Water Phobia Research Articles

Pengembangan Metode CST (Communicative Swimming Training) Untuk Mengatasi Phobia Air Pada Anak Usia Dini

This study aims to develop a common communication between swimming trainers and students then poured into a method or procedure that can be used to overcome water phobia in early childhood, namely CST (communicative Swimming Training) method. CST method has 11 steps or steps that can be followed to overcome water phobia in early childhood. This method is given in a communicative manner in the form of seduction, using good words, firm and accompanied by basic swimming techniques to be used in children who experience water phobias. The effectiveness of this method is evidenced by the decrease in the percentage percentage of the amount of data in the subject I decreased by 39% and on the subject II there was a decrease of 42% taken from the difference between the data before and after the trial. This proves that this method can reduce water phobia experienced by early childhood and this method is more effective at an early age because emotional in early childhood can still be regulated than the age of pre-adolescence or about 9 years and above. The need for repetition of treatment that researchers provide to accelerate the healing of water phobias experienced by the child and do not forget to always pay attention to the health conditions of children who experience water phobia.

Use of EMDR in the treatment of water phobia at Navy boot camp: A case study.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has become one of the most scientifically researched mental health treatments in the world; yet little has been done specifically with active-duty service members. Initially used in the treatment of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder, it has since become popular in the treatment of addictions, relationship problems, eating disorders, panic attacks, phobias, and mood disorders. This article expands the current study of EMDR through the use of a case study approach. Specifically, it provides a detailed case study of the treatment of water phobia experienced by a U.S. Navy recruit. The unique stressors and time pressures of the recruit training environment are discussed. A detailed account of the therapist’s adherence to the eight phases of the EMDR protocol is woven in to the case study. Although the efficacy research of EMDR in the treatment of specific phobias is mixed, this article demonstrates how EMDR can be effectively utilized to treat traum...

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for specific phobias with a child demonstrating severe problem behavior and developmental delays

Cognitive-behavioral treatments (CBTs) are widely used for anxiety disorders in typically developing children; however, there has been no previous attempt to administer CBT for specific phobia (in this case study, one-session treatment) to developmentally or intellectually disabled children. This case study integrates both cognitive-behavioral and behavior analytic assessment techniques in the CBT of water and height phobia in a 7-year-old male with developmental delays and severe behavior problems. One-session treatment [Öst, L. G. (1989). One-session treatment for specific phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 1–7; Öst, L. G. (1997). Rapid treatment of specific phobias. In G. C. L. Davey (Ed.), Phobias: A handbook of theory, research, and treatment (pp. 227–247). New York: Wiley] was provided for water phobia and then 2 months later for height phobia. The massed exposure therapy sessions combined graduated in vivo exposure, participant modeling, cognitive challenges, reinforcement, and other techniques. Both indirect and direct observation measures were utilized to evaluate treatment efficacy. Results suggested CBT reduced or eliminated behavioral avoidance, specific phobia symptoms, and subjective fear. Negative vocalizations were reduced during height exposure following treatment. Vocalizations following treatment for water phobia were less clear and may have been indicative of typical 7-year-old protests during bath time. Findings indicate CBT can be effective for treating clinical fears in an individual with developmental disabilities and severe behavior. Future research in this population should examine CBT as an alternative to other techniques (e.g., forced exposure) for treating fears.

A Modularized Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Water Phobia in an Adolescent with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

ABSTRACT The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a modularized treatment of a specific fear of water for a 14-year-old youth with childhood onset schizophrenia using a multiple-baseline across behaviors design. Treatment included gradual exposure to a hierarchy of feared water-related situations with rewards for successful approximations ranging from looking at water to swimming in a pool. Both parent and youth fear ratings, as well as behavioral observation, were used to monitor treatment progress over the course of 22 weeks. Consistent and repeated exposure successfully reduced fear and avoidance of the swimming pool over time.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Associated With Rabies: A Case Report

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the first potentially lethal complication in rabies virus infection, although its occurrence is rare. We report on a fatal case of rabies virus infection in a 45-year-old woman from Hu-Nan Province, China. The neurologic signs of limb numbness and water phobia occurred from 61 days after the dog bite; the clinical course was progressive, with the most severe clinical manifestations being fever, encephalitis, and ARDS. The woman expired 12 days after admission to the hospital. An autopsy proved rabies encephalitis, mainly involving the medulla oblongata, the thalamus, part of the pons, the cerebellum, and the hippocampus. The lung pathologic examination revealed the organizing phase of ARDS with diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, type II alveolar cell hyperplasia accompanied by proliferation of fibroblasts and infiltration of mononuclear cells into the interstitial space. Immunohistochemistry stain and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for rabies virus failed to demonstrate the organism in the lung tissue. Strong expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected in the alveolar macrophages. An immunologic mechanism with iNOS expression in the absence of direct invasion of the organism may participate in the pathogenesis of ARDS associated with rabies.

Water trauma and swimming experiences up to age 9 and fear of water at age 18: a longitudinal study

A small number of retrospective studies on the etiology of specific fears have obtained findings consistent with a biological (non-associative) explanation of fear acquisition. Unfortunately, reliance on imperfect memory to recall conditioning events which occurred many years earlier limits the conclusions that can be drawn from such data. The present investigation attempts to overcome this methodological shortcoming by examining the relationship between water trauma (i.e. conditioning) and water skills (e.g. swimming) before the age of 9 and the presence of water fear and phobia at age 18 in a longitudinal birth cohort. We found no evidence of a relationship between water confidence and water trauma up to the age of 9 and fear of water at age 18. Similar findings were obtained for water phobia at age 18 with the exception that study members who were less able to immerse themselves in water with confidence at age 9 were more likely to report water phobia at age 18. Associative and non-associative explanations of these findings were discussed.

The etiology of childhood water phobia

The origins of 50 clinical cases of childhood water phobia were investigated. All Ss had sought treatment at a university-based water phobia clinic. During screening, an origins questionnaire was administered to each attending parent. Parents were asked to indicate the most influential factor in the onset of their child's concern from a list of alternatives covering all three of Rachman's (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 375-387, 1977) pathways to fear. Only one parent could recall classical conditioning episodes at the onset of their child's phobia. In contrast, the majority of parents (56%) claimed their child's concern had always been present, even on their first encounter with water. The data are taken to support a non-associative model of onset. Differences with previous studies in which classical conditioning has accounted for the majority of cases are discussed in terms of the differing definitions of conditioning used across studies.

A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia

The effectiveness of in vivo exposure and vicarious exposure in reducing children's phobic anxiety and avoidance of water was investigated. Forty-eight water phobic children between the ages of 3 and 8 yr were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) in vivo exposure plus vicarious exposure (IVVE); (2) vicarious exposure (VE); (3) in vivo exposure (IVE); and (4) assessment only control. All subjects in the treatment groups received three individually administered treatment sessions. At the conclusion of treatment it was found that the IVE condition had produced statistically and clinically significant gains that had generalized to another situation involving water, and were largely maintained over a period of 3 months. In contrast, the VE condition did not lead to statistically greater treatment benefits than those observed in the control subjects. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the IVVE condition and the IVE condition in their level of improvement from pre- to posttreatment. Hence, by post-treatment, vicarious exposure had not only failed to produce benefits when used on its own, but had also failed to enhance the benefits achieved through in vivo exposure. However, a tendency for the vicarious component to enhance the maintenance of treatment benefits was found at follow-up. The implications of these findings are discussed.

A case of rabies in humans

For 3 years we monitored 4 people with rabies who did not receive anti-rabies vaccinations after being bitten by an unknown dog. Two adult patients and one adolescent patient developed the disease 35-41 days after the bite. However, in another adolescent the incubation period was 15 months. The patients were bitten by an animal in the leg (2), arm (1), and facial area (1).The victims went to a doctor on days 2-4 of the disease. All patients had typical symptoms of the neurological phase of rabies. They felt headache, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, dry mouth, water phobia. Against the background of therapy, the condition continued to worsen progressively, and the death of the patients occurred on days 7, 9 and 12 of the disease with the phenomena of suffocation. No autopsy was performed.

Effects of participant modeling and desensitization on childhood warm water phobia

Parental participant modeling and contact desensitization were used to reduce phobia of warm water bathing in a 6-year-old male burn victim traumatized by his natural parents. Cradled in an adoptive parent's arms, the child contacted, entered, and remained in increasingly warmer and deeper water for 3-min intervals during daily 15-min bathing routines. Treatment effected heat and depth tolerance to the point that the subject maintained desired behavior without parental assistance. Heat and depth tolerance persisted through a 6-month follow-up period.

The Assumption of Non-Objective Reality: A Missing Link in the Training of Strategic Family Therapists

Years ago as a swimming teacher I found myself in a dilemma. I had taught groups of children in day camps for many years. Here I was with my first private student, launching a career in private practice and I couldn't get her to go in the water. My client was six-year-old Mei Mei who had been adopted by a wealthy childless couple on their foreign travels. The couple had looked forward to providing her with all the things she couldn't have before, purchasing a new home with a swimming pool for her enjoyment. But they couldn't get her to go in the water–they thought she had a water phobia, so they called me. And I tried. I offered to hold her hand, to sit on the wide pool steps together. Nothing worked. The more I tried the more she resisted. Feeling discouraged I struck up a conversation with Mei Mei's new mother who was sun bathing as she soaked her hands in a large plastic bowl preparing for a manicure. I asked her if Mei Mei was comfortable in the bathtub. She answered “Yes, as long as she doesn't get water in her face.” I had a crazy idea–borrowing the bowl, I filled it with familiar tap water, placed it on a table next to the pool and encouraged Mei Mei to splash it. After awhile I suggested that she probably couldn't blow a bubble in the bowl. She responded to the challenge and practiced all week. At the next lesson I filled the bowl with pool water and proceeded with the bubble blowing, commending her for her developing expertise. The next week we sat on the pool steps together, holding the bowl below the surface of the pool, blowing bubbles. At the next lesson, the bowl was given back to mother. Step by step Mei Mei and I moved into the pool. By the end of the summer she was swimming and diving.

The in vivo elimination of a child's water phobia by a paraprofessional at home

A four-year-old child's water phobia was eliminated through a program of in vivo desensitization combined with participant modeling. The program was conducted by the child's mother, who was trained and supervised by a paraprofessional behavior therapist participating in a community-based intervention project. After eleven 30-min sessions, the extreme anxiety and avoidance previously exhibited during bath times was not observed. Discussion emphasizes the manpower advantages of employing paraprofessionals who can design and execute complex treatment programs.