Water Recycling System Research Articles

Optimal cost predictive BMS considering greywater recycling, responsive HVAC, and energy storage

A crucial aspect of a sustainable city is ensuring that energy and water supplies can adequately meet urban demand. With the scarcity of natural resources and growing electricity and water demand, it becomes increasingly important for consumers to manage their resource usage more efficiently. This paper proposes a novel perspective of demand-side management coordination strategy for a building's water-energy nexus to enhance the resilience and efficiency of the overall electricity-water-heating system. The model is formulated to optimally coordinates the onsite greywater recycling system, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) loads, and distributed energy generation systems with a bidirectional grid connection in a residential building. All subsystems are controlled by a model predictive controller (MPC) receiving real-time time of use (ToU) pricing from electricity and water utilities. The presented mixed integer linear programming model is verified to meet the customers' demands while reducing the operational costs. Results are compared with benchmark systems lacking the water recycling or energy storage system showing 8.3 % operational cost reduction while reducing potable water consumption by 21.5 %. The effect of increased MPC control horizon is also studied showing reduction in cost with increased horizon. Detailed analysis of the proposed framework computational burden and effect of prediction errors is performed to prove the MPC adaptability and robustness. Testing under increased room size and different user preferences further validate the efficacy of the proposed scheme in reducing the operational costs.

Enhancing water recycling adoption in South African residential properties: a multi-dimensional analysis for sustainable water management

This paper investigates the challenges and adoption rates of water recycling systems as a sustainable water management strategy within residential properties in South Africa. Employing a quantitative approach, the research incorporates a comprehensive literature review and household surveys to discern the micro-social, technical, and socio-economic motivations and challenges influencing adoption rates and homeowners' willingness to embrace water recycling systems. Through structural equation modeling (SEM), a causal model is developed, illuminating the intricate nexus between influential constructs, their sub-constructs, and the degree of water recycling system adoption in South African residential contexts. The SEM results reveal significant relationships between property characteristics, motivations, and challenges, and their combined impact on adoption rates. The study identifies a lack of space, unclear savings on water payments, and insufficient information/awareness as primary micro-level obstacles to implementing water recycling systems in residential properties. Furthermore, it demonstrates that enhancing the efficiency of water recycling systems could substantially mitigate the negative impacts of these challenges. The study underscores the pivotal role of public awareness campaigns and homeowner education in augmenting the utilization of recycled water within residential settings. Recommendations emphasize the necessity of equipping homeowners with fundamental environmental and technical knowledge pertaining to water recycling and advocate for government incentives to encourage the adoption of water recycling systems in residential properties. These findings offer valuable insights for crafting data-driven decision-making frameworks aimed at bolstering the capacity for analyzing and implementing novel water reuse strategies, tailored to the specific capabilities and resources of urban authorities and communities.

Analysis of the Application of Green Manufacturing with the Concept of Water Recycle System to Reduce the Use of Clean Water at Pt. Karton Cikarang

The carton packaging industry has potential and advantages that can be used to maintain and develop business operational activities, one of the potentials is liquid waste left over from the production process, as an efficiency measure and a long-term business, sustainable energy is needed as an effort to apply efficiency and effort for the survival of mankind. The purpose of this research is to find the root cause of the high use of clean water in the production process and design the reuse of recycled water in the production department so that it can reduce the use of clean water, and can implement the concept of green manufacturing at PT. Karton Cikarang. This research is quantitative using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method which allows to identify and prevent the occurrence of problems in products and processes. Based on the research conducted, it is known that the percentage of clean water use in the production department is divided into 3 parts, namely converting machines (57%), corrugator machines (27%) and finishing machines (16%) which means that the use of clean water is mostly used by converting machines and the least water use is used by finishing machines. PT. Karton Cikarang has complied with wastewater quality standards set by the government, management and monitoring efforts are also carried out to create environmental protection for humans and life in the future.

Development of modern irrigation systems for improving efficiency, reducing water consumption and increasing yields

The study was conducted to examine modern irrigation systems aimed at improving water efficiency, reducing water consumption and increasing crop yields. The study analysed the environmental and socio-economic aspects of modern irrigation systems, including their impact on the environment and social sustainability of agriculture. The study determined that the use of modern irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation and IoT-based automatic control systems, can significantly improve the efficiency of water use in agriculture. Data analysis demonstrated that such systems can reduce water consumption by up to 50% while increasing yields by up to 30%. The use of agricultural drones to monitor field conditions and precisely regulate irrigation helps to improve plant health and reduce labour costs. The study also determined that water recycling and reuse systems can significantly reduce the use of freshwater, which is especially important in regions with limited water resources. In general, modern irrigation technologies demonstrate high efficiency and economic feasibility, contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture. The study proved that the use of computer modelling and forecasting of plant water requirements provides optimal conditions for their growth, which further contributes to an increase in yields. The results of the study can be used in practice to develop and implement more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies in irrigation and drainage systems, which helps to reduce the negative impact on the environment through more efficient use of water resources and reduction of water runoff

Water Scarcity Awareness and Its Role in Promoting Water Recycling Systems at Car Wash Stations: A Case Study from Town-I Peshawar

This study aims to investigate the issue of water mismanagement, specifically in the car wash sector. The objective of this study is to identify any substantial connections between water scarcity awareness and the implementation of water recycling systems in car wash stations of Town 1, Peshawar, Pakistan. The quantitative research method is used to achieve the objectives. Twenty people working on different levels in car wash stations were asked to fill out the questionnaire. The findings conclude that increasing the awareness of car wash owners towards water scarcity will enhance the likelihood of investing in water recycling technologies to reduce water use.

Integrating electro-Fenton and microalgae for the sustainable management of real food processing wastewater

The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the feasibility of a two-step process consisting of Electro-Fenton (EF) followed by microalgae to treat highly loaded real food processing wastewater along with resource recovery. In the first step, EF with a carbon felt cathode and Ti/RuO2–IrO2 anode was applied at different current densities (3.16 mA cm−2, 4.74 mA cm−2 and 6.32 mA cm−2) to decrease the amount of organic matter and turbidity and enhance biodegradability. In the second step, the EF effluents were submitted to microalgal treatment for 15 days using a mixed culture dominated by Scenedesmus sp., Chlorosarcinopsis sp., and Coelastrum sp. Results showed that current density impacted the amount of COD removed by EF, achieving the highest COD removal of 77.5% at 6.32 mA cm−2 with >95% and 74.3% of TSS and PO43− removal, respectively. With respect to microalgae, the highest COD removal of 85% was obtained by the culture in the EF effluent treated at 6.32 mA cm−2. Remarkably, not only 85% of the remaining organic matter was removed by microalgae, but also the totality of inorganic N and P compounds, as well as 65% of the Fe catalyst that was left after EF. The removal of inorganic species also demonstrates the high complementarity of both processes, since EF does not have the capacity to remove such compounds, while microalgae do not grow in the raw wastewater. Furthermore, a maximum of 0.8 g L−1 of biomass was produced after cultivation, with an accumulation of 32.2% of carbohydrates and 25.9% of lipids. The implementation of the two processes represents a promising sustainable approach for the management of industrial effluents, incorporating EF in a water and nutrient recycling system to produce biomass that could be valorized into clean fuels.

Efficiency measurement of the water recycling system in a fuzzy environment

Efficiency measurement of the water recycling system in a fuzzy environment

Smart city: an advanced framework for analyzing public sentiment orientation toward recycled water

The coronavirus pandemic of the past several years has had a profound impact on all aspects of life, including resource utilization. One notable example is the increased demand for freshwater, a lifeblood of our planet, on the other hand, the smart city vision aims to attain a smart water management goal by investing in innovative solutions such as recycled water systems. However, the problem lies in the public’s sentiment and willingness to use this new resource which discourages investors and hinders the development of this field. Therefore, in our work, we applied sentiment analysis using an extended version of the fuzzy logic and neural network model from our previous work, to find out the general public opinion regarding recycled water and to assess the effects of sentiments on the public’s readiness to use this resource. Our analysis was based on a dataset of over 1 million text content from 2013 to 2022. The results show, from spatio-temporal perspectives, that sentiment orientation and acceptance-behavior towards using recycled water have increased positively. Additionally, the public is more concerned in areas driven by the smart city vision than in areas of medium and low economic development, where investment in sensibilization campaigns is needed.

Utilization of Surplus Air Thermal Energy by a Water Cycle System in a Chinese-Type Solar Greenhouse

Solar greenhouses are commonly overheated during the day, and the remaining air heat can only be dissipated through ventilation, which is a severe energy waste problem. In order to improve the energy utilization of the greenhouse, this study proposes a water cycle system using surplus air thermal energy, which consists of an air-water heat exchanger, supply and return pipes, a submersible pump, a water tank, and an automatic control system. The proposed system stores the surplus air thermal energy in the greenhouse in the water tank. It releases it into the greenhouse using water circulation, and experimental analyses were carried out using a solar greenhouse in the Shenyang area. The effects of different air and water flow rates on the performance of the surplus air thermal energy water recycling system and the environment inside the greenhouse were analyzed by establishing a CFD model and model validation, and the average difference between the experimental data and the simulated data was 6.98%. The results show that the circulating air flow rate significantly affects the system performance and the environment inside the greenhouse. In the heat collection stage, the water circulation system with an airflow rate of 9 m/s has a minor average temperature difference in the vertical plane of the greenhouse. The water circulation system with an airflow rate of 6.0 m/s collects and releases the most significant heat. The temperature cloud between the vertical and horizontal planes is more uniform. This research provides new ideas for efficient energy use in solar greenhouses.

Impact of condensate water recycling on the performance of open refrigerated display cabinet

The escalating global energy concerns have underscored the urgent need for energy conservation, particularly within the refrigerated industry. The imperative of optimizing the performance of open refrigerated display cabinets (ORDC) has become increasingly pronounced. This study sought to investigate the impact of condensate water recycling on ORDC operations through experiment, focusing on the influence of condensate water flowrate, temperature, and heat exchanger length on key performance indicators such as thermal entrainment factor (TEF), coefficient of performance (COP), and heat transfer efficiency enhancement (η). The findings revealed that the flowrate of condensate water wielded the most substantial impact on system performance, leading to noteworthy increases of 10.42% in COP and 7.05% in η, while TEF experienced a reduction of 4.33% within a flow rate range from 0 ml/min to 54 ml/min. Notably, an optimal flowrate of 54 ml/min was identified. Conversely, the temperature of condensate water exhibited minimal influence on system performance. Increasing the length of the heat exchanger demonstrated a linear correlation with improved system performance. In practical applications, the enhancements in COP, η, and TEF, compared to scenarios without a condensate water recycling system, ranged from 2.23% to 5.80%, 1.21% to 3.68%, and 0.37% to 2.09%, respectively.

Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Quarrying in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Quarrying Practices and Innovative Technologies

The quarrying industry in Nigeria has far-reaching socioeconomic and environmental implications that demand careful consideration of sustainable practices and innovative technologies. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted impacts of quarrying on local communities and the environment, highlighting challenges such as habitat destruction, air, noise,water pollution, environmental degradation, and socioeconomic disparities. Furthermore, it accesses current sustainable quarrying practices and innovative technologies to mitigate these impacts and improve efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper also emphasizes the importance of implementing robust policies and regulations governing quarrying activities in Nigeria. Through analysis of real-world examples, case studies, and existing literature, this review uncovers promising solutions that can enhance quarrying operations’ sustainability and environmental performance in Nigeria and worldwide. This paper unveils that, while quarrying is an important industry in Nigeria, it is critical to ensure it is carried out sustainably and responsibly. This can be achieved through improved regulations, strengthening sustainable quarrying practices, conducting thorough environmental impact assessments, establishing buffer zones around quarries, enforcing stricter pollution control measures, stakeholder engagement, and adoption of new technologies such as advanced blasting techniques, dust suppression technologies, automation and robotics machinery, water recycling, and treatment systems, waste recycling management, and reforestation and restoration techniques.It is evident that there are gaps and inconsistencies in Nigeria’s policy and regulatory framework, and there is a lack of research on the effective implementation of sustainable practices and new technologies. Therefore, further research is recommended on areas such as the lasting impact of sustainable practices, the potential of new technologies, and the enhancement of policy and regulatory frameworks to improve the sustainability and efficiency of quarrying operations in Nigeria.

ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF A COKE PLANT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

This academic paper explores various assessment methods used to evaluate the environmental impact of industrial enterprises, specifically focusing on coke plants. The study emphasises the widespread use of a global risk-based approach for assessing the environmental risks posed by such enterprises to both the environment and public health. This approach involves predicting potential future environmental consequences under different scenarios, with the choice of a specific method dependent on the particular conditions, objectives, and available resources.The analysis of these assessment methods reveals the prevalence of an integrated approach, which comprehensively evaluates multiple aspects of an industrial enterprise’s environmental impact. Moreover, the research underscores the importance of adopting modern technologies and strategies to enhance water supply and wastewater management efficiency for environmental preservation.The assessment of the ‘Kharkiv Coke Plant’ indicates minimal impact on land inundation issues, with little effect on groundwater quality. However, the excessive consumption of freshwater remains a significant concern, necessitating improved efficiency in the operation of the plant’s wastewater recycling systems. To evaluate the enterprise’s influence on surface waters, notably the Lopan and Udy rivers, the paper calculates the volume and flow of wastewater originating from the facility’s premises.Additionally, environmental impact assessment is conducted using key environmental indicators, including the alarm index, hazard index, and priority index. In light of the identified environmental challenges at the investigated industrial facility, including wastewater discharge into the municipal sewerage system, high water consumption, and phenol emissions from the quenching tower, the paper proposes a solution. This solution entails enhancing the plant’s water recycling infrastructure through the implementation of a closed-loop water recycling system and improving the efficiency of the biochemical plant. This approach aims to mitigate the environmental impact of the enterprise while promoting sustainable water management practices. Keywords: environmental problems, water resources, degree of pollution, enterprises.

Research on Sustainable Temporary Shelters for Climate Refugees-Taking New York as an Example

As homelessness in New York has become increasingly serious in the aftermath of the epidemic and government-provided housing is far from adequate to meet the needs of the homeless, this paper applies the concept of sustainability to how housing is provided for the homeless to solve the problem of homelessness as quickly as possible while protecting the environment and reducing unnecessary pollution. For sustainability, this paper focuses on two main aspects, namely the use of materials and water recycling systems. As for the environment of the homeless shelter, the main factor considered is the airflow within the building. Out of consideration for the different needs of different people, this design will be built in a modular way to allow for the regeneration of the shelter and the building to meet individual needs. The paper, therefore, concludes with ideas, designs, and proposals for providing housing for the homeless in New York to meet the needs of sustainability in today's environment. Also in response to the growing environmental crisis, the research in this paper will also serve as an attempt to address the issue of future refugees caused by the environmental crisis.

Revolutionizing water treatment, conservation, and management: Harnessing the power of AI-driven ChatGPT solutions

This study analyzes the global water crisis and the pressing need for innovation in water treatment, conservation, and management practices. It introduces potentially transformative solutions involving the use of ChatGPT to address water-related challenges. The research underscores the potential of AI-Driven ChatGPT applications in enhancing water management schemes through real-time insights, optimization of resource usage, and predictive maintenance. The paper dilates upon the role of ChatGPT in improving water quality control, enriching decision-making systems, optimizing water usage, and promoting precision irrigation. It also discusses various scenarios where ChatGPT has been applied in this regard, such as in Klir Comply and its integration into Rammas. The study further discusses the significant water consumption and environmental implications of AI models like ChatGPT and suggests tangible solutions such as employing renewable energy sources and water recycling systems. Additionally, it delves into ethical and regulatory implications of integrating AI-Driven ChatGPT solutions in water management, covering aspects of data privacy, transparency, accountability, and conformity to international standards. It emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to construct a responsible AI governance model and highlights the importance of education and awareness regarding AI ethics and regulations.

Water Resources Management in Practices at National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Campus

NPUST was the top Taiwan university for the 9th consecutive year on the UI GreenMetric World University Ranking, and placed 27th out of 1,050 schools from 85 countries. This achievement is the result of our commitments to sustainable development. NPUST has been building green transportation for carbon and air pollution reduction, green energy system for effective use of electricity generated by renewable energy, and campus waste water recycling system for the goal of zero discharge. We also implement policies on waste reduction and waste sorting and recycling, as well as encourage planting in school campus. The practice of water resources management is crucial in various aspects that contribute to this sustainable campus. The sustainable management strategies include water consumption management, water conservation and water saving, and water recycling management. In this paper, we are going to share our practical experience in waste water treatment, recycling system set-up, waste water reuse, sustainable development for water resources and how we implement the policies on water saving at campus and spread water resources knowledge. The information is provi

Design and applicability of a water recycling system to treat wastewater generated from real uranium-contaminated soil

This study investigated, from practical and engineering perspectives, a systematic design and its ability to remediate real U-contaminated soil, with the aim of assessing the performance of a zero liquid discharge system for treating wastewater from a soil-washing process. Specifically, we carried out a purification process for U-contaminated soil and its wastewater; the proposed method consisted of U(VI) precipitation, solid–liquid separation with a filter-press, and distillation of the filtrate on the basis of U(VI) concentration. Experimental results indicated complete separation of uranium from the contaminated soil. Self-disposal of the treated soil was possible because it contained uranium at a concentration less than 1.0 Bq·g−1, which the International Atomic Energy Agency has suggested as the clearance level for radionuclides. In terms of the zero liquid discharge system, the distillation process enabled not only water reuse of the filtrate after solid–liquid separation but also self-disposal of high-purity Na2SO4 in the residues of the distilled filtrate. According to a comparison of the economic analysis between direct disposal and the application of a remediation process to treat U-contaminated soil, the proposed comprehensive zero liquid discharge system for the treatment of U-contaminated soil is a practical and feasible option. We anticipate that the valuable experimental results and implications in this study will play a significant role in both academia and industry given the demonstration of design and applicability of the proposed zero liquid discharge system to treat wastewater generated from real U-contaminated soil.

Investigating the potential of groundwater recycling as an alternative to groundwater trading in terms of resource efficiency

Water and in particular groundwater is undoubtedly a natural resource of fundamental importance to humanity. However, their limited availability and the large increase in demand observed in recent years call for its optimal management. In this context, tradable water rights systems and the circular economy of water, which promotes water recycling, are two concepts on which management policies towards sustainable and efficient water management can be based. This paper attempts to highlight the potential that a management policy based on the circular economy of water can have against a policy based on tradable water rights in terms of economic efficiency of the resource. Thus, the research hypothesis of this paper is that under certain conditions water recycling can lead to higher economic efficiency for the resource than water trading can. For this purpose, two time-dynamic models are formulated, one for each different management policy, concerning the pumping of water from an aquifer by two different categories of users, and the corresponding optimal control problems are solved. The results of the simulations based on hydro-economic data of a region in Northern Greece show that there is a high dependence of the efficiency of the water recycling system on the recycled water tariff. Thus, it is concluded that for charging prices up to and beyond 0.20€/m3 a management policy of an aquifer based on the concept of circular economy can lead to a higher economic efficiency of water.

Reclaimed water in Taiwan: current status and future prospects

According to the Taiwan Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, the average water demand shortage is 530.6 million m3 yr−1 during the period of 2011 to 2019, and the situation will worsen in the near future due to global climate change. Therefore, reclaimed water has been an important new water source in Taiwan, particularly for industrial consumers such as high-tech industries in Science Parks. In order to meet the targeted reclaimed water supply of 1.32 million m3 d−1 (CMD) in 2031, Taiwan is focusing on two major reclaimed water sources, including reclaimed water from high water-consuming industries and municipal wastewater treatment plants. This report reviews current technologies used for reclaimed water including units for pretreatment, desalting, polishing, and reclamation. Case studies in Taiwan including reclaimed water from high water-consuming industries such as thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) and semiconductor industries, as well as from municipal wastewater treatment plants are presented. The TFT-LCD company Innolux and semiconductor company Advaned Semiconductor Engineering have implemented total recycled water system to recycle and reclaim wastewater from manufacturing processes, achieving a total recycled water of 290 million m3 yr−1 with about 97% recovery and 3.5 million m3 yr−1 with 80% recovery, respectively. The Fengshan reclaimed water treatment plant produces 40,436 CMD reclaimed water from municipal wastewater for the China Steel Cooperation’s steel-making processes, at an overall operation and maintenance cost of 11.5 NT dollars m−3. Meanwhile the Yongkang plant produces 15,500 CMD of reclaimed water for semiconductor and TFT-LCD manufacturing processes at an overall operation and maintenance costs of 25.8 NT dollars m−3, which is due to low urea and boron limits requested by the user. Finally, challenges and future prospects for promoting the use of reclaimed water to meet the targeted supply in 2031 will be discussed.

A mandarinfish Siniperca chuatsi infection and vaccination model for SDDV and efficacy evaluation of the formalin-killed cell vaccine in yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus

Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) is a distinct member in genus Megalocytivirus. Knowledge underlying pathogenesis of SDDV is still very limited. Here, a mandarinfish Siniperca chuatsi infection and vaccination model for SDDV was established. Artificial infection either by intraperitoneal or by intramuscular injection caused over 80% lethality to various sizes of mandarinfish juveniles. Cohabitation infection also resulted in over 70% lethality in the same infectious recycling water system. All data demonstrated that mandarinfish is a very highly susceptible fish species for SDDV. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that SDDV loads in infected-mandarinfish was the highest in spleen, followed by heart, gill, kidney, liver, muscle, intestines and brain, which was further confirmed by histopathology, immunofluorescence and immunochemistry. Histological analysis showed that although SDDV caused very high mortality to mandarinfish, its histopathology was not so typical as by ISKNV-infected mandarinfish. Formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccines with 107.2 TCID50/0.1 mL, 106.9 TCID50/0.1 mL and 106.5 TCID50/0.1 mL SDDV antigens were prepared to immunize mandarinfish. As a result, the survivals of immunized fish were 100% (40/40), 97.5% (39/40) and 62.5% (25/40), respectively. By contrast, all un-immunized fish died upon SDDV challenge. Effectiveness of SDDV FKC vaccine was evaluated by immunizing 11,520 and 1038 yellowfin seabream and >90% protective effects were observed in both individual tests at 30 days post vaccination. Collectively, mandarinfish was confirmed as an ideal fish model for studying the infection and vaccination of SDDV, and MFF-1-based FKC vaccine renders highly effective protection against SDDV infection both in mandarinfish and yellowfin seabream.

Smart sustainable greenhouses utilizing microcontroller and IOT in the GCC countries; energy requirements & economical analyses study for a concept model in the state of Qatar

A smart sustainable greenhouse concept model (SSGHCM) was built to demonstrate the effectiveness and the profitability of using renewable energy and smart control systems in closed agriculture environment. SSGHCM is powered by solar photovoltaic energy and utilizes waste water management. Microcontrollers and multiple sensing arrangement were installed to completely control the irrigation, temperature and humidity of the greenhouse autonomously. Two types of control systems were used; microcontrollers connected to LabVIEW and a wireless control system based IOT. It was found that the installed PV capacity with storage can support the required energy. IOT combined with microcontrollers, as well as using the renewable energy in greenhouses in the GCC countries can make vegetable growth a profitable investment. Water recycling and management system is contributing to reduction of water need to around 40% of that needed for traditional greenhouses. Condensate from the AC contributes to around 65% of the needed water for irrigation by collecting the condensate from these systems. All of these factors will further improve the profitability of smart sustainable greenhouses and contribute largely to food security in the GCC countries. Scaled to commercial greenhouses, the economic analysis showed an attractive investment with 340% ROI and 5 years of payout period.