and biochemical properties of polysaccharides, which mainly accumulate in the stems of D. officinale at four developmental stages (S1-S4), showing an increasing trend and a link with water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs) and mannose. The genes coding for enzymes that catalyze O-acetyl groups to MPs are unknown in D. officinale. The TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE (TBL) gene family contains TBL and DUF231 domains that can transfer O-acetyl groups to various polysaccharides. Based on an established D. officinale genome database, 37 DoTBL genes were identified. Analysis of cis-elements in the promoter region showed that DoTBL genes might respond to different hormones and abiotic stresses. Most of the genes with MeJA-responsive elements were upregulated or downregulated after treatment with MeJA. qRT-PCR results demonstrated that DoTBL genes had significantly higher expression levels in stems and leaves than in roots. Eight DoTBL genes showed relatively higher expression at S2-S4 stages, which showed a link with the content of WSPs and O-acetyl groups. DoTBL35 and its homologous gene DoTBL34 displayed the higher mRNA level in different organs and developmental stages, which might participate in the acetylation of MPs in D. officinale. The subcellular localization of DoTBL34 and DoTBL35 reveals that the endoplasmic reticulum may play an important role in the acetylation of MPs.

SUSTENANCE, THE SAFETY OF PLANTS AND FEED OF Galega orientalis (Lam.)

Conducted a comprehensive comparative study of the nutritional and biological value Galega orientalis (Lam.): the solubility of the protein in vitro - Galega’s seeds, leaves, hay, which was harvested in the phase of budding - beginning of flowering. It is believed to be the essential influence of feed type on the solubility of the protein. According to the conducted studies it has revealed that the solubility of the feed protein is in the range from 37.0% to 50.0%. The rate of solubility of Galega orientalis (Lam.) seed protein is 50.0%, litestock - 40.0%, and hay - 37.0% from its total. The research results indicate that the protein of Galega orientalis (Lam.) refers to the feed with the average level of punct solubility. It has researched qualitative assessment of the biologically active substances content in organs of Galega orientalis’ (Lam.) plants. It has identified the highest content of flavonoids and saponins in rosette leaves and ascorbic acid in the organs of plants and petals. There is the high content of tannins found in the petals of Galega orientalis (Lam.). There is a high content of coumarins and water-soluble polysaccharides in the roots of the studied plants. Phytochemical studies of the plant Galega orientalis (Lam.) indicates the absence in it of cardiac glycosides and antrahlikozydiv. It was first conducted testing on antimicrobial activity of a plant Galega orientalis (Lam.) on the growth pure cultural of bacteria Gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli XL1, DH5) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303). The material for the study was dried vegetative mass Galega orientalis (Lam.) in the phase of budding and early flowering. As a result of the experiment was revealed that 20% concentration of aqueous extract of this plant had inhibitory effects on the growth of pure cultures of bacteria and yeast. It has grounded reasonably possible relationship between the antimicrobial activity of the extract of this plant and the lack of bloating in cows. It has outlined prospects of further researches of this problem

Vacuum and Infrared-Assisted Hot Air Impingement Drying for Improving the Processing Performance and Quality of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf Cubes.

The objective of this study was to develop an efficient drying technology for poria cubes in order to improve product quality. Poria cubes were dried using different methods, including air impingement drying, infrared-assisted air impingement drying, vacuum drying, two-stage vacuum drying, and infrared-assisted air impingement drying. The results were compared with those from hot air drying. For the two-stage drying, the tested conditions were the first stage of vacuum drying with temperatures between 65–85 °C and a switching moisture ratio of 70–90%. The second stage infrared-assisted air impingement drying also had temperatures 65–85 °C. The drying kinetics (effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), Biot number (Bi), and mass transfer coefficient (k) were studied via the product qualities (broken ratio, firmness, microstructure, and water-soluble polysaccharide content) and specific energy consumption (SEC) of the drying processes. The results showed that two-stage drying led to the lowest drying time and energy consumption, and also obtained the best qualities. Box–Behnken experimental design with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the two-stage operating conditions as 82 °C under vacuum drying until a moisture content of 81% and a temperature of 69 °C with infrared-assisted air impingement drying was achieved. These findings suggested that two-stage vacuum and infrared-assisted air impingement drying is a promising method for producing high quality and energy efficient dried poria cubes.

Pharmacognostic analysis of Salvia hispanica L. seeds

The aim. The aim of this work was to conduct a microscopic and phytochemical study of the seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.).
 Materials and methods. Chia seeds were examined macroscopically and microscopically. To study the qualitative composition of the main groups of biologically active substances, histochemical, microchemical and chemical reactions were used. Hydroxycinnamic acids were identified by paper chromatography. To obtain a lipophilic extract, a Soxhlet apparatus and an exhaustive chloroform extraction method were used. The study of the quantitative content of fatty acids was carried out by gas chromatography. The content of polysaccharides in the raw material was determined by the gravimetric method. According to the SPhU method, the raw material swelling index was determined.
 Results. The main macro- and microscopic features of chia seeds have been established. Histochemical reactions, microchemical reactions made it possible to establish the presence of mucus and fatty oils in chia seeds. With the help of chemical reactions, the presence of flavonoids in the raw material was established. The quantitative content of fatty oils is 24.0±1.2 %. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides in the whole raw material was 4.01±0.07 %, in the crushed raw material - 5.04 ± 0.05 %. As a result of determining the swelling index, it was found that this indicator for the whole chia seeds was 20, and for the crushed ones – 17. The content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the chia seeds was 1.07±0.03 %. 9 fatty acids have been identified, among which linoleic acid predominates in terms of content.
 Conclusions. The presence and quantitative content of mucus, fatty oils, water-soluble polysaccharides, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, fatty acids was confirmed in the seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.). The obtained data can be used to develop regulatory documentation for chia seeds in order to use this raw material in pharmacy and medicine

Influence of Seasonal Dynamics on Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Contents in Phaseolus vulgaris Pods

The carbohydrate, lipid, and protein contents of Phaseolus vulgaris L. pods during the milk-ripe and fruit-ripening stages were studied and their compositions and physicochemical parameters were established. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides decreased while that of pectinic substances increased during fruit ripening. The monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharides included acidic and neutral monosaccharides in various ratios. The compositions of neutral lipids (NL), their fatty acids (FAs), glycolipids (GLs), and protein amino acids were established. The NL were two times less; GL, 1.5 times less during fruit ripening than during the milk-ripe stages in P. vulgaris pods. The fatty acids of the two stages were dominated by saturated components, predominantly 16:0 acid. The nonessential amino acids in both stages were dominated by aspartic and glutamic acids; essential, isoleucine and leucine.

Determination of carbohydrates in Agrimonia eupatoria L. herb

In recent years, methods of treatment using medicinal plants and biologically active substances based on them have become increasingly common. Today, the search for plants with a long history of use and minor side effects is of interest to our society. The most promising for procurement and use in medical practice is a common throughout Ukraine – common agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria L.). The presence of tannins, which are represented by two groups: condensed and hydrolyzed tannins is indicated. There is insufficient information in the literature on the biologically active substances of Agrimonia eupatoria L. The common agrimony herb contains 1.2–1.6 % of flavonoids, which belong to different subgroups. Thus, from the group of flavones apigenin, luteolin, luteolin-7-glycoside have been identified. The herb of Agrimonia eupatoria L. as an insufficiently studied plant raw material is also a promising object of study, including carbohydrate composition.The aim. The aim of our study was to determine the content of carbohydrates in aerial parts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. collected from natural habitat.Materials and methods. The determination of carbohydrates of Agrimonia eupatoria L. was carried out by gas chromatograph Agilent 6890N with a mass detector 5973 inert (Agilent Technologies, USA). The amounts of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances were determined by gravimetric method.Results. Three free carbohydrates were found in the studied grass of the Agrimonia eupatoria L., namely: D-glucose, D-galactose and D-fructose, the content of which was 15.02 mg/g, 0.28 mg/g and 12.90 mg/g, respectively. In the common agrimony, after acidic hydrolysis and derivatization with acetylated aldononitriles were identified 8 compounds. The predominant ones were D-glucose, D-galactose and D-xylose. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances in Agrimonia eupatoria L. was determined at 2.90 % and 8.54 % of total dry weight, respectively.Conclusions. In completion, the present results of GC/MS indicated the presence of certain carbohydrates both in free and bound form in Agrimonia eupatoria L., that have important medicinal activity, which answered to the knowledge about the therapeutic activity of this analyzed plant. We established that in Agrimonia eupatoria L. herb the predominant monosaccharide compound was D-glucose: 23.88 mg/g and 15.02 mg/g among monosaccharides after hydrolysis and free monosaccharides respectively. Our findings propose that carbohydrates from the studied raw material can be used for creating drugs by the pharmaceutical industry, and could be used for the development of nutraceuticals

Developing a parent material for breeding forage rye in conditions of Bashkortostan

Abstract. The aim of the research is to create source material for breeding forage rye that combines stable productivity over the years, high protein content in the grain, and low content of water-soluble pentosans. The object of research was winter rye. Research methods Research on these tasks was carried out in 2016–2018 in the conditions of the South-Western Urals using generally accepted methods. The predecessor is dead fallow. Soil is chernozem with a predominance of leached, typical and carbonate varieties with the following agrochemical indicators: humus content in the topsoil – 7–9 %, pH value – 7.2–7.6, total nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil – 0.4 %, mobile potassium and phosphorus (according to Machigin) – respectively 20.5 mg/100 g and 10.2 mg / 100 g of dry soil, calcium – 5.6 %. The recommended rate of mineral fertilizers is N60P60K60. Scientific novelty. For the first time, 3 promising winter rye varieties selected in the Bashkir scientific research Institute and 2 samples of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Breeding were studied in climatic conditions of south-western Cis-Ural. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) and the water extract viscosity (WEV) were evaluated. The breeding value of plants was studied. Results The main indicators of the nutritional quality of winter rye grain are found to depend on both the variety (genotype) and the influence of external conditions (phenotype). It was detected that the content of water-soluble polysaccharides and the dynamic viscosity of the grain meal water extract are in a linear relationship (r = 0.98). They are unstable indicators and have a variable character. There are two varieties (Kombaynnyay 3 i Krupnozernaya 2) with the lowest WSP and WEV values and a high protein content in the grain. They can serve as source material to develop fodder crops in conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The rye WEV was found to increase significantly in dry years, and decrease in wet years. The comparative evaluation of grain crops showed that the WEV of winter rye exceeded that of winter wheat by 3.5 times, spring wheat by 3.7 times, and winter triticale by 3.1 times. It was found that the samples with lower WSP and WEV indicators had small grains, low grain unit and higher protein content.

Quantitative determination of water-soluble polysaccharides in the aerial part of <i>Potentilla anserina L.</i>

The article presents the gravimetric technique which was developed for the quantitative determination of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) in the aerial part of Potentilla goose (Potentilla anserina).
 The purpose of the work was to develop the method of the quantitative determination of WSPS and the determination of their content in the aerial part of Potentilla anserina L., collected in various regions of Siberian federal district.
 Materials and methods. The object of the study was the aerial part of Potentilla anserina L, collected in June during flowering. To develop the method for the quantitative determination of the WSPS, herb mixtures collected in 2016 in vil. Verkhneussinskoe of Ermakovsky district, Krasnoyarsk Territory were studied. The amount of WSPS was determined in the above-ground part of Potentilla anserina L., collected during flowering in June 2017 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (vil. Sliznevo), Tomsk Region (Tomsk Region), and the Republic of Buryatia (Zaigraevsky District, vil. Staraya Bryan). The above-ground parts were air dried in the shade. Determination of water-soluble polysaccharides was carried out gravimetrically in order to determine the optimal conditions for the maximum yield of water-soluble polysaccharides There was some variety in the degree of grinding of raw material, raw material / extractant index, extraction ratio, the ratio of extraction and ethyl alcohol 95%.
 Results. The greatest amount of water-soluble polysaccharides was extracted in the following conditions: the degree of grinding of raw material of 0.5-1.0 mm; the ratio of raw material and extractant was 1 : 10; the extraction rate was 5; the ratio of extraction and ethyl alcohol 95% was 1 : 4. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was 7.55 0.36%, the analysis error did not exceed 5%.
 Conclusion. A gravimetric technique for the quantitative determination of water-soluble polysaccharides in the aerial part of P. anserina L has been developed. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides in the aerial part of P. anserina L. collected in various regions of the Siberian Federal District ranges from 5.95% (Krasnoyarsk Region) to 10.25% (Republic of Buryatia), the analysis error does not exceed 5%.