Results Of Water Quality Index Research Articles

Evaluating the water quality of the rice–fish co-culture pattern based on the modified NSF water quality index model

The rice–fish co-culture pattern, a sustainable agricultural production method, plays a significant role in enhancing farmland ecological and economic benefits. However, few studies have evaluated the water quality of this system using the water quality index (WQI). In this study, improvements were made to the United States National Sanitation Foundation WQI (NSFWQI), including indicator selection, weight calculation, and sub-indexing, using principal component analysis (PCA), a minimum data set (MDS), linear function equations, and a comprehensive water quality assessment of the double-cropping rice–fish (DRF) co-culture and (DR) rice patterns. The results showed that using PCA; pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), and the Shannon–Wiener index were selected from 11 water quality indicators to construct the MDS for WQI calculation. Based on the WQI results, the DRF had a negative impact on water quality, with the Shannon–Wiener index the greatest contributor to the WQI (22.9 %), consistently ranging between 1 and 3. Although total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were not included in the MDS for the WQI calculation, their significant increase during the late rice season in the DRF indicated water quality deterioration, further validating the accuracy of the improved NSFWQI. The improved NSFWQI model provides a more objective analysis of water quality under the rice–fish co-culture pattern. Compared with existing water quality evaluation methods, this approach offers advantages such as comprehensiveness, low cost, and standardization, and presents an effective alternative for water quality assessment.

Water quality and pollution source apportionment responses to rainfall in steppe lake estuaries: A case study of Hulun Lake in northern China

Hulun Lake, the largest inland steppe lake in China, is encountering severe water quality degradation. Estuaries play important roles in material and energetic exchange between rivers and lakes. The water quality at the estuaries of Hulun Lake directly reflects the impact of both human activities and natural factors on the lake’s overall water quality, especially during rainfall events. From July 28, 2021, to August 4, 2021, water samples from 62 sites were collected in the three estuaries of Hulun Lake before and after a moderate rainfall event. 13 water parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), Turbidity (Tur), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Organic Nitrogen (TON), and Total Organic Phosphorus (TOP) were measured. The spatio-temporal distribution of water quality in the estuaries was assessed based on water quality index (WQI). Besides, an improved approach integrating stepwise linear regression (SLR) and principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to construct a WQImin model for an effective assessment of water quality in these estuaries. Furthermore, the absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model was employed to identify and quantify the environmental drivers underlying the water quality in the estuaries. The results of WQI indicated that the water quality of the sites in the estuaries of Hulun Lake was “medium” or “poor”, both before and after the rainfall, with a general deterioration in water quality in response to the rainfall. The simplified WQImin model consisted of 5 crucial parameters (i.e., TN, TP, ammonium (NH4+-N), Tur, and permanganate index (CODMn)), and it performed well without parameter weights. Spatial differences in some water parameters among the estuaries were detected, which were attributed to the natural factors and human activities upstream. The principal environmental factors affecting the water quality in the estuaries consisted of hydrodynamic processes, internal phosphorus release, external phosphorus input, external nitrogen input, nitrification in the estuaries, and external organic input and internal organic release. Therefore, we propose basin management strategies such as limiting grazing pressure, adopting enclosed pasture, wetland restoration, optimizing water renewal cycle in Hulun Lake, and transboundary water quality management to tackle water contamination in Hulun Lake.

Evaluation and pollution analysis of water environment of state-controlled river in Zaozhuang City from 2016 to 2022

The quality of water environment is closely linked to the survival and development of human beings. Thanks to the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, the quality of the water environment has improved significantly. However, challenges remain in the surface water environment due to human activities in the basin. We analyze the surface water quality of the six state-controlled rivers in Zaozhuang City, which are key tributaries to the Nansi Lake and the water storage and distribution area of the South-to-North Water Diversion East Project. Physical-chemical parameters and metal pollutants were detected from 2016 to 2022. The Various indices were used for evaluating the surface water environmental quality and pollution issue. Although there were significant inter-year differences in each river, the results of Water quality index and Nemerow composite index analysis indicated that the water quality of the six rivers has continuously improved over the years. Nevertheless, as this research reports, such as considerable annual fluctuations in pollution factors, obvious pollution characteristics in river basins, and difficulty in controlling non-point source pollution, which still restrict the further improvement of the water environment. Each river presents various water environment problems due to differences in industrial structures within its basin. Through the analysis of production and lifestyle in each basin, the main pollution sources of each river were evaluated and determined. Based on the type and characteristics of pollution sources, control measures and optimization strategies are proposed for the improvement of the water environment.

Hydrochemical Characterization And Water Quality Evaluation For Drinking And Irrigation Purposes Of Kosi River Water At Ramnagar, Uttarakhand

This study used geospatial, temporal, and statistical methods to evaluate the quality of water of Kosi River in the Ramnagar area, located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand. Ramnagar city is located where the Kosi River enters the plain region after flowing through a hilly area. The river undergoes significant changes in terms of geography, environment, and urbanization. A total of fourteen water quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), phosphate (PO4−), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), TDS, turbidity and total hardness (TH) were measured in samples collected from eleven different sites to evaluate seasonal fluctuation during pre-monsoon (PRM) monsoon (MON), post-monsoon (POM) of the river in 2021. The concentration of parameters at each site is compared with their permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 10500: 2012) to assess their suitability for human drinking. Based on the physicochemical analysis, it can be observed that the majority of the water samples taken from the river are within the recommended permissible limits for drinking purposes. Moreover, the calculated average Water Quality Index (WQI) values for PRM (44.98), MON (38.79), and POM (33.80) fall under the excellent to good categories. Statistical analyses indicate positive correlation among most of the chemical parameters. Piper diagram illustrates that all the water samples fall in Calcium-Chloride type Hydrochemical facies, Irrigation water quality of the river water was found suitable during all the three seasons according to the result of sodium adsorption ratio and sodium percentage. Therefore, based on the WQI results, it can be inferred that the water of the Kosi River in the Ramnagar region is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses without any further treatment. Therefore, to restore the vitality and water quality of the rivers, proper water resource planning program should be developed.

Groundwater quality assessment using machine learning models: a comprehensive study on the industrial corridor of a semi-arid region.

Water plays a significant role in sustaining the lives of humans and other living organisms. Groundwater quality analysis has become inevitable, because of increased contamination of water resources and global warming. This study used machine learning (ML) models to predict the water quality index (WQI) and water quality classification (WQC). Forty groundwater samples were collected near the Ranipet industrial corridor, and the hydrogeochemistry and heavy metal contamination were analyzed. WQC prediction employed random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB), decision tree (DT), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) models, and WQI prediction used extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector regressor (SVR), RF, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models. The grid search method is used to evaluate the ML model by F1 score, accuracy, recall, precision, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) for WQC and the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and median absolute percentage error (MAPE) for WQI. The WQI results indicate that the groundwater quality of the study area is very poor and unsuitable for drinking or irrigation purposes. The performance metrics of the RF model excelled in predicting both WQC (accuracy = 97%) and WQI (R2 = 91.0%), outperforming other models and emphasizing ML's superiority in groundwater quality assessment. The findings suggest that ML models perform well and yield better accuracy than conventional techniques used in groundwater quality assessment studies.

Urbanization impact on groundwater quality of selected rural and urban areas in Ondo State, Nigeria using Water Quality Index

Groundwater is the primary source of water in Ondo state, Nigeria, the study area for the research. However, there has been a rising concern in recent times with regard to the contamination of this important water source as a result of urbanization. This study quantified 13 physicochemical parameters (Turbidity, Conductivity, pH, Mg2+ Hardness, Ca2+ Hardness, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS)) in ten groundwater samples collected from dug wells in urban and rural study areas and compared them with the WHO drinking water standards. The comparison reveals that 30.8% of the parameters had levels above the World Health Organisation (WHO) standard limits in the study areas, while 69.2% were within the recommended limits. Water Quality Index (WQI) computations were also carried out which revealed that 60% of samples from the urban study area were of good quality and 40% were poor, while in the rural, 80% of the samples were good and the remaining 20% were poor. Based on the statistical and WQI results, groundwater in the urban study area is generally of lower quality than that of the rural. Possible factors influencing this include surface sealing, seepage of domestic and industrial effluents into aquifers and over-exploitation of groundwater, which characterize urbanized areas. The study thus recommends regular monitoring of groundwater quality, integration of effective systems for safe sewage disposal and strategic city planning of urbanized zones to maximize runoffs for groundwater recharge to improve groundwater quality.

Evaluation of some heavy metals and selenium pollution in Karataş Lake (Burdur/Türkiye) using various pollution indices and statistical analysis

Wetland face environmental problems due to some reasons such as drought, rapid population and rapid developments in technology. Karataş Lake is located within the Lakes Region in Türkiye and has also of great economically, ecologically and ornithologically importance. Unfortunately, it completely dried out in 2021 due to sufficient rainfall, groundwater withdrawal and global climate change. In 2022, the lake started to hold water again. This study is important because it is one of the last studies before the lake dries up and first study to evaluate some heavy metals and selenium pollution using some indices. In this study, which was carried out between October 2019–July 2020, some heavy metals and selenium concentrations were determined in water of Karataş Lake seasonally and evaluated pollution degree of lake water using some indices and statistical analysis. Water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen levels were measured in situ using YSI 556 MPS. For heavy metal analysis, water samples were taken, acidified to a pH of <2, stored at 4 °C and analyzed directly using ICP-OES (Agilent 5110). Pb and Se in all seasons were below detection limit. The analyzed metals sorted as; Cd < Mo < Cr < Cu < Mn < Zn < Ni < Fe. Generally, heavy metals were increased in autumn and decreased in spring. According to some water quality standards for drinking water, Fe levels were higher than the permissible levels for drinking water in all seasons (TSE, 2005; EPA, 2018; EU, 2020), Mn in autumn (TSE, 2005; EPA, 2018; EU, 2020), Ni in autumn and summer (TSE, 2005; EU, 2020). Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) values were calculated in Karataş Lake to determine pollution degree. Depend on WQI results, lake water was in good category in autumn, winter and spring while poor category in summer. The lake water samples based on HPI and HEI values are in the low contamination category. The lake is still struggling with environmental problems. If necessary precautions are not taken for the future of the lake, the lake may dry out again. The results of this study will help the authorities in terms of preventing re-drying, sustainability of the lake and management of the region. This study will be also a reference for future studies.

Using groundwater quality index for categorizing the groundwater suitability for irrigation in the south Nile Delta region, Egypt

ABSTRACT Groundwater is considered one of the most important sources of water all over the world. It can be used for different purposes of life, depending on its quality. The quality can be categorized for irrigation based on many items such as sodium percentage, permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley ratio (KR), and water quality index (WQI). Those items can be expressed and presented in Geographic Information System (GIS) format. This study aims to compare the WQI with the other items for expressing the suitability of groundwater for irrigation in GIS format. This study is conducted in the south Nile Delta region, Egypt. Seventy-two groundwater samples are collected and analyzed for pH, EC, total dissolved solids, soluble cations and soluble anions, iron, and manganese. These parameters are used to calculate the WQI considering their permissible limits of FAO, while the other items were calculated using some parameters based on their equations. The results reveal that, due to sodium percentage, there are three orders from five orders, of which 53% are good, 39% are permissible, and 8% are doubtful. Considering PI, the results were 7% for class 1 and 93% for class 2. Regarding MH, the results ranged between 6% (not suitable for irrigation) and 94% (suitable for irrigation). Depending on KR, 82% of the samples are suitable for irrigation, while 18% are not suitable for irrigation. The results of WQI illustrate that 76.4% of the total studied samples are excellent for irrigation and 23.6 are good for irrigation. All the results are represented using ArcGIS 10.1 program to clear the spatial distribution of the groundwater suitability for irrigation. The use of WQI with GIS is considered the best tool to represent and categorize the suitability of groundwater for irrigation.

Combined Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Water Quality Index (WQI) to Evaluate Spatial Variation in Water Quality.

In present study, Water Quality Index (WQI) has been assessed of the Rawal Lake which is a major source of drinking water for people in the Federal Capital, Islamabad, and its adjacent city Rawalpindi in Pakistan. For this, the principal component analysis (PCA) and WQI were applied as an integrated approach to quantitatively explore difference based on spatial variation in 11 water quality parameters of the five major feeding tributaries of the Rawal Lake, Pakistan. The results of temperature in water, total dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides and sulfates were well within the allowable World Health Organisation's (WHO) limits. However, the heavy metals like cadmium and lead were above permissible limits by the WHO in tributaries of Bari Imam and Rumli. Moreover, this has been proven by the Pearson correlation which suggested strong positive correlation (0.910*) between lead and cadmium. The results of present study were subjected to statistical analysis, i.e., PCA which gave three major factors contributing 96.5% of the total variance. For factor 1, pH, TDS, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates and zinc have highest factor loading values (>0.60) and presented that these parameters were among the most significant parameters of first factor. As per the WQI results, the water was categorised in two major classes indicating that water of Bari Imam and Rumli is highly contaminated with heavy metals and totally unsuitable for drinking purposes. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to make heavy metals consideration as an integrated component in future planning for maintaining water quality of the Rawal Lake and its tributaries.

Mapping water quality parameters in Baner and Gaj rivulets: Insights into the potential impact on river Beas in Himachal Pradesh using ArcGIS

AbstractSeveral natural and anthropogenic activities, as well as rapid urbanization and industrialization, have caused freshwater bodies and their water quality to deteriorate rapidly over the past two decades. This study utilizes ArcGIS to map water quality parameters in the Baner and Gaj rivulets, tributaries of the river Beas in Himachal Pradesh, with the objective of gaining insights into their potential impact on the main river. So, the main aim of the present research was to assess the impact of anthropogenic actions on the ecology and the fitness of the rivulets basin to perpetuate freshwater diversity. A total of six sampling zones were selected; three sampling zones on Baner and three sampling zones on Gaj rivulets, in order to assess the water quality during the period of one year, from January 2022 to December 2022. During the present study, the Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to assess the status of water quality in both rivulets. Fourteen physicochemical parameters were examined using appropriate techniques and then compared to international standards. A slight upsurge was observed in some physicochemical parameters, such as pH, hardness, TDS, nitrate, and phosphate, at sampling zone 3 (S3) of the Baner rivulet. The results of WQI ranged from 45.5 at S1 to 50.2 at S3 in Gaj and 48.5 at S1 to 55.2 at S3 in Baner, which reflected a slight impact of natural and anthropogenic activities. The status of the water quality in both rivulets confirmed the abundance of aquatic species. Human activities, such as riverbed mining, also negatively impacted the water quality at some sample zones. There is, however, a need to monitor and evaluate these types of activities. However, further research and monitoring are necessary to validate the study's findings and extend its scope to other regions.

Water quality assessment and pollution of Akarçay River, Türkiye

River water is a vital source of agricultural activities and ecology in the Akarçay basin. This study aims to determine the water quality of the Akarçay River. According to this purpose, 12 water samples that were thought to be affected by different polluting sources were taken through the flow path of the river and physicochemical analyses were performed. The water quality index (WQI) was used for drinking purposes, and the analysis results were compared with World Health Organization and Turkish drinking water standards. Irrigation quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and magnesium hazard were also calculated, showing that most samples are unsuitable for irrigation. The river water is of the Ca–Mg–HCO3, Na–Cl and Na–HCO3 types. It has been determined that the river water is unsuitable for irrigation and drinking water due to its high EC, Na+, Cl−, SO42−, As, B, F−, Fe, and Mn content. According to the WQI results, river water has different classifications from excellent to unsuitable. Geothermal water mixture and industrial, domestic and agricultural activities are the primary pollution sources. At the same time, the evaporation that the river is exposed to indicates the solute concentration and changes the usage characteristics.

Effect of urbanization on the urban lake water quality by using water quality index (WQI)

Lake water serves an efficient source of drinking, irrigation, agriculture, industry, construction, domestic and recreation use for the urban and rural population of developing countries. The paper focuses on the assessment of water quality on the selected lakes which is affected by the speedy development of the city under the sprawl of urbanization and concretization by applying Water Quality Index (WQI) tool. Four lakes, namely Hebbal, Ulsoor, Allasandra and Mahadevapura are selected in the silicon city, Bengaluru for water quality assessment. A total of 10 parameters were taken into consideration, such as pH, turbidity, total alkalinity, total acidity, total phosphorus, COD, BOD, DO, nitrates and total nitrogen from 2 sampling sites depending upon the source of wastewater or sewage discharges. Water samples were collected and prepared for composite samples. These composite samples were examined for their different chemical and physical properties and the results were compared with standard permissible values. The results of WQI of Hebbal Lake (70.89–72.74), Ulsoor Lake (83.44–83.3), Allasandra Lake (54.47–51.84) and Mahadevapura Lake (159.41–155.81) showed that the lakes fall under poor, very poor and unsuitable categories. The results pointed out the anthropogenic activities and entry of untreated sewage into the lake. This confirms the urgent need for regular monitoring of lakes and setting up of certain policies for lake water management.

English

Drinking water quality is a critical factor affecting human health particularly in natural resource-dependent countries including Nigeria. Hydrocarbon related pollution, mining waste, microbial load, industrial discharge and other anthropogenic stressors degrade drinking water quality in coastal communities and pose serious public health and ecological risks. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of drinking water in selected communities (Okerenkoko, Kurutie, and Oporoza) located in Gbaramatu Kingdom, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, in order to assess the water quality using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and pollution models. Nitrate, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Aluminium, pH, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Cyanide, and Residual Chlorine were measured in twelve selected locations across the three communities. &nbsp;The WQI results of the analyzed water samples in the area indicated that they exceeded the critical WQI value of 100, with a mean pH of 8.11 &plusmn; 0.32, indicating unsuitability for consumption. Nickel ranging from 0.014 to 0.176 mg/L and residual chlorine 11.6 to 7407 mg/L were the major contributors to the degradation of water quality and exceeded the WHO recommended limit of 0.02 and 0.25 respectively. While groundwater had better organoleptic properties compared to surface and rain water, the geo-accumulation index showed that water sources in the area vary from moderately to heavily contaminated with Ni and Cd. These WQI and pollution model results necessitate an urgent response from local stakeholders to address the water quality deterioration, such as providing alternative water supplies, to minimize the potential health risks to the local population. &nbsp; Key words: Water quality index, contamination index, oil pollution, chemical parameters, geo-accumulation index.

Hydrochemistry, water quality and health risk assessment of streams in Bismil plain, an important agricultural area in southeast Türkiye

In this study, the water quality of Ambar, Kuruçay, Pamuk and Salat streams, which are the important tributaries of the Tigris River in the Bismil Plain (Diyarbakır, Türkiye) was assessed using 19 physicochemical parameters. Except for a few exceptions, all parameters in the water samples taken from the streams were below the drinking water limit values. Kuruçay Stream had significantly higher TOC, Na+, NO3−, NO2−, Cl− and SO42− levels and lower DO levels than other streams (p < 0.05) due to sewage water discharges, animal manure storage areas near the stream and irrigation return flows. In all streams, Ca–HCO3 was dominant water type. Gibbs diagram indicated that rock weathering is the major factor controlling the hydrochemistry of the streams. According to the results of water quality index (WQI), all sampling stations of Ambar, Pamuk and Salat streams and K1 station of Kuruçay Stream had “good” quality water for drinking purposes, while K2 station of Kuruçay Stream had “poor” quality water. Irrigation indices (permeability index, sodium percentage, magnesium hazard, residual sodium carbonate, Kelley's ratio, sodium adsorption ratio and potential salinity) revealed that all water samples taken from the streams were suitable for irrigation. The water samples from Ambar, Pamuk and Salat streams were in the C2S1 (medium salinity and low alkalinity) category, while the samples from Kuruçay Stream were in the C2S1 and C3S1 (high salinity and low alkalinity) categories. Both hazard quotient and hazard index values of NO3–N, NO2–N and F− for children and adults were found below 1, indicating that adverse health effects are not expected from exposure to these contaminants via water ingestion and dermal contact. The findings of this study showed that the water quality status of Kuruçay Stream is worse as it receives large amounts of irrigation return flows compared to other streams.

HAZARD EVALUATION INDEX AND WATER QUALITY INDEX ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER AROUND IKWE ONA REFINERY AND SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

This study was aimed at assessing the groundwater Water Quality Index (WQI) and Hazard Evaluation Index (HEI) around Ikwe Ona Refinery and its environs. Fourty-five water samples were collected from 15 water boreholes following strict sampling procedures and analyzed in the laboratory using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Human Health risk was determined by calculating the average daily dosage (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) respectively. The HEI of toxic metals and the WQI were calculated. Arsenic had the least ADD value (0.114 μg/l) followed by aluminum (1.429 μg/l). However, iron (Fe) recorded the highest ADD value (6.80 μg/l) followed by copper (Cu) (5.114 μg/l) then lead (Pb)( 5086 μg/l) respectively. The HQ for the selected toxic metals in the groundwater samples ranged from 9.71E-03 for Total Iron (Fe) to 5.37E+00 Cadmium (Cd). The HI was calculated to be 9.38E+00 while the mean values of HEI were calculated to be 55.77. The results of WQI from the different sampling stations varied from 38.53 (station 6) to 62.14 (station 13), with 14 out of 15 sampling points having a good water quality. The WQI result is in contrast to the HEI results indicating high contamination by toxic metals. This means that in terms of WQI, the 15 boreholes sampled had good water quality concerning WHO standards for agricultural and other household uses except for drinking and other critical industrial uses, except it is treated for the high HEI contamination by toxic metals such as Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, and Aluminum.

APPLYING THE QUALITY AND POLLUTION INDICES FOR EVALUATING THE WASTEWATER EFFLUENT QUALITY OF KUFRANJA WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, JORDAN

In Jordan, reclaimed wastewater has become a significant component of water resources due to acute water scarcity and increased water demand for different purposes. The vast majority of the reclaimed wastewater is used for restricted and unrestricted agriculture, with agriculture being one of the main economic activities in the country. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of the wastewater effluent from the Kufranja Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and its suitability for irrigation and discharge into streams, wadis, or water bodies using the water quality index (WQI) and the water pollution index (WPI). The WQI and WPI were calculated using 15 physiochemical and biological parameters in total. The results of WQI and WPI based on the Jordanian standards for the reuse of reclaimed wastewater showed that the wastewater effluent of Kufranja WWTP falls within the category of "good quality" for the irrigation of industrial crops, field crops, and forest trees, while it falls within the category of "unsuitable quality or highly polluted water" for other irrigation uses. Moreover, the Kufranja WWTP effluent is of "unsuitable quality or highly polluted water" for discharging into streams, wadis, or water bodies. The findings from this study show that the Kufranja WWTP performed well during the year of study, where the average removal efficiency (EFF%) for BOD5, COD, and TSS was 95.1%, 95.6%, and 96.0%, respectively. The WQI results in this study revealed that E. coli has the greatest contribution to the WQI values, followed by PO43-, pH, and SAR, implying that the previous parameters are to blame for the deterioration of the effluent quality of the Kufranja WWTP and its inappropriateness for most uses. Therefore, further advanced treatments are required to reduce the loading of these parameters.

Potential health risk assessment, spatio-temporal hydrochemistry and groundwater quality of Yamuna river basin, Northern India

Groundwater which is an essential source of freshwater for various domestic, agricultural, industrial applications is facing a severe deterioration in quality due to demographic pressure and intense industrial activities. Present study appraises the influence of human induced activities on groundwater quality of Agra-Firozabad industrial belts of Western Uttar Pradesh, Yamuna basin, India. The maximum concentrations of metals and anions found during pre and post monsoon are as follows: Lead 0.302; 0.086, calcium 672; 1260, magnesium 215; 16.8, cadmium 0.0; 0.066, chromium 0.016; 0.005, manganese 0.340; 0.076, nickel 0.044; 0.028, sulfate 514; 286, nitrate 66.7; 3.56 and fluoride 1.17; 2.02 mg/L respectively. Based on results of Water Quality Index, groundwater samples were classified under ‘Poor water’ category in 34.2% and 52.63% during pre and post-monsoon period, respectively. Accordingly, higher concentrations of bicarbonate and sulfate might have attributed to excess hardness, instrumental in making it unsuitable for industrial usage. However, values of Percent Sodium, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Magnesium Hazard and Permeability Index signified that groundwater from majority of locations was fit for agricultural use. Health risk assessment studies revealed that children consuming polluted water were affected more as compared to adults. Timely action and strict compliance of regulation is recommended towards groundwater management for defined usage to avert severe health effects and to meet sustainable development goals.

Assessment of Water Quality Index and Non-Carcinogenic Risk for Ingestion of Nitrate for Drinking Purpose of Bhosga Reservoir, Karnataka, India

Reservoirs are vital water sources that contribute significantly to local ecological and environmental balance, particularly in semi-arid regions. An evaluation of the drinking water quality index (WQI) has been conducted using ten water parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), chloride (Cl-), pH, total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), phosphate (PO43-), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-), total dissolved solids (TDS), and sulfate (SO42-). Weighed Arithmetic Index technique is utilized for examining drinking water quality status and USEPA model was utilized to determine the non-carcinogenic risk for ingestion of nitrate of Bhosga reservoir of Kalaburagi district which was measured at five predefined sites from October 2020 to September 2021. All the parameters of potable water were below the allowable limits based on given standards. The maximum WQI results were reported in monsoon season, with a mean WQI value of 48.14 from all the five selected sites, with the pre &amp; post-monsoon seasons a mean WQI result of 46.08 and 43.68, respectively. Overall, the WQI value signifies that the water was of good quality, making it worthy for domestic use. The outcome of this study reveals that the pH and DO position have a substantial impact on reservoir WQI. Non-carcinogenic risk for nitrate ingestion reveled that, seasonal HQ average results for adults and children are ranging between 0.036 to 0.040 and 0.065 to 0.071, respectively and the HQ results for both adults and children were below 1, indicating neither adults nor children had any negative effect. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed that primary causes of water quality degradation were agricultural runoff and anthropogenic activities. To ensure the security and the quality of water supply to people who live in the surrounding region, simple filter treating of reservoir water prior usage is needed.

Multivariate and spatial methods-based water quality assessment of Chu Tran Valley, Gilgit Baltistan

Current study was performed to evaluate the physico-chemical, metals and microbial characteristics of the surface water available in Chu Tran valley located in sub-district Shigar of district Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. A total of 24 water samples were collected and analysed to determine the water quality index (WQI). Multivariate analysis comprising principal component analysis (PCA) and spatial distribution using inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation were also employed to ascertain the water quality available in the valley and public health concern assessment. The results of WQI comprehended that physico-chemical characteristics of the water samples are excellent. However, the concentration of metals in water samples is higher than recommended WHO standards and public health quality of water supply is not satisfactory; therefore, the water in the valley is unfit of human consumption. Multivariate analysis with PCA technology identified important water quality parameters and revealed that metals and microbial concentrations are major later factors which have significant influence on the water quality. IDW-based spatial distribution indicates that water samples collected from the central part of the valley are highly contaminated with metals and microbial load. This is the region where the major human settlements are located and agricultural activities, domestic dischargers and erosion are the fundamental sources of water pollution. People have no choice except to consume the contaminated water as no other water supply is available and hardly question about the water quality. The study also proved that combination of WQI, PCA and IDW is effective and promising tools for surface water quality assessment in other areas in order to get accurate results for public health monitoring. It is recommended that the sources of contaminations can be further explored to reduce the pollution load of the surface water of Chu Tran Valley that might be helpful in the promotion of sustainable ecotourism.

Assessment of vulnerability and hydrogeochemical specifications of Bahabad Yazd Plain aquifer.

Available quality groundwater resources are declining globally due to population growth, agricultural activities, industrialization, and urbanization. Wells in Bahabad Plain, located in Yazd Province, Iran, are the primary source of water demanded by humans for drinking and agricultural activities. Hence, it is pivotal to examine the quality of groundwater resources, which is the main objective of this study. To this end, seventeen water samples collected in the region were using standard sampling methods, and ten parameters were examined from the samples, namely pH, TH, TDS, SO4, HCO3, Cl-, K+, Ca+, Mg+, and Na+. Water quality index (WQI) was used to determine water quality, and SI, GODS, and DRASTIC methods were used to examine aquifer vulnerability to contamination. Schoeller's diagram indicated that 11% of the samples were at an excellent level; 33% were at a drinkable level; 20% were at a not-suitable level for drinking; 26% were terrible for drinking; and 10% were at an almost non-drinkable level. According to WQI results, 23.53% of the samples had no limitation for drinking, 35.29 were of low quality, 17.65% were of inferior quality, and 23.53% were non-drinkable. The GODS method results indicated that the eastern, central, western, and small parts sporadically scattered in northern regions of the study area (39.93%) had a moderate vulnerability. Lastly, a significant portion of the northern and southern districts (60.07%) was found to have a low vulnerability to contamination, which was in line with WQI results.