Water-soluble Antioxidant Capacity Research Articles

Jerusalem artichoke diversity in Türkiye: comparative analysis of clone and organ-based biochemical composition

In this study, biochemical analyses were performed for the first time on 22 different Jerusalem artichokes clones collected from different regions of Türkiye and samples from three different organs of each clone, considering the interaction effects. As a result of the study, the interaction effect of clones and sampled organs was found significant for total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, pH, H2O2 removal capacity, total dry matter, water soluble dry matter and antioxidant capacity via FRAP. According to the correlation analysis, the highest coefficient among the parameters in the tuber was between titratable acidity and total phenolic matter (0,576). Principal component analysis was used to assess the degree to which the parameters explained the variation in the gene pool. Factors directly and indirectly affecting the amount of water-soluble dry matter in the tuber were examined by path analysis.

Determination of water-soluble antioxidants, polyphenolics, metal ion contents and spectroscopic properties of Peganum harmala L. seed herbal tea

Peganum harmala L. is among of aromatic and medicinal plants. The extracts of Peganum harmala L. seeds include high contents of polyphenolics, alkaloids and strong antioxidants. The extracts from the seeds show many pharmaceutical properties as anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, water-soluble total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenolic substances and metal ions were determined, and the UV-vis. absorption and fluorescence emission properties of Peganum harmala L. seed tea were investigated. The maximum total antioxidant value was found as 2503 mg ascorbic acid/100 g, and the total polyphenolics were found as 4312 mg gallic acid/100 g. The Mg(II) and K(I) ions are extracted as highly as 31.79 mg Mg(II) and 158.72 mg K(I)/100 g, respectively, according to other ions. The Peaganum harmala L. extracts exhibited turquoise color FL emission and light absorption in the UV range. The extracts have potential applications as fluorescent in the food and beverage industry and scientific research. The tea of the Peganum harmala L. seeds is a good source of antioxidants, polyphenols, and Mg(II) and K(I) ions.

Identification of nutritional values of the fermentative extract from the mixture of Stereum hirsutum mycelial substrates and ginseng extracts

The present study aimed to investigate the method of preparing extract by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Stereum hirsutum mycelial substrate mixed with ginseng extracts (GE) and explored the changes of 6 water-soluble nutritional components (WSNC) and antioxidant capacity in the extract using a simulated gastrointestinal digestion model. The results showed that the substrates were endowed with numerous WSNC and antioxidants (total antioxidant capacity increased from 0.12 to 0.69 mmol TE/L) during the fermentation process. Compared to undigested samples (UDS), digested samples (DS) contained more WSNC and higher antioxidant activity. Furthermore, significant amounts of free amino acids (FAA) (increased from 844.97 ± 6.56 mg/L to 6715.21 ± 17.63 mg/L), and the minor ginsenoside 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) were detected in the DS, which was not observed in the UDS. The findings demonstrate that extract prepared by SSF of S. hirsutum mycelial substrate mixed with GE can be used as potential functional food and antioxidant.

Microorganisms and Biostimulants Impact on the Antioxidant Activity of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Sprouts.

The study analyzes the influence of plant growth promoters and biological control agents on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA) in the sprouts of buckwheat. The AA of cv. Kora sprouts was higher than cv. Panda, with 110.0 µM Fe2+/g (FRAP—Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), 52.94 µM TRX (Trolox)/g (DPPH—1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), 182.7 µM AAE (Ascorbic Acid Equivalent)/g (Photochemiluminescence—PCL—ACW—Water-Soluble Antioxidant Capacity) and 1.250 µM TRX/g (PCL—ACL—Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Capacity). The highest AA was found in the sprouts grown from seeds soaked in Ecklonia maxima extract and Pythium oligandrum (121.31 µM Fe2+/g (FRAP), 56.33 µM TRX/g (DPPH), 195.6 µM AAE/g (PCL—ACW) and 1.568 µM TRX/g (PCL—ACL). These values show that the antioxidant potential of buckwheat sprouts is essentially due to the predominant hydrophilic fraction of antioxidants. The AA of the sprouts was strongly correlated with total polyphenol content.

Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Tart Cherry Extract on Inflammatory Mediators and Adipokines Involved in Type 2 Diabetes in a High Fat Diet Induced Obesity Mouse Model.

Male C57BL/6J mice were used to determine the possible therapeutic effects of our previously described tart cherry extract in a chronic obesity mouse model on metabolic parameters, glucose tolerance, inflammatory mediators, and antioxidant capacity. The control group received standard mouse chow, and the high fat control group was switched to a high fat diet and tap water supplemented with 5% sucrose. The high fat + anthocyanin group received the high fat and sucrose diet, but received the anthocyanin-rich tart cherry extract dissolved in their drinking water. After six weeks, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and the water-soluble antioxidant capacity (ACW), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, leptin, IL-6, MCP-1, adiponectin and resistin were measured. The high fat diet increased body weight, reduced glucose tolerance, and caused an elevation in leptin, IL-6, MCP-1, and resistin levels. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity was decreased with a significant elevation of SOD activity. Anthocyanin treatment failed to reverse the effects of the high fat diet on body weight and glucose tolerance, but significantly reduced the leptin and IL-6 levels. The tart cherry extract also made a significant enhancement in antioxidant capacity and SOD activity. Our results show that chronic anthocyanin intake has a potential to enhance redox status and alleviate inflammation associated with obesity.

Determination of Flavonoid and Proanthocyanidin Profile of Hungarian Sour Cherry.

Hungarian sour cherries (SC) are excellent source of anthocyanin (concentrations (100–300 mg in 100 g fresh fruit) and melatonin (0.15 mg in 100 g fresh fruit), but other flavonoid derivatives also can be isolated by aqueous alcoholic extraction. We have developed a new process for extracting non-extractable procyanidines bound to the membrane, proteins, and fibers. These compounds were seperated with UHPLC-MS methods, and the structure of individual components were identified on the basis of their mass fragmentation spectra. The antioxidant capacity of soluble and non-soluble antioxidants were measured with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays, and compared to the new measurement methods of water-soluble antioxidant capacity (ACW), lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity (ACL). Furthermore, total phenolic content (TPC) and total procyanidin content (PAC) were determinated. As a result of our investigation, we found that the solvent combination, where in the first step is water–ethanol (1:1), then 100% ethanol were suitable for the extraction of the extractable antioxidants. However, the chemiluminescence method that is based on the elimination of the superoxide radical is more accurate than other colorimetric methods which measure antioxidant capacity.

Effects of Different Heat Treatments on The Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Egg-Free and Quail Egg Dried Pasta

Abstract In Hungary, dried pasta products are very popular amongst all groups of society. In recent years the demand for not only dried pasta made from hen eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) but from alternative types of ingredients has increased. However, according to the literature the chemical and microbiological characteristics of this type of pasta have yet to be studied in depth. The effects of the use of quail eggs and heat treatments at different temperatures were studied by chemical and microbiological measurements. The activity of oxidative enzymes and nutritional characteristics (water-soluble total polyphenol content, water-soluble antioxidant capacity, peroxidase enzymatic activity, water-soluble protein content and yellow pigment content) was tested during our experiments. The data were evaluated by relevant statistical methods. Significant differences were found both between heat treatments and between the egg content of the dried pasta samples. The peroxidase enzymatic activity and yellow pigment content increased with temperature. However, the usage of quail eggs provides a higher water-soluble protein content and water-soluble antioxidant capacity. The presence of microorganisms is decreased by increasing the drying temperature. The number of all the examined microorganisms was within limits.

Monitoring of Chemical Changes in Red Lentil Seeds during The Germination Process

Abstract Red lentils are a very important raw material in the food industry due to their high protein content and high level of health-promoting components. The nutritive value of red lentils is the most important attribute from a research point of view; it can be increased by germination, soaking as well as physical and biochemical processes. The antinutritive materials are reduced or denatured by the germination process and indigestible components become available to the human body. Heat treatment was applied to achieve different temperatures and increase the microbiological stability of germinating samples. The effect of heat treatment on the amounts of certain components and the activity of oxidative enzymes was tested during our experiments; the nutritional characteristics (water-soluble total polyphenol content (WSTPC), water-soluble protein content (WSPC), water-soluble antioxidant capacity, in addition to peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities) of different treatments in red lentil samples were monitored. The WSTPC in our samples ranged from 0.726 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent GAE/g DW (DW being dry weight) to 1.089 mg GAE/g DW, and the WSPC varied from 19.078 g / 100g DW to 29.692 g / 100 g DW. Results showed that germination led to an increase in the WSTPC and WSPC. The peroxidase enzyme activity also exhibited an increase during germination which could result in deepening of the colour of the finished products. Germination resulted in the water-soluble antioxidant capacity of red lentil samples decreasing.

Inhibition studies on α-amylase using isothermal titration calorimetry

AbstractThe control of postprandial blood glucose level via the inhibition of α‐amylase is a relevant strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Several antidiabetic plants are known but there is no information about their α-amylase inhibitory activity. This in vitro study tries to reveal the answer. Hot water extracts of 58 medicinal plants and spices were examined. Activity measurements of human salivary α-amylase (HSαA) on 0.14 m/v % starch substrate was carried out by isothermal titration calorimetry in the presence or absence of plant extracts. Water soluble antioxidant capacity of each extract was measured with photo-chemiluminescence method. Results have confirmed the inhibitory activity of several plant extracts against HsαA. The green tea, cinnamon and allspice, furthermore leaves of blackberry, raspberry and strawberry deserve particular mention (IC50≤ 1.2 mg/mL). A few extracts had significant water-soluble antioxidant capacity compared to ascorbic acid and a weak correlation was recognised between the obtained IC50and antioxidant capacity values. Inhibition of amylases located in digestive system can be reached via daily intake of most active extracts. These plants could be inserted effectively into a diabetic diet as food supplements.

Ethnobotany: A Living Science for Alleviating Human Suffering

Ethnobotany: A Living Science for Alleviating Human Suffering

An intergeneric sunflower line produced after cross Helianthus annuus × Echinacea purpurea

One intergeneric hybrid line involving cultivated sunflower line HA89 and wild medicinal species Echinacea purpurea was developed through conventional cross. The line was a BC1F8 progeny. Morphological and biochemical studies were conducted to establish its hybridism. The most remarkable feature of the plants was greatly reduced number of leaves and stature, resulting in a semi-dwarf growth habit. All the hybrid plants, though morphologically distinct, were intermediate phenotypically between its parents with a stronger resemblance to Helianthus annuus with respect to whole habit. The line was non-branched (monocephalic) without anthocyanin pigmentation and possessed good agronomic characteristics. Biochemical analysis of the HAEPLNL hybrid line revealed that the total phenolic content was under-expressed while the flavonoids and the water soluble antioxidant capacity were over-expressed as compared to both parents. The overall characteristics of HAEPLNL line make it a useful plant material for research on wide hybridization.

The Antioxidant and Starch Hydrolase Inhibitory Activity of Ten Spices in an In Vitro Model of Digestion: Bioaccessibility of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids.

The antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities of cardamom, cloves, coriander, cumin seeds, curry leaves, fenugreek, mustard seeds, nutmeg, sweet cumin, and star anise extracts were investigated in an in vitro model of digestion mimicking the gastric and duodenal conditions. The total phenolic contents in all spice extracts had statistically significantly (P < 0.05) increased following both gastric and duodenal digestion. This was also in correlation with the antioxidant assays quantifying the water-soluble antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The lipophilic Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay did not indicate a statistically significant change in the values during any of the digestion phases. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the anthocyanin contents were observed during the digestion phases in contrast to the carotenoid contents. With the exception of the cumin seed extract, none of the spice extracts showed statistically significant changes in the initial starch hydrolase enzyme inhibitory values prior to gastric and duodenal digestion. In conclusion, this study was able to prove that the 10 spices were a significant source of total phenolics, antioxidant, and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities.

Coherences of instrumental and sensory characteristics: case study on cherry tomatoes.

The aim of this study was to investigate 6 cherry tomato varieties in terms of morphological, instrumental, and sensory attributes. Hungarian cherry tomato landraces have not been investigated in comparison with new commercial varieties for these traits. Parameters investigated were water-soluble antioxidant capacity (FRAP, DPPH, and TEAC), and total polyphenol, vitamin C, β-carotene, lycopene, total soluble solids, and acid contents. Colorimetric measurements as well as sensory analyses were conducted. It was concluded that varied antioxidant assays should be used in parallel to overcome the selectivity of any 1 method. Total phenolic content significantly contributed to results of antioxidant assays for the investigated varieties. The sensory profiles of the 6 cherry tomato varieties have been created. The differences between the products based on the 18 attributes were analyzed by Tukey post hoc test. The biplot of the principal component analysis showed that the sensory panel could discriminate the samples along the principal components. No correlation was found between colorimetric data a* and b* measured from pulp and lycopene, but a negative connection of β-carotene and hue was noted. Total polyphenol content showed correlations with colorimetric results, except for b*. The influence of tomato skin color on color perception is significant as in the present study instrumental data measured from pulp did not match that of the panelists evaluating intact fruit. Instrumental results of sugar content were supported by the ratings of the sensory panel.

Endogenous ergothioneine is required for wild type levels of conidiogenesis and conidial survival but does not protect against 254 nm UV-induced mutagenesis or kill

Ergothioneine, a histidine derivative, is concentrated in conidia of ascomycetous fungi. To investigate the function of ergothioneine, we crossed the wild type Neurospora crassa (Egt+) and an ergothioneine non-producer (Egt−, Δegt-1, a knockout in NCU04343.5) and used the Egt+ and Egt− progeny strains for phenotypic analyses. Compared to the Egt+ strains, Egt− strains had a 59% reduction in the number of conidia produced on Vogel’s agar. After storage of Egt+ and Egt− conidia at 97% and 52% relative humidity (RH) for a time course to either 17 or 98days, respectively, Egt− strains had a 23% and a 18% reduction in life expectancy at 97% and 52% RH, respectively, compared to the Egt+ strains. Based on a Cu(II) reduction assay with the chelator bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt, ergothioneine accounts for 38% and 33% of water-soluble antioxidant capacity in N. crassa conidia from seven and 20day-old cultures, respectively. In contrast, ergothioneine did not account for significant (α=0.05) anti-oxidant capacity in mycelia, which have lower concentrations of ergothioneine than conidia. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ergothioneine has an antioxidant function in vivo. In contrast, experiments on the spontaneous mutation rate in Egt+ and Egt− strains and on the effects of 254nm UV light on mutation rate and conidial viability do not support the hypothesis that ergothioneine protects DNA in vivo.

Dose-dependent short-term study of di-n-butyl phthalate on the testicular antioxidant system of Wistar rats.

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), a xenobiotic, is widely used in industries as a softener for polyvinyl chloride resins. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether DBP induces oxidative stress in testes of Wistar rats. DBP at doses of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg b.wt. (doses below LD50) was given orally for 7 days. After 24 hrs from the last dose, the animals were killed under ether anesthesia. Nonsignificant increase in testicular weight was observed. Histological studies indicated a dose-related degeneration of germinal, Leydig and Sertoli cells along with loss of spermatozoa in the lumen. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides, water-soluble antioxidant capacity, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and trace elements-zinc and copper increased while concentrations of total protein, lipid soluble antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid, glutathione, total superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu-ZnSOD, MnSOD, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and metallothionein decreased at all the dose levels. The data suggests that the cellular functions were adversely affected due to impairment of spermatogenesis indicative of oxidative stress as evident by altered antioxidative defense system which appears to mediate through hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. The spectrum of changes in testes reflects its susceptibility to phthalate even at low dose with the potential to interfere with critical reproductive function.

EXAMINATION OF INDUSTRIAL TOMATO CULTIVARS UNDER PROCESSING

Nowadays tomato is one of the most important vegetables in Europe and all over the world. It contains valuable nutritional compounds (antioxidant components, for instance lycopene and I²-carotene) and it has a multi-faceted application. In recent decades, scientific research has focused on the antioxidant aspects of tomato with special emphasis on its lycopene content. Many epidemiological studies confirm the correlation between tomato consumption and the lycopene concentration in the blood as well as the decreased risk of tuberculosis. In our study in co-operation with the Hungarian Tomato Processing Ltd. we evaluated the nutritional components and processing technology of 6 industrial tomato cultivars ('Guadivia', 'Pavia', 'Progress', 'UnoRosso', 'Uno', 'FalcoRosso') under industrial concentration (raw materials, after pulping, after concentration up to 28-30 ref%, after filling the cans and after heat treatment). Our aim was to determine the most suitable cultivars to produce functional foodstuff with high lycopene content. Examined components were: water soluble solids, instrumental colour (L*, a*, b*), total acidity, HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural) content, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total antioxidant capacity (FRAP). Based on our results, we can draw conclusions regarding the following points: the relationships between the lycopene content of raw materials and concentrated products, their change under processing, and relationships between the lycopene and vitamin-C content, lycopene content and colour, respectively. As raw materials, the 'Pavia' and 'FalcoRosso' were the best cultivars (concerning their high lycopene and vitamin C content and antioxidant capacity), however, after processing 'UnoRosso' showed the best properties.

Heterosis and antioxidant compounds of sweet corn breeding lines and their F1 hybrid

In this research, the mid-parent heterosis and the levels of phenolic, flavonoids compounds and antioxidants activity among two selected sweet corn parental lines and their F1 hybrid Zaharina were evaluated. Substantial positive mid-parent heterosis (MPH) was found for parent-hybrid triplet for ear weight and for plant height. Among all other traits, insertion height had the greatest heterosis and ear diameter had the lowest. Negative mid-parent heterosis exhibited only the trait 1000-kernel weight. Data analysis indicated significant differences in the contents of total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, water-soluble antioxidant capacity, lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant activity among parent-hybrid triplet. The results suggest that F1 hybrid Zaharina can be considered as good source of natural antioxidants since it extracts were found to possess high antioxidant activity.

Definition antioxidant activity of selenium-enriched food sprout, as well as their microbiological analysis

In this present study, we prepared selenium-enriched food sprouts, where the antioxidant capacity was analysed, we also determined their microbiological status. We took into account the fact, we choose micronutrients to our treatment, that selenium can be delivered to the body by a small amount with the most widely consumed food.&#x0D; We focused during our research to determine that the increasing concentrations of selenium treatment, in which we used sprouts, knowing fully well that it has an impact on aboriginal antioxidant capacity of sprouts, which is mainly due to high vitamin content of sprouts.&#x0D; Furthermore, we think it is important to make microbiological analysis, because germination conditions, for example temperature, pH, all this will create an ideal environment for the growth of microorganisms. So we had goal to determine, how the used selenium concentration affect the total plate count, coliform bacteria count and Staphylococcus aureus count of sprouts.&#x0D; We determined the aboriginal water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity of sprout with the PHOTOCHEM chemiluminometer and we applied pour plate technique for the mapping of the mycrobiological state of sprouts.&#x0D; Experimental results are evaluated, we state that increasing concentrations of selenite or selenate treatment, is primarily water-soluble antioxidant capacity of sprouts was affected. The water-soluble antioxidant capacity of wheat sprout was much higher than the measured values in pea sprout, this may be linked to what we measured. That is much higher ascorbic acid content in case of wheat sprout, which is well known as one of the most important antioxidant properties compounds of wheat sprout.&#x0D; We conclude from the results of the microbiological, that the highest concentrations of selenite or selenate treatment has a relative significant anti-microbial effect in case of wheat sprouts. Coliform and total plate count showed no clear decreasing tendency, although the values of treatments in both cases obtained were below the control values.

Antioxidant activity of in vitro propagated Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plants of different origins

An efficient in vitro protocol for propagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is described. Multiple shoots were induced in vitro from shoot tip and nodal segments on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine, zeatin, or thidiazuron alone and in combination with naphthalene acetic acid or indole-3-acetic acid. A high frequency of shoot induction as well as maximum number of shoots per shoot tip explant was observed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (1.0 mg L^{-1}) alone and combined with indole-3-acetic acid (0.1 mg L^{-1}). For root induction, in vitro shoots were transferred to rooting media containing naphthalene acetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, or indole-3-butyric acid. The highest rooting frequency and the highest number of roots was observed in half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L^{-1} indole-3-butyric acid. The rooted in vitro plants were successfully acclimatized in a growth chamber and transferred to the field. Leaf extracts of plants propagated in vitro and adapted to field conditions are characterized by high levels of water-soluble antioxidant capacity (expressed as equivalents of ascorbic acid), phenols, and flavonoids, and therefore by high total antioxidant potential, expressed as DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Interaction of temperature and an environmental stressor: Moina macrocopa responds with increased body size, increased lifespan, and increased offspring numbers slightly above its temperature optimum

For organisms, temperature is one of the most important environmental factors and gains increasing importance due to global warming, since increasing temperatures may pose organisms close to their environmental tolerance limits and, thus, they may become more vulnerable to environmental stressors. We analyzed the temperature-dependence of the water-soluble antioxidant capacity of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa and evaluated its life trait variables with temperature (15, 20, 25, 30°C) and humic substance (HS) concentrations (0, 0.18, 0.36, 0.90, 1.79mMDOC) as stressors. Temperatures below and above the apparent optimum (20°C) reduced the antioxidative capacity. Additions of HSs increased body length, but decreased mean lifespan at 15 and 20°C. There was no clear HS-effect on offspring numbers at 15, 20, and 30°C. At 25°C with increasing HS-concentration, lifespan was extended and offspring numbers increased tremendously, reaching 250% of the control. Although the applied HS preparation possesses estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities, a xenohormone mechanism does not seem plausible for the reproductive increase, because comparable effects did not occur at other temperatures. A more convincing explanation appears to be the mitohormesis hypothesis which states that a certain increase of reactive oxygen production leads to improved health and longevity and, with Moina, also to increased offspring numbers. Our results suggest that at least with the eurythermic M. macrocopa, a temperature above the optimum can be beneficial for several life trait variables, even when combined with a chemical stressor. Temperatures approximately 10°C above its optimum appear to adversely affect the lifespan and reproduction of M. macrocopa. This indicates that this cladoceran species seems to be able to utilize temperature as an ecological resource in a range slightly above its thermal optimum.