Swimming Pool Water Quality Research Articles

Water Quality Assessment of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Ovia North East, Edo State, Nigeria

Poor water quality management practices of public swimming pools have raised concerns about the health safety of these recreational facilities. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties and bacteriological quality of four (4) outdoor swimming pools in Ovia North East, Local Council of Edo State, Nigeria. Results of physicochemical analysis showed that water temperature (25.75 - 26.38°C), pH (3.78 - 6.1), electrical conductivity (37.5 - 72.5 mg/L), total dissolved solids (14.58 - 38.43mg/L), turbidity (0.75 - 4NTU), dissolve oxygen (6.03 - 7.43mg/L), residual chlorine (0.03 - 0.13mg/L), alkalinity( 7 - 26.5mg/L), hardness (6 - 36mg/L), were within the World Health Organisation and Environmental Protection Agency stipulated maximum permissible limit for recreational waters except for pH and residual chlorine levels. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in all the studied pools – total bacteria count (1 – 3 cfu/100mL), total coliform count (1 – 5 cfu/100 mL) and E. coli count (1 – 2 cfu/100 mL) predisposes the users of these facilities to microbial infection. The findings demonstrated that the swimming pools did not meet the required standards, particularly in terms of pH levels, residual chlorine, and microbial parameters. There is a need for ongoing monitoring of swimming pool water quality, improving bathers’ hygienic practices, raising awareness about the associated risks, and providing training for governmental inspectors

Enhancement of swimming pool water quality by nanotechnology

Because of the hazards associated with the use of chlorine in pool water treatment, a commercial polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane was utilized. These membranes were coated with varying concentrations of Ag-ZnO nanomaterial (0.05, 0.1, 0.2) and employed in a filter system designed to imitate the swimming pool water treatment process. The experiment lasted three months (April, May, and June) and was carried out for three days each month. The impact of nano-Ag-Zno on the UF nanocomposite membrane was investigated. To analyze the mechanical properties of the membranes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity, and contact angle were used. The findings reveal that treating the substrates with Ag-ZnO enhanced their hydrophilicity and porosity. Acommercial polysulfone membranes were coated with amixture of Ag-ZnO nanoparticles using the spray pyrolysis technique. The impact of nano-Ag-ZnO on the UF nanocomposite membrane was investigated. To analyze the mechanical properties of the membranes, SEM and contact angle were used. According to the findings, applying Ag-Zno in different concentration to the substrates boosted their hydrophilicity and porosity and aconcentration (2%) could achieve the goal of the research, which is to reduce the use of chlorine disinfection by eliminating Escherichia Coli bacteria, which considered acommon species in swimming pool water.

Development of Multifunctional Tablet Formulation for Use In Swimming Pools

The pool waters pose certain risks to public health. Therefore, it is crucial for swimming pool water to meet the desired standards in terms of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, and to be regularly monitored to ensure the provision of healthy and safe swimming conditions. In our country, swimming pool water standards are determined in accordance with regulations set forth by the Ministry of Health. To maintain these standards, various pool chemicals are required, including pool water disinfectants, pH reducers, precipitators, brighteners, and algae inhibitors. The objective of our study is to develop a multifunctional tablet formulation, a technological innovation that combines the properties of these chemicals into a single product. To achieve this goal, we conducted physical and bactericidal tests on new formulations containing disinfectants such as calcium hypochlorite, trichloroisocyanuric acid, and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. The multifunctional tablet formulations developed provide an effective solution to meet and exceed the required standards for swimming pool water quality.

The Effect of Swimming Pool Water Quality on Health Complaints of Child Athletes Using the Swimming Pool (FIKK UNY)

The study aims to determine the effect of swimming pool water quality on the health complaints of children and athletes using the FIKK UNY swimming pool. The research method used was descriptive correlational research. Primary data collection techniques include observation, questionnaires, and interviews, as well as secondary data obtained from books, journals, literature, documentation, and theses related to this research. This research was conducted at the FIKK UNY swimming pool with a population of all children's swimming athletes who use the FIKK UNY swimming pool, as many as 75 children. The sample was determined by random sampling, which amounted to 50 children who were given a questionnaire several times in January 2024. The data analysis techniques used in this research are descriptive analysis and inferential analysis using the SPSS version 26.0 computer program. The results showed that: 1) The description of the water quality of the FIKK UNY swimming pool is in the high value category (meeting health requirements) (64%); 2) The description of user health complaints at the FIKK UNY swimming pool is in the high value category (no health complaints) (56%); 3) Swimming pool water quality has a positive and significant influence on health complaints of child athletes using the FIKK UNY swimming pool (significance value α = 0.00 0.05). Based on the results of the study, the authors suggest to swimming pool managers that they pay attention to the quality of their swimming pool water so that it meets the requirements of PermenKES RI Number 32 of 2017 concerning swimming pool water management, which includes physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. Parties related to swimming pools are expected to provide counseling on the importance of swimming pool water quality for child athletes in particular and all pool users in general.

Persistence kinetics of a novel disinfectant peracetic acid for swimming pool disinfection

Disinfection is essential to swimming pool water (SPW) quality. Peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted attention for water disinfection for advantages such as less formation of regulated DBPs. Persistence kinetics of disinfectants is difficult to elucidate in pools because of the complex water matrix stemming from body fluid loadings from swimmers and long residence times. In this research, the persistence kinetics of PAA was investigated in SPW benchmarked against free chlorine, use bench-scale experiments and model simulation. Kinetics models were developed to simulate the persistence of PAA and chlorine. The stability of PAA was less sensitive to swimmer loadings than chlorine. An average swimmer loading event reduced the apparent decay rate constant of PAA by 66 %, a phenomenon that diminished with increasing temperatures. L-histidine and citric acid from swimmers were identified as main retardation contributors. By contrast, a swimmer loading event instantaneously consumed 70–75 % of the residual free chlorine. The required total dose of PAA was 97 % less than chlorine under the 3-days cumulative disinfection mode. Temperature was positively correlated with disinfectant decay rate, with PAA being more sensitive than chlorine. These results shed light on the persistence kinetics of PAA and its influential factors in swimming pool settings.

Kajian Sanitasi Kolam Renang di Tempat Wisata Air Pemancingan 100 di Wunut Kabupaten Klaten Tahun 2022

The swimming pool is one of the public spaces that is frequently visited by the public, so it can be a place for the spread of pathogens and has the potential to cause risks of water-based diseases (water borne diseases), if they have poor sanitation conditions. Based on a survey of sanitary conditions in the Pemancingan 100 swimming pool, it is known that there are no signs prohibiting swimming for people with infectious diseases, toilets are not separated for men and women, trash bins are open and do not have a lid, and and water quality does not meet the applicable quality standards. This study aims to determine the sanitary conditions in the Panancingan 100 swimming pool based on environmental health, building construction, room or room health, sanitation facilities, and swimming pool water quality physically and chemically.This type of research is an observational study in the form of a case study with parameters examined including environmental health conditions, building construction, room or room health, sanitation facilities, and physical and chemical swimming pool water quality. The research instrument used a checklist sheet to determine environmental health conditions, building contruction, room or space hygiene and sanitation facilities, a secchi disk tool to measure clarity, as well as a pH and residual chlorine test kit to measure pH and residual chlorine. The results of the study, it was shown that sanitation in Fishing 100 swimming pools was declared unfit for health with an inspection score of 734. This value was obtained from several variables including, environmental health conditions scored 120 (fit for sound), building construction conditions got a score of 61 (fit for health), the health condition of the room or room gets a score of 30 (unfit for health), the condition of sanitation facilities gets a score of 303 (unfit for health), the physical condition of swimming pool water gets a score of 120 (fit for health), and the condition of the chemical quality of swimming pool water gets a score of 100 (unfit healthy).
 Keywords: Sanitation, Swimming Pool, Quality Standards

Halogenated By-Products in Chlorinated Indoor Swimming Pools: A Long-Term Monitoring and Empirical Modeling Study.

Monitoring the disinfection process and swimming pool water quality is essential for the prevention of microbial infections and associated diseases. However, carcinogenic and chronic-toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed with reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matters. DBP precursors in swimming pools originate from anthropogenic sources (body secretions, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, etc.) or chemicals used in pools. Temporal (48 weeks) water quality trends of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs) in two swimming pools (SP-A and SP-B) and precursor-DBP relationships were investigated in this study. Weekly samples were taken from swimming pools, and several physical/chemical water quality parameters, absorbable organic halides (AOX), and DBPs were determined. THMs and HAAs were the most detected DBP groups in pool water. While chloroform was determined to be the dominant THM compound, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were the dominant HAA compounds. The average AOX concentrations were measured to be 304 and 746 μg/L as Cl- in SP-A and SP-B, respectively. Although the amount of AOX from unknown chlorinated by-products in SP-A did not vary temporally, a significant increase in unknown DBP concentrations in SP-B was observed over time. AOX concentrations of chlorinated pool waters were determined to be an important parameter that can be used to estimate DBP concentrations.

Influence of the Use of an Additional Oxidant (Chlorine Dioxide) in Water Treatment on Swimming Pool Water Quality

This article presents the results of experiments on the effect of chlorine dioxide, applied as an additional oxidant, on swimming pool water quality. Three doses of chlorine dioxide were applied: 22, 44 and 66 mg/m3. At each research stage, prior to the actual experiment, in which the oxidant was dosed, the background was tested, i.e., water samples were taken from a conventional treatment system (without chlorine dioxide). The experiments showed that chlorine dioxide effectively removes organic compounds and their chlorine derivatives. For the highest dose of ClO2, CODMn decreased by almost 88% and chloroform concentration by 75%. Chlorine dioxide also effectively supports water disinfection. At the highest dose, the number of mesophilic bacteria decreased by 60% and the number of psychrophiles by 94%. However, after the dosing of this oxidant had been discontinued, a deterioration of the microbiological water quality and the secondary growth of microorganisms were observed. Chlorine dioxide also caused an increase in conductivity and the concentration of inorganic compounds (nitrates, total chlorates and chlorites). The effect of this agent on the combined chlorine concentration was not observed. The reported experiments have shown that this measure is not unequivocally beneficial in terms of improving swimming pool water quality.

Mapping the Complex Journey of Swimming Pool Contaminants: A Multi-Method Systems Approach

Swimming pool owners worldwide face the challenging task of keeping their pool water balanced and free from contaminants. However, swimming pool water (SPW) quality management is complex with the countless processes and interactions of interlinked system variables. For example, contamination with sunscreen residues is inevitable as users apply sunscreen to protect their skin from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is one such residues that have received criticism due to potential human health and environmental risks. Despite ongoing research studies, management strategies of nano-TiO2 in swimming pools are still limited. Therefore, this paper focuses on developing a multi-method approach for identifying and understanding interdependencies between TiO2 particles and an aquatic environment such as a swimming pool. Given the complexity of the system to be assessed, the authors utilise a systems approach by integrating cross-matrix multiplication (MICMAC) and Systems Thinking techniques. The developed conceptual model visually depicts the complex system, which provides users with a basic understanding of swimming pool chemistry, displaying the numerous cause-and-effect relationships and enabling users to identify leverage points that can effectively change the dynamics of the system. Such systems-level understanding, and actions will help to manage nano-TiO2 levels in an efficient manner. The novelty of this paper is the proposed methodology, which uses a systems approach to conceptualise the complex interactions of contaminants in swimming pools and important pathways to elevated contaminant levels.

Impact of Low-Pressure UV Lamp on Swimming Pool Water Quality and Operating Costs

UV lamps are being increasingly used in the treatment of swimming pool water, mainly due to their abilities to disinfect and effectively remove chloramines (combined chlorine). However, the application of UV lamps in a closed loop system, such as that in which swimming pool water is treated, creates conditions under which chlorinated water is then also irradiated with UV. Thus, the advanced oxidation process occurs, which affects the transformation of organic matter and its increased reactivity, and hence the higher usage of chlorine disinfectant. In addition, UV lamps require electrical power and the periodic replacement of filaments. In order to assess whether the application of a low-pressure UV lamp is justified, water quality tests and an analysis of the operating costs (including the energy consumption) of the water treatment system were carried out for two operation variants—those of the low-pressure UV lamp being turned on and off. The experiments were carried out on the real object of the AGH University of Science and Technology sports swimming pool for one year. The consumption of electricity and water treatment reagents was also measured. The following values of the selected parameters of the swimming pool water quality were observed (for without and with UV lamp, respectively): 0.68 and 0.52 mg/L combined chlorine; 3.12 and 3.02 mg/L dissolved organic carbon; 15.70 and 15.26 µg/L trihalomethanes; 7 and 6 cfu/mL mesophilic bacteria; and 6 and 20 cfu/mL psychrophilic bacteria. Generally, the statistically important differences in water quality parameters were not observed, thus the application of the low-pressure UV lamp in the swimming pool water treatment technology did not bring the expected improvement in water quality. However, the higher consumption of electric energy (by 29%) and chlorine disinfectant (by 15%), and the need to periodically replace the lamp filaments significantly increased the operating costs of the water treatment system (by 21%) and its ecological impact, thus this technology cannot be considered as profitable or ecological.

Fabrication and characterization of Prussian blue screen-printed working electrode and their application for free chlorine monitoring in swimming pool water

A Prussian blue screen-printed working electrode (PB-SPWE) was fabricated for continuous detection of free chlorine compound (free-Cl) in water samples from swimming pools. Carbon and Prussian blue were deposited on a flexible substrate using a screen-printing technique. Different screen-printed PB-SPWEs demonstrated the good reproducibility of the electrode fabrication and were further incorporated with a lab-made flow cell in a flow injection (FI) analysis system. The electrochemical response via Prussian blue reaction was recorded at a potential of 50 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. High-throughput analysis was achieved by continuous injection of a standard NaOCl solution, and 336 measurements could be completed in 5.6 h. Under optimal conditions, the PB-SPWE was applied to determine free-Cl in several swimming pool water samples without any sample preparation. The results not only were in good agreement with the standard DPD (N,N‑diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) spectrophotometric method, but also presented excellent accuracy (recovery = 80.0 ± 0.2 to 109±1%) and precision (test by Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks) in measuring free-Cl concentrations. In summary, these results supported that the combination of PB-SPWE and FI-AMP can be applied to monitor swimming pool water quality, which can minimize the risk to swimmers’ health.

Monitoring and Predicting Water Quality in Swimming Pools

Water quality in public swimming pools affects human health. While changing the water too soon is wasteful, postponing changing the dirty water is not hygiene. In this paper, we propose an Internet of Things-based wireless system to monitor and predict water quality in public swimming pools. Our system utilizes an Arduino Uno, an ESP8266 ESP-01 WiFi module, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, a pH sensor, and a turbidity sensor. We predict the water quality using a data mining prediction model, namely the decision tree Iterative Dichotomiser 3 algorithm. We show by experiment that our sensor node and the wireless monitoring system work correctly. We also show by simulation using Weka that we can get 100% accuracy with a kappa statistical value of 1 and 0% error rate.

CONTROL SYSTEM OF SWIMMING POOL BASED pH LEVEL, RAINFALL AND LIGHT INTENSITY

Swimming pools have the potential to cause health problems if not properly maintained, one of them is by maintaining the swimming pool water pH. pH is very important as a parameter of water quality, the acidity is called neutral if the pH value is 7, the value of pH 7.8 contains bases. therefore designed a pool level pH control tool based on light intensity and rainfall. This tool aims to produce a neutral outdoor swimming pool water pH, able to design water pH measuring devices using light intensity sensors and rainfall sensors based on ATmega32 microcontroller and analyze the effect of swimming pool water quality on health. Tests carried out with aquarium prototype and measurements carried out for 1 day continuously. The test results show that this tool is able to neutralize the pH of swimming pool water by producing pH 6.8 and 7.1.Thus, the tool designed is efficient in providing information on the acidity of swimming pool water pH and can neutralize pH levels.

Investigation of Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters of Water of Abyaran and Laleh Indoor Swimming Pools in City of Hamedan City in 2015

Background: Since the swimming pool water quality as an attractive sports center lead to adverse effects on human heath, in this study, microbiological and physicochemical parameters of water of Abyaran and Laleh indoor swimming pools in city of Hamedan City in 2015 were investigated. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of fifty four water samples were collected from the shallow, medium depth and deep areas of two indoor swimming pools. Physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity and free residual chlorine were measured on site. All samples were tested for the presence of bacterial contamination by specific mediums. Results: The mean values of water temperature and pH and also the mean contents of free residual chlorine in 100 percent of samples were lower than the standard levels, while, the mean values of turbidity in 100 percent of samples were higher than the standard levels. Meanwhile, in 100 percent of collected water samples from both swimming pools no microbial contamination to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus were observed and therefore users don't at health risk. While due to the total coliform and fecal coliform in 100 percent and 33.33 percent of analyzed water samples respectively were also found to be above the expected levels, users were at health risk. Conclusion: Due to the mean values of turbidity and presence of coliform bacteria in analyzed water samples collected from Abyaran and Laleh swimming pools in city of Hamedan City were observed above expected levels, therefore, the quality control of public swimming pool water is recommended.

ANALISIS KADAR SISA KLORIN DAN PH AIR DI KOLAM RENANG UMUM KOTA PEKANBARU

Swimming pool water quality is an important aspect that must be managed and considered so as not to become a health problem in the swimming pool environment. Chlorine levels in swimming pools are useful for killing pathogenic microorganisms, but if excessive levels in water can cause health problems for swimmers such as eye irritation complaints and water pH that is too high or low will cause chlorine to work is not optimal and can lead to precipitation of lime. This study aims to determine the residual levels of chlorine and pH of public swimming pool water in Pekanbaru City. This type of research is experimental assumption. This research was conducted in 7 public swimming pools in Pekanbaru City. According to RI Minister of Health Regulation No. 416 / Menkes / Per / IX / 1990 the remaining chlorine content allowed in swimming pool water is (0.2 - 0.5) mg / L. While the pH level of the swimming pool according to RI Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017 the normal limit value of swimming pool water pH is 7 - 8. The remaining levels of chlorine and low and high water pH are caused by excessive chlorine intake by pool attendants. This is caused by swimming pool officers only predicting or guessing in pool water disinfectants, because they have never been given training on proper pool water disinfecting methods. Suggestions for pool managers to routinely monitor water quality, residual chlorine levels and pH and it is recommended for pool users to maintain personal hygiene before swimming and using personal protective equipment such as swimming goggles while swimming to avoid eye irritation that can result from contact with pool water

ANALISIS KADAR SISA KLORIN DAN PH AIR DI KOLAM RENANG UMUM KOTA PEKANBARU

Kualitas air kolam renang merupakan aspek penting yang harus dikelola dan diperhatikan agar tidak menjadi suatu gangguan kesehatan di lingkungan kolam renang. Kadar klorin pada kolam renang berguna untuk membunuh mikroorganisme pathogen, namun apabila kadar berlebih di dalam air dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan seperti keluhan iritasi mata dan pH air yang terlalu tinggi ataupun rendah akan mengakibatkan kerja klorin tidak optimal dan dapat mengakibatkan pengendapan kapur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar sisa klorin dan pH air kolam renang umum di Kota Pekanbaru. Jenis penelitian ini penelitian deskriptif, yaitu untuk mengetahui kadar sisa klorin dan Ph pada kolam renang menggunakan test kit. Penelitian ini dilakukan di 7 kolam renang umum yang ada di Kota Pekanbaru. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 7 kolam renang, 4 kolam renang tidak memenuhi syarat. Hanya 3 kolam renang yang memenuhi syarat dalam sisa klorin dan Ph.

KEBERADAAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli PADA AIR KOLAM RENANG UMUM

One indicator of swimming pool water pollution is the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria. Factors can caused the presence of Escherichia coli in pool water are the levels of residual chlorine, the visitors who dispose of metabolic waste (sweat, urine) in pool water and disinfection of pool that were not done properly. This study analyzes the quality of swimming pool water seen from the presence of Escherichia coli in public pool water. This study was an observational analytic that use a cross sectional research design. The sample used were public swimming pool located in the Sukodono Health Center working area with total of pools were 10, and with Fisher's exact test. The results showed that main factor affecting the presence of Escherichia coli in pool water was residual chlorine content with a p-value of 0.019 which means that there was a difference number of Escherichia coli in swimming pools containing residual chlorine and in pool water that didn’t contain residual chlorine.This study concluded that there were differences in the number of Escherichia coli bacteria in pool water containing residual chlorine and in pool water that did not contain residual chlorine. To keep the remaining chlorine in pool water in accordance with Permenkes No. 32 of 2017, pool managers should routinely check the remaining chlorine and do chlorination regularly. Keywords: Escherichia coli, residual chlor, swimming pool

Ni-P nanostructures on flexible paper for morphology effect of nonenzymatic electrocatalysis for urea

This study accounts the controllable design over the structure and morphology of Ni-P nanomaterials directly growing on cellulose paper, and its excellent non-enzymatic electrocatalytic performance to urea. The Ni-P papers were prepared by simple solution soaking and electroless bathing. And the simple experimental steps and mild experimental conditions make it possible for large-scale industrial production, and potential for practical applications. In addition, tuning the pH and concentration of the electroless bath, the Ni-P nanomaterials with different morphologies of nanoflower, nanosheet, nanowire microsphere and microsphere were obtained. The Ni-P nanomaterials impart conductivity to cellulose paper while being potently sensitive to urea owing to its high catalytic activity. Cellulose paper has a large specific area and open macroporous framework which hadn't been damaged during the process of electroless bathing, providing much more activated sites for Ni-P deposition. And the prepared Ni-P papers, as composite materials of cellulose papers loading Ni-P nanomaterials, have high electrocatalytic properties to urea. Comparing the electrochemical behaviors of the four Ni-P paper electrodes with different morphologies, the Ni-P nanoflower paper electrode showed the best electrochemical performance with highest sensitivity of 683.46 μA mM−1 cm−2 in the low concentration range (0–1 mM) and 1140 μA mM−1 cm−2 in the high concentration range (1–11 mM), lowest detection limit of 12 μM, shortest response time of 3 s, which may owes to the highest surface area of the Ni-P nanoflower structure. It also has a good stability in room environment remaining 97% after 35 days of storage. Moreover, the electrocatalytic activities of the four Ni-P paper electrodes are ranked as follows: nanoflower > nanosheet > nanowire microsphere > microsphere. What's more, the long-term stability and repeatability, good selectivity of the flexible Ni-P paper make it successfully applied to swimming pool water quality monitoring.

An innovative swimming pool water quality index (SPWQI) to monitor and evaluate the pools: design and compilation of computational model

This research aimed to develop an index known as swimming pool water quality index (SPWQI) for quantifying the water pollution potential. The index is a quantitative tool to show the data on the water quality of swimming pools consistently. It makes summarizing the complex data on water quality possible and paves the way for its communication to the general public and decision makers. In this study, the SPWQI has been formulated according to the literature review and Delphi method. According to literature review and the total judgment of the panelist (23 experts specialized in environmental health engineering), 13 physicochemical and biological parameters along with their weights were selected for inclusion in the SPWQI. The results indicated the possibility of calculating a single numerical value (i.e., SPWQI), which indicates the combined effect of significant selected parameters on water quality. In addition, biological composition (47%) had a strong preference weighting than physical and chemical parameters in evaluating the index. Next, it was attempted to implement a novel and user-friendly mathematical model for evaluating the SPWQI. Then, the model accuracy and performance was confirmed by a case study. Overall, it could be said that the assessment of SPWQI sheds light on the concurrent power of several pollutants and can help the authorities to decide upon water quality management and treatment approaches.

Bench-scale assessment of the formation and control of disinfection byproducts from human endogenous organic precursors in swimming pools

In this study, a bench-scale system was utilized to assess the disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation from human endogenous organic matter. Perspiration and urine, constituting the main organic substances in swimming pools, were selected to represent the major human endogenous organics. Results revealed that the continuous input of body fluids into the reactor led to rapid accumulation of endogenous organic matter, which contributed to high concentrations of DBPs in the swimming pool. The increase in nonpurgeable organic carbon (NPDOC) concentration from the perspiration precursor was lower than that from urine during the operation. Moreover, the accumulation of swimmers' body fluids leads to increased DBP precursors, as well as increased chlorine demand and DBP formation in swimming pool water. The concentration of the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) consistently increased during the reaction. More THMs were generated in urine solution, whereas more HAAs were found in perspiration solution. To improve the water quality in swimming pools, ozonation, UV/Chlorine, and UV/H2O2 treatments were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing the DBP precursors. Results revealed that all of the three treatment processes can degrade the DBP precursors in perspiration and urine, eventually decreasing the DBP concentrations. However, only the UV/H2O2 treatment can decrease the formation of DBPs in perspiration and urine. In addition, the results revealed that UV/Chlorine and UV/H2O2 treatments should be operated for a sufficient contact time to prevent the increased production of DBP precursors in water at the early stage of the treatment.