Water Quality Studies Research Articles

Study of water quality in relation to the development of Vanamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation on the Siddo Coast, Barru Regency, Indonesia

Objective: The research aims to determine the quality of water on the Siddo coast of Barru Regency, Indonesia, in relation to the development of vanamei shrimp cultivation. Material and method: The research was carried out in 3 locations, namely location 1 is located around Siddo Beach Bay and there is a mangrove forest around it, location 2 is a location close to the pier where fishermen moor their boats, and location 3 is a location in Toe Hamlet close to residential areas and community ponds. The water quality parameters measured are temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinity. The data obtained is then collected, processed, made into images, and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Results: The research results showed that the water temperature was in the range of 29.73 to 30.33 oC; Dissolved oxygen is in the range of 3.72 to 6.22 ppm, with the lowest oxygen at location 3. Water pH is in the range of 6.67 to 7.33. Sea water salinity is in the range of 36.33-36.67 ppt. Conclusion: The water quality of the research location is generally suitable for cultivating vanamei shrimp, except that the pH value of the water is still low or acidic and the salinity is still relatively high.

Comparative study between low and high-water quality and the zooplankton community of the Niger river, Niger

Seasonal variations in zooplankton abundance, diversity and the physicochemical properties of the Niger River were studied during 2018 and 2019.The aim of this study is to carry out a comparative study of water quality and the zooplankton community in the River Niger between the high-water period (February 2019) and the low-water period (April 2018). To do this, three water samples were taken at each period and at each station, in order to determine the physico-chemical parameters and then identify the zooplankton. Qualitative analysis of zooplankton revealed the presence of 48 taxa belonging to three main taxonomic groups: Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda. During low-water periods, the most frequent taxa were rotifers (74.89%), followed by copepods and copepodites (20.17%) and cladocera (4.93%). In contrast to high-water sampling, copepods and copepodites are the most important (53.2%), followed by rotifers (32.63%) and cladocerans (14.09%).Rotifers are the most abundant group and the most resistant to changes in environmental variables. The physicochemical parameters that significantly influence zooplankton populations are pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, total phosphorus, silica and chlorophyll-a.

Application of the Canadian Index (CCME WQI) to Assess Water Quality for Aquatic Life: A Case Study of Water Quality for the Khoser and Tigris Rivers in the North of Nineveh Governorate

Application of the Canadian Index (CCME WQI) to Assess Water Quality for Aquatic Life: A Case Study of Water Quality for the Khoser and Tigris Rivers in the North of Nineveh Governorate

Hydrogeochemical Study and Geospatial Analysis of Water Quality Using GIS based Water Index and Multivariate Statistics in Kombolcha City, Ethiopia

Hydrogeochemical Study and Geospatial Analysis of Water Quality Using GIS based Water Index and Multivariate Statistics in Kombolcha City, Ethiopia

Isotope-based source assessment of water flowing from storm sewer systems to a receiving river during dry weather periods

Urban stormwater management systems, particularly storm sewers, are critical for managing runoff in urban areas. These systems are designed to function during wet weather events; however, field-based observations of these systems suggest that they may also be active flow pathways in dry weather conditions, ultimately contributing to streamflow. Unlike dry weather flow in wastewater systems, storm sewer dry weather flow has not been thoroughly explored. This research used stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in water to examine the sources of dry weather flow from storm sewers in a highly urban catchment. A stable isotope mixing model was applied at the outfalls of two stormwater catchments and the receiving Black Creek, located in Toronto, Canada. Findings suggest that during dry periods, storm sewers receive non-stormwater inputs from tap water, wastewater, and groundwater, along with some precipitation, and that these sources may constitute up to 19 % of Black Creek's flow at the watershed scale. Seasonal patterns in flow and water sources were observed for the Black Creek and outfalls. At one outfall, dry weather flow was predominantly from the water distribution system (i.e., tap water and/or wastewater) throughout spring, summer, and fall. In contrast, at the second outfall, groundwater dominated in spring and summer, and groundwater and water distribution were equally proportioned in fall. Black Creek baseflow comprises a dynamic mix of water sources that at times are similar to the sources observed at the stormwater outfalls. Considering these findings, future work should incorporate strategic sampling of additional outfalls, and multiple years of data collection to explore inter-annual variability in these processes and focus on replicating a similar study in other urban watersheds with different climates and/or water infrastructure design. The study findings highlight that our understanding of dry weather flow from storm sewers is relatively limited, emphasizing the need for further exploration of this phenomenon to inform urban hydrological modelling, water quality studies, and urban water management.

Comparative Study of Water Quality Across Different Seasons in the Gregório River Watershed, São Paulo, Brazil

The goal of this study was to monitor the water quality in the Gregório river, São Carlos, São Paulo during the dry and rainy seasons using traditional methods such as physical and chemical analysis of the water and biological indicators. Six sampling points were monitored, ranging from the nearest location to the source of the river to its confluence with the Monjolinho river. Physical and chemical parameters of water (water surface temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity) were measured using a multiparameter probe. The distance between the points was determined according to the access to the site: from P1 to P2 (1328 m), from P2 to P3 (1278 m), from P3 to P4 (201 m), from P4 to P5 (820 m), and finally from P5 to P6 (1814 m). The biotic index used in conjunction with the environmental variables was the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP), a qualitative index that utilizes benthic macroinvertebrates to classify water quality. Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Chironomus, Enchytraeidae, Hirudinea, and Naididae were recorded at sites P1, P2, and P6 during both the dry and rainy seasons. This study, particularly at P6, it was observed that despite the higher concentration of dissolved oxygen compared to the other analyzed sites, which would indicate good water quality, the BMWP indicated that the location had a strongly polluted water quality, suggesting that environmental factors must be associated with biological indicators. It was concluded that the use of biological indicators along with environmental data provided a more reliable understanding of water quality.

Study of water quality of Bhima River water at Siddhatek, Tal. Karjat, dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

Study of water quality of Bhima River water at Siddhatek, Tal. Karjat, dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

Determination of the WQI Index to Evaluate the Water Quality of the Monjas River located in Quito

The study of water quality is important over time because it is an essential element for human beings, it has been vital for their survival, territorial expansion, and socioeconomic development. The water of the Monjas river present contamination issues, mainly due to human activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry, and gray water discharges that alter their chemical, biological, and physical properties. The purpose of this research is to evaluate whether the water conditions are suitable for agricultural use, applying the Water Quality Index (WQI) methodology, which requires a study in the laboratory for fecal coliforms, dissolved oxygen, pH, biological demand for oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, dissolved solids, turbidity, and temperature. Samples were taken at six sampling points along the riverbed. Results were compared with the parameters described by TULSMA (Texto Unificado de la Legislación Secundaria de Ministerio de Ambiente), and FAO (The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) environmental regulations. Higher values were obtained for fecal coliforms, and biochemical oxygen demand that exceeded the maximum permissible limits with respect to the rest of the parameters examined. In this study, the WQI ranged from 26 to 50, classifying the water quality of the Monjas river as unsuitable. It implies that it is not appropriate for agricultural use due to the contamination that it could cause to the crops. The main reasons for this could rely on the presence of fecal matter of human, and animal origin, fertilizers, pesticides, and household waste.

Ecological status of a retired mine lake in a protected dune ecosystem

ABSTRACT Ottawa Sands Lake is a retired mine lake located in a protected dune ecosystem adjacent to Lake Michigan in western Michigan, USA. Development activities are planned for the lake and surrounding land, potentially threatening the lake’s ecological health. We conducted a baseline study of water quality and macroinvertebrates, combined with exclusion cage experiments, to examine the role of predation. Our results indicated the lake’s littoral zone had good water quality with low phosphorus (mean soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP] < 5 µg/L; mean total phosphorus [TP] < 10 µg/L) and nitrogen (mean nitrate [NO3-N] = 38–190 µg/L; mean ammonia [NH3-N] = 8–19 µg/L, excluding deep hole) concentrations, high dissolved oxygen (>9.5 mg/L, excluding deep hole), and low chlorophyll a (<12 µg/L, except for 1 sampling date) concentrations. The macroinvertebrate community was dominated by 9 families, with Chironomidae the most abundant. Three environmental factors—specific conductivity, total dissolved solids, and ammonia—were significantly related, albeit weakly, to macroinvertebrate community structure. The exclusion cages did not result in a statistically significant difference in macroinvertebrate community structure, although high variance may have masked differences. Overall, Ottawa Sands Lake is a high-quality system, but development plans, including the installation of a paved trail around the lake and the implementation of a nonmotorized boating program, may result in changes. The baseline conditions outlined in this work will allow lake managers to assess the impact of development activity and add to the limited database regarding the limnology of retired mine lakes around the globe.

A Qualitative Study of Water Quality Using Landsat 8 and Station Water Quality-Monitoring Data to Support SDG 6.3.2 Evaluations: A Case Study of Deqing, China

Facing the challenge of the degradation of global water quality, it is urgent to realize the Sustainable Development Goal 6.3.2 (SDG 6.3.2), which focuses on improving global water quality. Currently, remote sensing technology is widely used for water quality monitoring. Existing water quality-monitoring studies have been conducted based on quantitative water quality inversion. It requires a high degree of the synchronization of the time and location of the collection of station monitoring data and remote sensing data (air–ground spatiotemporal synchronization), which can be resource intensive and time consuming. However, policymakers and the public are more interested in the quality of water (good or poor) than in the specific values of the water quality parameters, as evidenced by the emergence of SDG 6.3.2. In this study, we change the traditional idea of quantitative water quality research, focus on water quality qualitative research combined with the characteristics of water pollution, propose a remote sensing water quality sample enhancement method under the condition of “air–ground spatiotemporal asynchrony”, and construct a remote sensing water quality sample library. On the basis of this sample library, a random forest water quality classification model was constructed to classify water quality qualitatively. We obtained the distribution of good water bodies in Deqing County, China, for example, from 2013 to 2022. The results show that the model has high accuracy (Kappa = 0.6004, OA = 0.8387), and we found that the water quality in Deqing County improved in the order of “major rivers, lakes, and tributaries” during the period from 2013 to 2015. This also verifies the feasibility of using this sample enhancement method to conduct qualitative research on water quality. Based on this water quality classification model, a set of spatial-type evaluation processes of SDG 6.3.2 based on image elements was designed. The evaluation results show that the water quality situation in Deqing County can be divided into two stages: there is a trend of substantial improvement from 2013 (evaluated value of SDG 6.3.2 = 63.25) to 2015 (evaluated value of SDG 6.3.2 = 83.16); and it has remained stable and fluctuating after reaching the good environmental water quality since 2015. This study proposes a simple method for rapidly evaluating SDG 6.3.2 via utilizing easily accessible Landsat 8 and water quality-monitoring data to classify water quality. The method can directly obtain water quality category information without the need for additional sampling, thus saving costs. It is a very simple process that is easy to implement, while also providing a high level of accuracy. This significantly reduces the barriers to evaluating SDG 6.3.2, supports the realization of the sustainable management of water resources globally, and is highly generalizable.

Borehole Water Supply in Enugu Metropolis: Water Quality Comparative Study of Sources from 9th Mile and Emene, Enugu State, Nigeria

Abstract: Water quality study presents status of water for domestic, irrigation, industrial and other uses. Indiscriminate and wasteful water consumption, improper waste disposal practices, and underground contamination have led to deterioration and pollution of water quality. This study was aimed at determining water quality status using parameters in borehole water. Samples from two different towns; Ngwo and Enene, Enugu East. Sampling locations 1(6o 28’24.7”N 7o 34’49.2”E) and 2(6o 27’36”N 7 o 36’46”E) are situated within Nike East Local Government (precisely Emene) while sample 3(6o 25’52.8”N 7o 25’10.6”E), 4(6o 25’55.3”N 7o 24’22.8”E) and 5(6o 25’50.4”N 7o 26’08.5”E) are within Enugu Ngwo (9thMile Corner). The parameters analyzed include; Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, pH, TDS, TSS, SS, Calcium, Magnesium, and Total Hardness, using laboratory standard methods of analysis. The data provided by this investigation shows that the water samples from Enugu Ngwo only is more acidic outside the recommended level. Other qualities of all the parameters are all measurable for both locations. Based on these findings, recommendations were presented for the purpose of improving water quality and sustainable assess in Enugu Metropolis and beyond.

Study of water quality in ex-mining pits for fish cultivation in Gunung Mas regency, Central Kalimantan

Ex-mining pit is a wide expanse, often becomes a problem, especially for the environment. Lack of information about the use of mining pits for fishing activities, especially for the studies on the quality of mining pits to support the growth of cultivated fish. This research was conducted in the village of Tanjung Riu, Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, using two ex-mining ponds belonging to the community. The results show that the water quality for both mine pits with water parameters for: dissolved oxygen (DO) on average 6.09 mg/l – 7.45 mg/l, pH 2.94 – 3.54, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 4.78 mg/L, temperature 30 -32 oC, turbidity 51.7-53.5 NTU, value of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 0.003 – 0.017 gr/L, mercury (Hg) content of 0.000247 mg/l - 0.000359 mg/l, the depth of the pool is 1.7 m – 2.74 m. The abundance of plankton is between 869 - 1106 cells/L, and abundance of benthos is between 264 - 352 ind/m2. The range of pond water quality based on second-class national water quality standards, which is suitable for fish cultivation with moderate abundance of plankton.

An Improved Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Function Method for Data Reconstruction: A Case Study of the Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Bohai Sea, China

Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) serves as a key indicator in water quality and harmful algal blooms (HABs) research. While satellite ocean color data have greatly advanced chl-a research and HABs monitoring, missing data caused by cloud cover and other factors limit the spatiotemporal continuity and the utility of remote sensing data products. The Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Function (DINEOF) method, widely used to reconstruct missing values in remote sensing datasets, is open to improvement in terms of computational accuracy and efficiency. We propose an improved method called Concentration-Stratified DINEOF (CS-DINEOF), which uses a coordinate–value correlative data division strategy to stratify the study area into several subregions based on annual average chl-a concentration. The proposed method clusters data points with similar spatiotemporal patterns, allowing for more targeted and effective reconstruction in each sub-dataset. The feasibility and advantage of the proposed method are tested and evaluated in the experiments of chl-a data reconstruction in the water of the Bohai Sea. Compared with the ordinary DINEOF method, the CS-DINEOF method improves the reconstruction accuracy, with an average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) reduction of 0.0281 mg/m3, and saves computational time by 228.9%. Furthermore, the gap-free images generated from CS-DINEOF are able to illustrate small variations and details of the chl-a distribution in local areas. We can conclude that the proposed CS-DINEOF method is superior in providing significant insights for water quality and HABs studies in the Bohai Sea region.

The monsoon-groundwater nexus, impacts and adaptation strategies in the northern part of Chennai region, South India

The variations in groundwater quality and their influence on hydrochemical and microbial properties in the metropolitan cities of North Chennai have been scientifically examined in an attempt to comprehend the effects of urbanization. For this ongoing investigation, 50 groundwater samples from surface bore wells were collected in and around north Chennai, South India, during the pre-monsoon (PRm) season in June 2022 and 50 samples during post-monsoon (POm) in January 2023. Southeast of the desired extent, where urban enclaves predominate, has elevated salinity (12,500 mg/L) and electrical conductivity (EC) of 21,200 μS/cm. The predominant types shown in the Piper and Chadha models were sodium-chloride (Na-Cl). Additionally, the Gibbs diagram revealed the observation of evaporation dominance. The interaction between freshwater and seawater has been shown using ionic ratio analysis. A majority of the sample locations indicated the levels of standard plate count (SPC) and total coliforms (TC) contamination in the groundwater were above allowable limits (WHO). There was a slight improvement in groundwater quality during the post-monsoon session suggesting to a possible effect from recently recharged groundwater. In general, the groundwater quality of the research area is impacted by lithological changes, land use, and urban development. Water quality study may be useful in identifying potential health concerns and notify decisions about water management and treatment policies.

Physico‐chemical and bacteriological study of ground water quality of Belpahar area, Odisha, India using artificial neural networks

AbstractThe major objective of this work is to determine the degree of contamination of ground water in the Belpahar area of Odisha, India, by calculating WQI, assessing the presence of toxic metals, studying bacteriological analysis, and ultimately predicting the suitability of ground water for human use. A machine learning approach, the ANN model, was used to compare the experimental values with the predicted value of water quality and predict the level of contamination in the future. The level of performance due to modelling was evaluated by applying numerous statistical indices. The whole area was divided into five zones, such as residential, tourist, industrial, village, and coal mining areas, and ten ground water samples were collected in each zone. The WQI of the tourist area is 76.017, the village area is 70.721, the industrial area is 122.423, the residential area is 74.880, and the coal mining area is 115.507, indicating the industrial area is extensively polluted because of the impact of extensive industrialization. From the analysis of metals, it was estimated that toxic metals like Cr6+ (VI), Se, Mn, Zn, and Cu are much higher than the permissible limit, particularly in mining and industrial areas. From bacteriological analysis, it was found that the number of viable E. coli bacteria is highest in the TRL colony, that is, 18.2 × 107, and lowest in village areas such as Sarbahal (17.9 × 107), Ujjalpur (15.5 × 107), and tourist, industrial, and coal mining areas because of fewer human activities. Hence, suitable management, viable remedial measures, and the distribution of ground water in the Belpahar area must be recommended.

Bridging the divide between inland water quantity and quality with satellite remote sensing: An interdisciplinary review

AbstractThe quantity and quality of surface water are inherently connected yet are overwhelmingly studied separately in the field of remote sensing. Remotely observable water quantity (e.g., water extent, water elevation, lake/reservoir volume, and river discharge) and water quality (e.g., color, turbidity, total suspended solids, chlorophyll a, colored dissolved organic matter, and temperature) parameters of inland waterbodies interact through a series of hydrological and biogeochemical processes. In this review, we analyzed trends in remote sensing publications to understand the prevalence of studies on the quantity versus quality of open‐surface inland waterbodies (rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs) as well as identified opportunities for integrating both water quality and quantity sensing in future work. Our bibliometric analysis found that despite the increasing number of publications using remote sensing for inland waterbodies, few studies to date have used remote sensing tools or approaches to simultaneously study water quantity and quality. Ultimately, by providing insights into potential integration of the water quality and quantity studies, we aim to identify a pathway to advance the understanding of inland water dynamics and freshwater resources through remote sensing.This article is categorized under: Water and Life &gt; Methods Science of Water &gt; Water Quality Water and Life &gt; Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems Science of Water &gt; Methods

Water quality and geochemical facie of high-altitude lakes in Tawang, Eastern Himalaya, India.

High-altitude lakes (HALs) can be used as a supplement or alternative source of water in areas where there is a water shortage. When these lakes are efficiently managed, they can supply more water resources to fulfil the increasing demand. Water quality assessment aids in the identification of adequate and safe drinking water sources. It minimizes threats to the public's health by making sure that lake water extraction fulfills safety and health regulations. Water quality and hydrogeochemical study was conducted on six HALs of the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh during the year 2022. The water quality index (WQI) values varied from excellent to poor (33.87 to 101.95). Lake 6 stands out with its exceptional water quality as it had the minimum average WQI value of 52.98. In contrast, Lake 5 had the lowest water quality among the studied lakes with the maximum average WQI value of 95.31. However, the water might not be safe to drink due to the elevated levels of fluoride in these lakes. It is crucial to address and minimize the high fluoride levels to ensure the safety and acceptability of the water for consumption. The Piper diagram showed that Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-, respectively, were the primary cations and anions present in these lakes. The Gibbs diagram also demonstrated the effect of rock weathering and precipitation dominance on the water chemistry in the research area. These results provide insightful information about the water quality of HALs, which is essential information for concerned government departments and agencies to manage water issues more efficiently. Based on current research, the HALs in this region have a lot of potential to meet the growing demand for drinking water.

COMPARING THE WATER QUALITY OF STREAMS FEEDING A WATERSHED

The Ala Wai Canal is one of the main waterways and watersheds on the island of Oʻahu, but it does not meet EPA water quality standards. Despite being deemed unsafe, during paddling season a number of adult and teenage paddling crews practice in the Ala Wai for a variety of reasons. In recent years, more discussion and focus has been turned to improving the water quality of the Ala Wai Canal. By doing a water quality study on two tributaries that feed into the Ala Wai watershed, the research group hoped to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the mean water quality of the two streams. By measuring 952 samples in Pūkele Stream and 889 samples in Makiki Stream taken every fortnight over a 14-year period, the representative suspended solids entering from the eastern and western sides of Ala Wai Canal are compared statistically. Thus, a good general picture of the average difference in water quality between the tributaries is obtained. Through this sample study, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the average water quality of the two streams. This finding implies that there is a big enough difference between the suspended solids in the two streams to prioritize the Pūkele Stream over Makiki Stream for remedial actions.

Water quality monitoring of large reservoirs in China based on water color change from 1999 to 2021

Water color is an essential indicator of water quality, and research methods of water color based on remote sensing have become a trend in large-scale water quality monitoring. Large reservoirs are important for regional development. However, large-scale research into the quality of the water is lacking. Accordingly, to study the spatiotemporal water quality conditions of large reservoirs in China, this study conducted an inversion of water color over the past 23 years. Using Landsat series images, the Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWE) algorithm, and the Forel-Ule index (FUI), the water surface of 746 large reservoirs in China was sampled and the water color was inverted using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The FUI local change index was established to analyze changes over time. The results showed that the annual average FUI value of large reservoirs in China was less than 11, showing non-eutrophic and green water bodies. From the water color analysis of 91 large Type I reservoirs, it was found that the water quality of the reservoirs in the Northeast region was poor (FUI greater than 12), with many aquatic plants and algae or highly turbid and greenish-brown waters, mainly for flood control and irrigation. In southern China, there were primarily mesotrophic and oligotrophic reservoirs (FUI not greater than 8) with green or greenish-blue water color, which were mainly used for water supply and power generation. The construction of the southern reservoirs reduced the FUI values by an average of five levels, apparently changing the water color. The FUI local change index revealed that the FUI values of large reservoirs in China showed an overall decreasing trend from 1999 to 2007, stabilized after 2007, and then fluctuated after 2013. This study also found that the water color index of large reservoirs in China is positively correlated with the trophic status and turbidity of water bodies to some extent. Therefore, this study can compensate for the lack of water color remote sensing in large-scale reservoir water quality studies and support large-scale reservoir monitoring and management.

Relationship of Physico-chemical Properties of Water with Phytoplankton Abundance in Peraru Village Tank in Vavuniya District

The village tank cascade system, predominantly found in the Vavuniya district, satisfies the water demand for agriculture and domestic needs considerably. Among them, the Peraru village tank lies in a cascade line in the Vavuniya district. The water resource of Peraru village reservoir is treated by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Vavuniya, and distributed to the local public. As Peraru a drinking water fountain, the study of phytoplankton and water quality is important. The study's objective was to identify the phytoplankton and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in the Peraru village tank along with the Physico-chemical characteristics of water. A phytoplankton sampling was done by using plankton net at the selected three locations of Peraru village reservoir weekly from March to April 2021. Totally, 24 samples were analyzed during the study period. Simultaneously, water samples were also collected at each site to determine dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, temperature, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations. Identification of phytoplankton was made based on standard guides, and the abundances of phytoplankton were estimated using Sedgewick- rafter counting cells. The results of Physico- chemical parameters were statistically tested using ANOVA and found correlations between the abundance of phytoplankton and Physico-chemical parameters. Phylum Bacillariophyta and genus Aulacoseira were the dominant phylum and genus in the Peraru village tank. Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), nitrate, and phosphate positively influenced the abundance of phytoplankton in the Peraru village tank, while turbidity negatively affected the same. &#x0D; Keywords: Phytoplankton abundance, Correlation, Physico-chemical parameters