Water Quality Meter Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Water Quality Properties: A Case Study of Coupled Commercial Aquaponics System

The current study intends to evaluate the influence of seasonal changes on the water quality parameters of a coupled commercial aquaponics system. The determined water quality parameters for the comparative study were total ammonium-nitrogen (TAN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphate (PO43-), water temperature (WT), water pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The WT and DO analysis were carried out using a portable dissolved oxygen meter (Model: PDO-520, Taiwan). A portable electrode pH meter (Model: PH-220, Taiwan) was utilized for the pH measurement. The TDS and EC readings were obtained using a multi-parameter water quality meter (PHT-27, China). The TAN, NO3-N, and PO43- determinations were done using their individual Merck Spectro-quant® test kits. The research results indicated a significant (p0.05) difference. The observed significant increase of NO3-N, PO43-, EC, and TDS in the summer and autumn periods could be associated to the increased fish feeding rate (which increases waste production) as well as relative increase in microbial waste conversion/mineralization. The investigated water quality makers were within the recommended amounts in the aquaponics system. Thus, in this study, seasonal differences have induced variation in the NO3-N, PO43-, WT, pH, EC, and TDS amounts. However, these differences do not affect the TAN and DO levels.

The Impact of Sewage Water Overflow (SWO): An Analysis of Zandspruit River in Cosmo City, Johannesburg, South Africa

Cosmo City, situated in Johannesburg, Gauteng, has been experiencing sewage water overflows (SWO) for several years, and this raises concerns about the water quality of Zandspruit River. The study aimed to investigate the impacts of SWO on the Zandspruit River, and the perceptions of the community towards SWO. Water samples were collected from three sampling sites of Zandspruit River. Some water quality parameters were measured in the field using a multi-parameter water quality meter while other parameters were analyzed at a SANAS accredited laboratory. Results were compared with South African water quality guidelines and most water quality parameters were within permissible set standards. However, COD, E. coli and turbidity were above permissible set standards which indicates a highly polluted river. Furthermore, we assessed perceptions of the Cosmo City community towards SWO through questionnaires. The community ascribed the main causes of SWOs to population growth, blocked, and broken sewers. This study revealed that SWO around Cosmo City has a negative impact on the quality of river water and poses health risks. The combined evidence from both the experimental analysis and the community perception survey underscores the urgent need for effective management strategies to address the negative environmental and human health implications of SWO in the Zandspruit River. By integrating these findings and considering the broader implications of pollution on both the ecosystem and community well-being, policymakers and stakeholders can work towards implementing sustainable solutions to mitigate the risks associated with sewage water overflows.

Comparative Study on the Determination of Chlorophyll-a in Lake Phytoplankton by a YSI Multi-Parameter Water Quality Meter and Laboratory Spectrophotometric Method

Algal blooms caused by eutrophication are a major global problem, and the monitoring and prediction of algal densities in lakes are important indicators of eutrophication management. However, the reliability of the commonly used chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to characterize phytoplankton density in lake environments needs to be further investigated. In this paper, we sampled and analyzed 365 samples from nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province during the dry and rainy seasons. The Chl-a data measured by the laboratory spectrophotometric method and the portable YSI multi-parameter water quality meter (YSI) directly used in the field were compared, and regression analysis and correlation analysis with phytoplankton density were performed. Most of the Chl-a values measured by the laboratory instrument were greater than those measured by the YSI, and the correlation between the two methods was weak (0.492, p < 0.001). The correlation between Chl-a and phytoplankton density measured by the YSI reached 0.67 (p < 0.001) in the dry season, while the laboratory methods used to measure Chl-a to characterize phytoplankton density may have led to an overestimation of phytoplankton density due to nonspecific sources of Chl-a. However, both methods are relatively inaccurate for characterizing phytoplankton density. For different trophic states of lakes, nutrient concentration changes affect the Chl-a concentration of phytoplankton. During different seasons, changes in the fluorescence intensity of phytoplankton in response to environmental conditions prevent the YSI results from reflecting the authentic phytoplankton density. Furthermore, high species diversity can lead to inconsistent changes in Chl-a and phytoplankton because the content of Chl-a in individual cells of different phytoplankton is different. The relationship between Chl-a and phytoplankton density was species specific. Therefore, when applying Chl-a to characterize phytoplankton density in lakes, it is necessary to consider environmental conditions, phytoplankton community structure and other practical conditions. In addition, laboratory analytical methods and instrumental techniques and instruments need to be improved.

Implementasi Modul Water Quality Meter pada Komunitas Petani Udang Vaname Jawa Timur

Vannamei shrimp is one of the leading commodities in fisheries aquaculture, due to its competitive price and the ability to be mass-produced with high stocking densities. Many coastal communities in East Java capitalize on this opportunity by engaging in vannamei shrimp cultivation. However, most shrimp farmers still measure pond water quality using conventional methods and record water quality parameters on paper, which is highly inefficient. With this issue in mind, the author sought to engage in community service by inviting representatives from the East Java vannamei shrimp farming community. The method involved delivering lectures and interactive discussions with shrimp farmers to understand their perceptions and insights regarding pond water quality, followed by the handover of modules, and subsequently evaluating the modules' usage by the shrimp farmers. As a result of this community service, we introduced a tool to assist traditional shrimp pond farmers in monitoring water quality, in the form of a "Water Quality Meter" module integrated with a website accessible via smartphones and laptops. The "Water Quality Meter" module was designed with a system to portable monitor pond water quality using Internet of Things (IoT) technology, where data obtained by microcontrollers is transmitted to a database to determine the quality value of pond water. Evaluation results indicate that farmers can use the module effectively, and data collected on the website shows that pond water quality for the farmers remains within normal ranges. Shrimp farmers directly benefit from using the module, as the shrimp pond monitoring process becomes more practical and accurate.

Bottom water hypoxia suppresses fish chorusing in estuariesa).

Hypoxia in coastal ecosystems is increasing as a result of water quality declines from nutrient pollution. Hypoxia negatively affects fish populations and marine life, limiting their spawning habitats, population size, and growth. In this study, two approaches were used to understand the effect of hypoxia on the chorusing and reproductive behavior of fishes in estuaries. One approach used a water quality meter integrated with a prototype passive acoustic recorder, developed to monitor dissolved oxygen and fish chorusing simultaneously and continuously at sites with normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In a second approach, passive acoustic recorders were deployed near ambient water quality monitoring stations, monitored by the North Carolina agencies in estuaries where hypoxia occurs periodically. In both approaches, when hypoxia (dissolved oxygen < 4.0 mg/L) occurred, fish chorusing was diminished or ceased. A strong correlation was observed between bottom water dissolved oxygen and the power spectral density in a 100-200 Hz frequency band associated with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus, Sciaenidae) calling. Passive acoustic monitoring stations and integrated passive acoustic and water quality meters should be used in estuarine hypoxia monitoring efforts to examine the expanding areas of hypoxia and its impact on fish critical spawning habitats.

Development of microfluidic devices for on-site water quality testing using glass molding process

The demand for multi-point water quality monitoring is increasing to solve the global problem of safe drinking water supply and environmental water contamination by industries. Therefore, compact devices are needed for on-site water quality analysis. On-site devices require low cost and high durability because they are placed outdoors, exposing them to strong ultraviolet rays and a wide range of temperatures. Our previous study reported on a compact and low-cost water quality meter that uses microfluidic devices with resin to monitor chemicals. In this study, we extended the fabrication range of the glass molding method to fabricate a glass microfluidic device with a 300 µm deep channel on a 50 mm in diameter substrate for constructing a low-cost and high-durability device. Finally, we developed a low-cost, highly robust glass device with a diamond-like carbon-coated channel surface to measure residual chlorine. The experimental results indicated that this device can endure outdoor conditions and be attached to small internet of things devices for analyzing chemical substances, such as residual chlorine.Graphical

Water Quality Meter Module to improve shrimp production quality in Mojopuro Gede Village, Gresik

Shrimp cultivation is a very profitable business in Gresik. However, shrimp farmers in Mojopuro Gede Village, Gresik admitted that they did not optimize their cultivation process. The farmer did not realize that water quality is essential to be considered in aquaculture. Based on these problems, the team held a community service in Mojopuro Gede Village, Gresik by introducing the water quality meter module and giving it to several shrimp farmers in the area. This activity was carried out so that the farmers can improve their cultivation process which has not been optimal and also introduce them to technological developments. Technology use in cultivation is expected to increase the quality of the farmers' crops. The implementation methods used in this activity are socialization and training. In this community service program, education has been given to the farmers so that they understand and care about the condition of their ponds in the cultivation process. The purpose of this program is for introducing the importance of technology in the cultivation process, even though it is actually not easy to provide education to shrimp farmers, especially traditional farmers. Therefore, related parties (NU Gresik Maritime Institute and Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Office of East Java Province) are expected to be more active in providing understanding to the farmers regarding the importance of applying technology in the cultivation process.

PortAqua: a low-cost, compact water quality meter for science communication

Water quality monitoring allows communities to achieve sustainable management of water resources, which is crucial for life-supporting processes. Water quality is determined by measuring chemical, physical, and biological parameters, requiring sophisticated meters and trained specialists to perform the measurement. However, in low-income communities, water quality is determined by using human senses—smell, color, and taste—since meter acquisition is limited by costs and most people do not know how to monitor water quality. Therefore, accessible technology is necessary to empower communities to have a sustainable lifestyle. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of PortAqua, a 2-parameter water quality meter (WQM), to promote training on water quality measurement. Using basic electronic components, PortAqua is capable of measuring pH with an error of 0.4, and conductivity with an error of 33% at 85 µS cm-1, and 8.7% at 1413 µS cm-1. To demonstrate its preliminary effectiveness as a WQM and its science communication capabilities, the meter has been used in a hands-on workshop with undergraduate and graduate students. During the workshop, attendees participated in a short lecture about water quality measurement techniques and local regulations. Then, they collected water samples from a local source, measured the samples using PortAqua, and discussed the results based on the concepts and regulations. The workshop’s effectiveness was evaluated through pre- and post-assessments which revealed increased knowledge of water quality regulations, measurement, and parameters at the end of the activity.

The impact of informal settlements on the surface water quality: a baseline analysis of the Kaalspruit in Tembisa township, South Africa

ABSTRACT The water quality of the Kaalspruit River, situated in the Gauteng province, South Africa, has been in question over previous years with concerns about the health risks potentially posed by the level of pollution to the surrounding communities. The study aimed to conduct a physico-chemical assessment of water and sediment in the river. In-situ water quality parameters were measured in the field using a multi-parameter water quality meter, while other parameters, such as organic and inorganic constituents were analysed at SANAS accredited laboratories. Water quality results revealed generally poor conditions with minimal seasonal variations, showing low dissolved oxygen and some metal concentrations present in toxic levels. Furthermore, the levels of faecal coliforms and E. coli were beyond the detectable levels in sampling areas of close proximity to informal settlements. Overall, this study revealed that the river system is of poor quality as a result of anthropogenic activities surrounding the Kaalspruit.

Study of Ichthyofauna: Fishes in the Enipeas River's Catchment Area, Central Macedonia, Greece

The management of water resources and the achievement of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 / EC's objectives were the key research themes for this study. The study of Ichthyofauna was conducted at nine areas of Enipeas river basin in central Macedonia region of Greece. At the sampling stations, the electrofishing method was applied. The physicochemical parameters at the sampling site were measured with a multiparametric HANNA water quality meter, while water samples were collected and transferred to laboratories of the Biology Department of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for analysis of nutrients and major ions. Out of nine stations, only one station discovered fish. Because the sampling was only done once, it is suggested that it be repeated at a different time because the research location is located in one of Greece's major catchments. Only three fish species were identified in the entire catchment area, indicating that more detailed studies are needed covering different surrounding areas.

Assessment of Physicochemical Quality of Abattoir-Effluent Impacted Iyi-Etu River and other Water Sources at the Amansea Livestock Market Settlement, Anambra State, Nigeria

The pollution load and anthropogenic pressure on different water sources may be reflected in the physicochemical quality evaluation of drinking water sources. This study was undertaken to evaluate the physicochemical quality of the Iyi-Etu River and other water sources such as well and borehole used by the Amansea livestock market settlement for drinking and domestic purpose. A total of 96 (36 river, 12 well, 12 borehole, 12 effluent, and 24 sachet water samples) samples were collected from these sources over 12 months. The water samples were collected using a composite sampling technique and temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids were measured onsite in triplicates using a water quality meter. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids recorded in this study ranged as follows: 23.8-32.6 ˚C, 5.2-8.6, 3.9×101 to 3.8×103 µS/cm and 1.9×101 to 1.9×103 mg/L respectively. The mean pH and temperature of all sample types were within WHO standard guidelines for drinking water. All sample types except well and effluent samples were within the limit of WHO guidelines for electrical conductivity of drinking water. Measurements of EC and TDS were lower upstream (112.2 µS/cm; 56.5 mg/L) than downstream 1 (203.3 µS/cm; 108.2 mg/L) and downstream 2 (197.1 µS/cm; 98.1 mg/L). These figures reveal the possible contamination of the Iyi-Etu River with abattoir effluent coming from the Amansea abattoir that is near the river. The Iyi-Etu River and well water are contaminated with different sources of contamination and serve as a public health hazard to all those using it for drinking and or domestic purposes.

Snow Cover as an Indicator of Dust Pollution in the Area of Exploitation of Rock Materials in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains

Snow cover in environmental monitoring is a valuable resource for information on sources of air pollutants and the level of air pollution. Research in areas of intense industrial pressure without systematic air quality control is of particular importance in this aspect. This is the case in the vicinity of Łagów (an urban–rural municipality) in the eastern part of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (southern Poland), where rock mining fields have been created over a large area. Limestone, marly limestone and dolomite are mined in this area. The carbonate dust accumulated during the two-week deposition significantly altered the physicochemical and chemical properties of the snow cover. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer-time-of-flight (ICP-MS-TOF), Dionex 3000 ion chromatograph and Hach HQ2200 water quality meter were used for chemical analyses. The pH, electric conductivity (EC), major ions and selected heavy metals (HM) were determined in water samples obtained after snow melt in two measurement campaigns. The comparative analysis performed showed an increase in pH, EC, Cl, Ca, NO3, SO4 and heavy metals in samples from the two-week old cover (second series) compared to fresh snow (first series). The conducted research indicates a potential hazard for the inhabitants of Łagów due to respirable dusts released into the atmosphere during extraction, processing and transport of rock materials.

Analysis of water quality Kedung Pedhet River, Mojosongo, Surakarta

The Bengawan Solo River has a tributary called the Kedung Pedhet River. Increased anthropogenic activities such as livestock and landfill would give effect to the water quality of Pedhet Kedung River. Therefore, this paper aims to determine the water quality of the Kedung Pedhet river. Determination of water quality is done by measuring several parameters such as pH, temperature, flow velocity, turbidity, COD, DO, TDS, salinity, pHmV, and ORPmV using the Horiba Multi-Parameter Water Quality Meter. Then, the results of the measurement of the water parameters of the Kedung Pedhet river are compared with Government Regulation no. 22 Year 2021. Based on the results of the study, the water quality in the Kedung Pedhet river has exceeded the lowest grade water quality according to Government Regulation no. 22 Year 2021. Measurement results of point 9 shows the water temperature reaching 29.77 °C and at point 6 showing the TDS value reaching 1.69 g/l and COD at point 2 showing a value of 20.88 mg/l. The results of parameter measurements on the Kedung Pedhet River can be concluded that these parameters exceed the grade 4 according to Government Regulation No. 22 Year 2021.

Water Quality Sampling in Billy Barquedier National Park and Surrounding Areas, Belize, C.A.

Looking at the physical, microbial, and chemical makeup of water samples gives a good indication of the drinking quality, which is important as it’s a vital human need. Testing water from Billy Barquedier National Park and the Valley community in the Stann Creek District, Belize, CA. is important to tell whether contamination is taking place from the water source or in the pipe systems. Testing involved taking samples as well as testing in the field with the Pro DSS water quality meter. Lab testing used a colorimeter and autoclave to test the microbial and chemical makeup. It’s important to look to at the connection between the chemical and physical components compared to the microbial components to see connections between harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms.

INTEGRATED IoT BASED WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY MONITORING SYSTEM

Smart and cost-effective solutions for water quality monitoring are gaining attention with the recent advancement in information and communication system technology. This paper aims at the design and development of the internet of things (IoT) based low-cost and portable water quality and quantity monitoring (WQQM) system. The proposed system not only monitors the water quality but also monitors the amount of water being utilized by the consumer. The main objective of designing WQQM is to ensure both purity and conservation of water. The water quality meter measures six qualitative parameters of water viz. potential hydrogen (pH), water temperature, atmospheric temperature, turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TDS). Whereas, the water quantity meter measures the water level and water flow to calculate the amount of water being used. A custom printed circuit board (PCB) is designed to integrate all the sensors for quality and quantity measurement. The results generated by the WQQM system are wirelessly transferred, using Wi-Fi, to the online monitoring system.

ESTIMATION OF CHLOROPHYLL-A CONCENTRATION IN SAMPALOC LAKE USING UAS MULTISPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Abstract. Sampaloc Lake is providing livelihood for the residents through aquaculture. An increase in the quantity of fish pens inside the lake threatens its water quality condition. One parameter being monitored is microalgal biomass by measuring Chlorophyll-a concentration. This study aims to generate a chlorophyll-a concentration model for easier monitoring of the lake. In-situ water quality data were collected using chl-a data logger and water quality meter at 357 and 12 locations, respectively. Using Parrot Sequoia+ Multispectral Camera, 1496 of 2148 images were acquired and calibrated, producing 18x18cm resolution Green (G), Red(R), Red Edge (RE) and Near Infrared (NIR) reflectance images. NIR was used to mask out non-water features, and to correct sun glint. The in-situ data and the pixel values extracted were used for Simple Linear Regression Analysis. A model with 5 variables – R/NIR, RE2, NIR2, R/NIR2, and NIR/RE2, was generated, yielding an R2 of 0.586 and RMSE of 0.958 μg/l. A chlorophyll-a concentration map was produced, showing that chl-a is higher where fish pens are located and lowers as it moves away from the pens. Although there are apparent fish pens on certain areas of the lake, it still yields low chlorophyll-a because of little amount of residential area or establishments adjacent to it. Also, not all fish pens have the same concentration of Chlorophyll-a due to inconsistent population per fish pen. The center of the lake has low chlorophyll-a as it is far from human activities. The only outlet, Sabang Creek, also indicates high concentration of Chlorophyll-a.

Distribution of Chromium and Gallium in the Total Suspended Solid and Surface Sediments of Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia

Concentration level of chromium (Cr) and gallium (Ga) were measured in the total suspended solid (TSS) and surface sediments to investigate its distribution and anthropogenic inputs along Sungai Kelantan. The in-situ water quality parameters, surface sediment and surface water were collected using calibrated portable YSI water quality meter, ponar grab and water sampler, respectively. The concentration range of chromium and gallium in TSS were from 19-111 μg/g and 153-3762 μg/g, respectively, along the river. While in surface sediment, the concentrations ranged from 16-172 μg/g for Cr and 25-82 μg/g for Ga. The high concentration of Ga in TSS and Cr in sediment would suggest that the anthropogenic inputs takes place in the river channel, which is due to human activities such as sand exploration along Sungai Kelantan. In mobilization towards the estuary, Ga was more easily transported in the TSS from upstream to downstream especially during the wet season. Cr was dominant in sediment due to its affinity towards inorganic minerals and easily being scavenged in the water column during burial onto the riverbed sediment. Spatial distribution was prominent as several factors affecting the distribution along the river channel addresses the lighter gallium and dissolution of chromium towards surface sediment while being mobilize further for overall distribution before sinking in the estuarine region.

A new design of inductive conductivity sensor for measuring electrolyte concentration in industrial field

We have presented an extended model to analyze the characteristics of transformer type inductive conductivity sensor (TICS) and described a new sensor design based on it. The model contains equivalent loss resistances (R1 and R4) and mutual coupling factors (k12 and k34) of two transformers. With studying on this model, we have confirmed to be able to improve the sensing performance with a proper design of signal receiver and prefer virtual short method to the repeater one. Based on this virtual short method, we have designed a new sensor module and tested it with several corrosive solutions such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sea water. And the sensing data have been hardly affected by the permeability change of magnetic cores. The drive voltage amplitude dynamic control method can improve the sensitivity in low measuring range and expand the measuring range. The sensitivity, response, recovery time, stability and comparison with a commercial water quality meter F-74 (Horiba, Japan) were evaluated.

Effect of Dietary Monobasic Potassium Phosphate Levels on Water Quality and the Growth of Far Eastern Catfish Silurus asotus and Four Leafy Vegetables in a Hybrid Biofloc Technology Aquaponic System

This study investigated the effects of dietary monobasic potassium phosphate (MKP) on the growth of the far eastern catfish Silurus asotus and four leafy vegetables in a hybrid biofloc technology aquaponic system. To an experimen tal diet containing 45% protein and 7% lipid, 1, 2, 3 or 4% MKP was added and was designated as MKP1, MKP2, MKP3, and MKP4, respectively. The optimum MKP levels were determined for the growth of fish and four leafy veg etables over 10 weeks. After the 10-week feeding trial, weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were higher in the fish groups fed MKP2 and MKP3 than in the other groups (P<0.05). The growth of the four leafy vegetables was also higher in the fish groups fed MKP2 and MKP3. Water quality [dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), NO2-N, NO3-N and PO4-P] was measured six times a week using a portable water quality meter and reagent measurements. The TAN (4.58-20.40 mg/L), NO3-N (24.12-52.40 mg/L) and PO4-P (20.38-48.48 mg/L) levels increased with time, while the NO2-N level remained below 0.1 mg/L throughout the study.

Meteorological and physical conditions of Salt Pan Areas with Filtering-Threaded Technology (TUF) in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia

Salt pans in Indonesia are commonly set in batch operation and highly depend on the meteorological condition. Moreover, the common salt pans are considerably limited in the area (averagely 0.5-1 Ha) as it is not organized by industries or governments; local farmers instead. However, with such confinement, there are some salt pans particularly with filtering-threaded technology system (TUF system) that successfully produce salt with high production (&gt;100 tons/Ha/season) and grade-1 quality. The present study was aimed to get insight on the meteorological condition at the salt pans using TUF system and the physical condition of the sea brine obtained from the TUF in the local salt pans in Cirebon Regency. Measurements on temperatures (air, brine and soil), humidity, wind direction and speed, brine conductivity, brine density and salinity were conducted at the pre-crystallizer pond, brine storage pond, channels, the condenser, and the reservoir. The meteorological parameters were recorded hourly using Automatic Weather Station and the data were taken during 49 hours ly, from August 26-28, 2014 started at 04.00 pm. Meanwhile, the physical parameters of the brine were measured every three hours using water quality meter. The results showed that the meteorological condition, brine physical condition, and the process occurred during salt production were still in agreement and met the theoretical condition or modeling. Even though the relative humidity and some wind speed in the present study area were out of the standard criteria recommended (5m/s for wind speed), the study showed that salt still can be produced in condition of relative humidity (52-88%), wind speed (0.2-5.7 m/s), and ambient temperature (23.2-32.4 oC). Interestingly, it is found that brine thickness and volume could be adjusted to get an optimum temperature of brine (reached 36.2 oC), in order to enhance the evaporation process. The highest soil temperature (34.7 oC) was found at 15.00 in the pre-crystallizer ponds. Meanwhile, the lowest temperature (26.7oC) was found early morning at 04.00 in the reservoir pond. Brine in the pre-crystallizer had highest thermal storage capacity during daytime (06.00-16.00), whereas soil in the pre-crystallizer tended to store heat during the nighttime (18.00-22.00). Brine and soil temperature fluctuation indicate that solar irradiation and convection process transferring heat energy from soil to brine occurs and also took an important part in the evaporation process. It therefore can be concluded that by understanding the condition of meteorology at the salt pan areas and the brine characteristic obtained, the appropriate technology resulting high-quality and quantity salt production could be devised.