Water Penetration Research Articles

Unlocking the Potential of Antimicrobial Maximin Peptides From Bombina maxima Against Staphylococcus aureus: Deciphering Their Mode of Action Through a Mimetic Bacterial Membrane Environment

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising strategy to address bacterial resistance by targeting bacterial membranes, bypassing the limitations of receptor site‐based approaches. This study focuses on combating the notorious multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus using AMPs, particularly maximin peptides derived from Bombina maxima. Previous research suggested that maximin peptides could disrupt bacterial membranes among anuran AMPs. This prompted us to screen these maximin peptides to identify those with strong membrane‐targeting abilities against S. aureus. Initially, stability and activity assessments on all 89 peptides involved analyzing hydrogen bond dilution, peptide permeation, and hemolytic activity predictions, leading to the rationalization of four promising candidates: Max_5, Max_13, Max_21, and Max_45. When subjected to membrane simulations, the monomeric state of these peptides displayed partial helix‐coil transitions with significant structural interactions that disrupted the membrane, particularly for Max_5 and Max_13. Additionally, the multimeric states of these two peptides were examined through membrane simulations to elucidate their mechanisms of action. Analyses focusing on membrane thickness, lipid distortions, and curvature revealed that both Max_5 and Max_13 exerted strong membrane‐rupturing effects. These peptides seemed to operate by forming pores, facilitating lipid diffusion, creating cavities, and affecting membrane thickness, which allowed water penetration due to increased membrane fluidity, indicating the barrel‐stave pore model. Despite structural differences between Max_5 and Max_13, both peptides demonstrated similar outcomes, emphasizing their potential for future therapeutic applications. This study highlights the efficacy of computational methods in accelerating the identification of potent antimicrobial peptides, providing a pathway for developing novel antimicrobial therapies.

Exploring the synergistic effects of graphene on the mechanical and vibrational response of kenaf/pineapple fiber‐reinforced hybrid composites

AbstractThe automotive, aerospace, and sports industries are increasingly utilizing hybrid composites made from natural fiber reinforcements. This study evaluated the performance of a composite made from kenaf and pineapple fibers, manufactured using the compression molding process, with graphene nanoparticles added at varying weight concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt%. Results showed that adding 0.5 wt% graphene increased the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of hybrid composite by 133.75%, 90.24%, and 25.67%, respectively. Microstructural analysis revealed that graphene integration has enhanced the interfacial bond between the fiber and the matrix, creating resin‐rich areas. Furthermore, the free vibrational analysis indicated that graphene‐infused composites exhibited higher natural frequencies, improving their energy‐absorbing capabilities. Water absorption tests demonstrated that the inclusion of graphene reduced water penetration by improving interfacial bonding, minimizing voids, and decreasing surface energy, which limited water pathways in the composite. Furthermore, the composites with 0.5 wt% graphene showed a contact angle of 80.8°, indicating lower hydrophilicity compared to neat composites, which had a contact angle of 70.7°. This research emphasizes the advantages of hybrid composite materials derived from kenaf and pineapple fibers, specifically for applications in vehicle interiors and construction, including wall panels and separators.Highlights Hybrid composite was prepared using the compression molding process. Adding 0.5 wt% graphene improved the mechanical properties of composites. Hybrid composites with lower wt% graphene had higher natural frequencies. The composites with 0.5 wt% graphene had better water absorption properties.

Achieving sustainable performance: synergistic effects of nano-silica and recycled expanded polystyrene in lightweight structural concrete

Lightweight concrete, particularly polystyrene concrete, has been extensively utilized in civil engineering for decades. The incorporation of waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) as a filler material in the production of lightweight concrete presents significant advantages from a circular economy perspective. Prior research indicates that increasing the proportion of lightweight aggregates, such as EPS, typically results in reductions in strength and bulk density. The utilization of substantial amounts of EPS waste in the formulation of structural polystyrene concrete is crucial for advancing sustainable construction practices. This study investigates the effects of varying nano-silica content on the bulk density, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and water penetration depth of structural polystyrene concrete. Concrete specimens were prepared by substituting 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of sand with EPS waste, while evaluating nano-silica contents of 0.75%, 1%, and 1.25%. The findings reveal that increasing the volume fraction of EPS corresponds to a decrease in the concrete’s bulk density. This research provides critical insights into optimizing structural lightweight concrete, thereby promoting advancements in sustainable construction applications.

Effect of waste glass powder as partial cement replacement on fresh properties, mechanical strength, bond, water penetration and thermal conductivity of normal concrete

Effect of waste glass powder as partial cement replacement on fresh properties, mechanical strength, bond, water penetration and thermal conductivity of normal concrete

Comparison of neotectonic intermontane basins of Northern Armenia and Eastern Türkiye

The results of comparative analysis of the structure and history of the Neogene-Quaternary development of 18 inrermontane basins in Northern Armenia and Eastern Türkiye are presented. The research is based on expeditionary work carried out by the authors in 2012–2023, and supplemented by published materials from other researchers. Palaeontological, magnetostratigraphic and radioisotope data on the stratigraphy of the basins are analyzed. The comparison made it possible to identify four stages of basin development, expressed by the nature of sedimentation: (i) marine sedimentation; (ii) predominantly lacustrine accumulation of fine-grained clastic material transported from low uplifts; (iii) lacustrine-alluvial sedimentation with a significant proportion of coarse material carried down from neighboring uplifts: (iv) involvement of the basins in the total rise of the region, which in most depressions is expressed by increased incision of watercourses into previously emerged landforms, and in the Sevan depression is combined with ongoing lacustrine-alluvial sedimentation. A consistent rejuvenation of stages (i)–(iii) of the basin development in the northern direction is revealed. It is caused with the growth and expansion to the north of the uplift of the Taurus Ridge in the process of its thrusting onto the Arabian Plate. At the same time, the development of the basins revealed the impact of tectonic events in the Middle and South Caspian. It was expressed in the Early Pliocene by the unconformity and the appearance of coarse clastic rocks, reflecting the increasing contrast of vertical movements between the Caucasian and Caspian regions, and at the end of the Late Pliocene by the penetration of waters of the Akchagylian transgression of the Caspian Sea into some basins. These features of the development of the basins did not depend on differences in their origin, which was determined by the influence of several factors. Among them, the main ones were movements on faults as a result of the interaction of lithospheric blocks and subsidence, caused by movements of sublithospheric masses, expressed by volcanism. Secondary roles were played by the behavior of the ophiolitic substrate and the tectono-volcanic damming of river valleys.

Review of respiratory anatomy adaptations in whales.

Whales (cetaceans, including dolphins and porpoises) are superbly adapted to life in water, but retain vestiges of their terrestrial ancestry, particularly the need to breathe air. Their respiratory tract exhibits many differences from their closest relatives, the terrestrial artiodactyls (even toed ungulates). In this review, we describe the anatomy of cetacean respiratory adaptions. These include protective features (e.g., preventing water incursions during breathing or swallowing, mitigating effects of pressure changes during diving/ascent) and unique functions (e.g., underwater sound production, regulating gas exchange during the dive cycle).

Impact of early-age vibration on the permeability and microstructure of mature-age concrete

Dynamic excitation in early-age significantly impacts the performances of mature concrete in underground structures, such as tunnels beneath railways supported by cast-in-place concrete. This study explores the impact of early dynamic excitation on properties of mature concrete. Vibration tests at a fundamental frequency of 114Hz, with peak acceleration levels ranging from 0.1g to 0.4g, were conducted using shaking table. Specimens underwent 33seconds of dynamic excitation every 15minutes over the initial 48hours, excluding a night break from 0-6am, totaling 114 vibration cycles. Various lab tests were employed to assess the properties and microstructure of mature concrete post-vibration, including water penetration resistance, capillary water absorption, Coulomb electric flux, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement (NAM). The results proves that vibration causes water secretion and air bubbles discharge before the initial setting of concrete, thereby enhancing the hydration reaction. The relationship between vibration loads with varying peak accelerations and the cohesion resulting from hydration reaction influences the microstructural evolution of concrete, leading to the weakening and strengthening of permeability of mature concrete. Under the vibration spectrum and test conditions described in this paper, vibration loads with peak values less than 0.234g decrease the total volume of large and middle pores (>20nm) by up to 50% and increase the total volume of small pores (<20nm) by up to 200%. Due to these changes in pore structure, the permeability coefficient (Sk), cumulative capillary water height (i) and Coulomb electric flux decrease by up to 47.84%, 39.5% and 31.6%, respectively. However, when the amplitudes of vibration loads exceed 0.234g, the total volume of large and medium pores (>20nm) increases, and that of small pores (<20nm) decreases, leading to a reduction of the impermeability of mature concrete. Additionally, the SEM analysis corroborates these microstructural variations.

Impact of PVA-coated aggregate on concrete impermeability and creep characteristics under hydraulic pressure and development of a creep model

In marine engineering projects such as sea dikes, concrete must exhibit both exceptional impermeability and plastic deformation to prevent cracking and subsequent internal corrosion due to synergistic deformation with the foundation. This study enhances the interface transition zone (ITZ) and plastic deformation of concrete by applying a PVA film to the aggregate surface. We use nuclear magnetic resonance to investigate the internal pore distribution and conduct permeability tests to assess its impermeability. Utilizing a self-developed triaxial hydraulic creep apparatus, we tests the concrete's creep performance under hydraulic pressure. Compared with conventional waterproof concrete, the findings reveal that the PVA film on the aggregate surface significantly increases the water penetration pressure of the concrete and markedly enhances the momentary deformation and creep deformation under hydraulic pressure, significantly extending the time to creep. Furthermore, the study proposes a creep model incorporating a fractional derivative-based dashpot model, combined with the Burgers model. This research offers a novel approach and theoretical support for developing impermeable and plastic concrete suitable for marine engineering applications.

General Approach to Hydrolysis Resistive Aluminum Nitride and Its High-Performance Thermal Interface Materials.

Aluminum nitride (AlN), noted for its excellent thermal conductivity and exceptional electrical insulation, presents a promising alternative to traditional ceramic particles in thermal interface materials (TIMs). However, its broader adoption in practical applications is limited by performance degradation due to the vulnerability of its crystal structure to ubiquitous moisture. This study introduces a dual solution, utilizing a mechanochemical method to design a dense outer layer of Galinstan liquid metal (LM) that simultaneously enhances AlN's resistance to hydrolysis and improves its thermal performance in TIM applications. The high surface free energy of the LM layer imparts hydrophobic properties to the AlN surface and, combined with outer metal oxides, forms a dual-layer protective barrier that prevents water penetration, significantly enhancing the TIM's long-term stability in high-humidity conditions. Additionally, the LM layer at the interface improves the thixotropic properties of the TIM and enhances interfacial heat transport through the bridging effect of the LM, resulting in improved rheological mobility and thermal conductivity of the composite material. This win-win surface modification strategy opens opportunities for the practical and durable application of AlN in widespread electronic thermal management.

Influence of Gradient Milling on Cooking and Sensory Attributes of Chinese Black Rice: Insights into Volatile Flavor Compounds

This study investigated the impact of gradient milling on the cooking properties and sensory characteristics of Yangxian black rice. The results showed that as the degree of milling increased, the gelatinization time decreased (36.85–23.54 min) and the water uptake ratio of whole black rice (188.29%) was significantly lower compared to that of refined grains (194.05%). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was further used to monitor the water concentration and distribution of black rice during soaking and cooking. It was found that the bran layers of black rice, as a physical barrier, impeded the water penetration into the kernels for a given soaking and cooking duration. The sensory evaluation conducted by a panel of trained volunteers demonstrated a high score for all sensory attributes in slightly milled black rice, corroborating findings from the taste analyzer. Through correlation analysis of volatile components determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), smell scores in sensory evaluation, and electronic nose response values, 2-pentyl-furan (54.84–12.72 ng/g) and guaiacol (19.39–5.51 ng/g) were found to be the predominant volatile flavor contributors in cooked black rice. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the intricate relationship between milling degrees and the cooking properties, sensory characteristics, and volatile flavor compounds of Yangxian black rice.

Study on the Effect of Jute CNFs Addition on the Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete

This study investigates the influence of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) reinforced with jute cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) on the water absorption and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete. The integration of TPU/jute CNF nanocomposites into geopolymer concrete is explored as a strategy to enhance both its durability and mechanical performance. Geopolymer concrete, a sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete, is known for its low carbon footprint, but it suffers from high brittleness and water absorption. The water absorption behavior of the modified concrete was assessed, revealing a significant reduction in water uptake due to the hydrophobic nature of TPU and the reinforcing effect of jute CNFs. Additionally, the mechanical properties, including compressive and flexural strengths, were evaluated to understand the impact of the nanocomposites on the structural integrity of the concrete. The addition of TPU/jute CNFs notably enhanced the splitting tensile strength (63.5%), compressive strength (59%), and water absorption (0.59%) of the composite, indicating a promising route for developing high-performance construction materials. The integration of 6 wt% of TPU/jute CNF nanocomposites was found to be optimal, resulting in a uniform matrix, reduced micro-cracks, and improved compressive strength due to enhanced adhesion between the nanocomposites and the geopolymer matrix. Furthermore, a curing temperature of 100 °C was identified as ideal, minimizing unreacted fly ash and enhancing adhesion strength, while higher temperatures (140 °C) led to material deterioration due to rapid water loss. The findings demonstrate that the addition of TPU/jute CNF nanocomposites not only improves resistance to water penetration but also enhances overall mechanical performance. This supports the development of more sustainable and resilient construction materials, contributing to global efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry. Future research should focus on the long-term durability of these composites under various environmental conditions to validate their effectiveness in real-world applications.

Liquid Water Transport and Distribution in the Gas Diffusion Layer of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Considering Interfacial Cracks

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with a high energy conversion efficiency, has become an important means of hydrogen energy utilization. However, water condensation is unavoidable in the PEMFC because of low operating temperatures. The impact of liquid water on PEMFC performance and stability is significant. The gas diffusion layer (GDL) provides a critical transport path for liquid water in the PEMFC. Liquid water saturation and distribution in the GDL determine water flooding and mass transfer efficiency in the PEMFC. In this study, focusing on the effects of the water introduction method, osmotic pressure, and contact angle, the liquid water transport in the GDL was numerically investigated based on a pore-scale model using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The results showed that compared with the conventional water introduction method without cracks, the saturation and spatial distribution of water inside the GDL obtained in the simulation were more consistent with the experimental results when the water was introduced through the microporous layer (MPL) crack. It was found that increasing the osmotic pressure resulted in a faster rate of water penetration, faster approaching the steady-state performance, and higher saturation. The ultra-high osmotic pressure contributed to the secondary breakthrough with a significant increase in saturation. Increasing the contact angle caused higher capillary resistance, especially in the region with small pore sizes. At a constant osmotic pressure, as the contact angle increased, the liquid water gradually failed to penetrate into the small pores around the transport path, causing saturation reduction and an ultimate failure to break through the GDL. Increasing the contact angle contributed to a higher breakthrough pressure and secondary breakthrough pressure.

Anomalous Water Penetration in Al3+ Dissolution.

The physicochemical characterization of trivalent ions is limited due to a lack of accurate force fields. By leveraging the latest machine learning force field to model aqueous AlCl3, we discover that upon dissolution of Al3+, water molecules beyond the second hydration shell are involved in the hydration process. A combination of scissoring of coordinating water is followed by synchronized secondary motion of water in the second solvation shell due to hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the water beyond the second solvation penetrates through the second solvation shell and coordinates to the Al3+. Our study reveals a novel microscopic understanding of solvation dynamics for the trivalent ion.

Efficacy of sustainable cementitious materials on concrete porosity for enhancing the durability of building materials

Abstract The degradation of concrete structures is significantly influenced by water penetration since water serves as the primary vehicle for the movement of harmful compounds. The process of capillary water absorption is widely recognized as a crucial indicator of durability for unsaturated concrete, as it allows dangerous substances to enter the composite material. The water absorption capacity of concrete is intricately linked to its pore structure, as concrete is inherently porous. The main goal of this work is to create an innovative predictive tool that assesses the porosity of concrete by analyzing its components using a machine-learning (ML) framework. Seven distinct batch design variables were included in the generated database: fly ash, superplasticizer, water-to-binder ratio, curing time, ground granulated blast furnace slag, binder, and coarse-to-fine aggregate ratio. Four distant ML algorithms, including AdaBoost, linear regression (LR), decision tree (DT), and support vector machine (SVM), are utilized to infer the generalization capabilities of ML algorithms to estimate concrete porosity accurately. The RReliefF algorithm was implemented to calculate the significant features influencing porosity. This study concludes that in comparison to the alternative techniques, the AdaBoost method demonstrated superior performance with an R 2 score of 0.914, followed by SVM (0.870), DT (0.838), and LR (0.763). The results of the evaluation of RReliefF indicated that the binder possesses a remarkable influence on the porosity of concrete.

A review on recent progress and techniques used for fabricating superhydrophobic coatings derived from biobased materials.

Superhydrophobic coatings with remarkable water repellence have emerged as an increasingly prominent field of research with the growth of the material engineering and coating industries. Superhydrophobic coatings address the requirements of several application areas with characteristics including corrosion resistance, drag reduction, anti-icing, anti-fogging, and self-cleaning properties. Furthermore, the range of applications for superhydrophobic coatings has been substantially broadened by the inclusion of key performance features such as flame retardancy, thermal insulation, resistance to water penetration, UV resistance, transparency, anti-reflection, and many more. Numerous research endeavours have been focused on biomimetic superhydrophobic materials because of their distinct surface wettability. To develop superhydrophobic coatings with a long lifespan, scientists have refined the processes of material preparation and selection. To accomplish water repellency, superhydrophobic coatings are usually fabricated using harmful fluorinated chemicals or synthetic polymers. Utilising materials derived from biomass offers a sustainable alternative that uses renewable resources in order to eliminate the consumption of these hazardous substances. This paper provides an insight of several researches reported on the construction of superhydrophobic coatings using biomass materials such as lignin, cellulose, chitosan and starch along with the techniques used for the constructing superhydrophobic coatings. This study is a useful resource that offers guidance on the selection of various biobased polymers for superhydrophobic coatings tailored to specific applications. The further part of the paper put a light on different application of superhydrophobic coatings employed in various disciplines and the future perspectives of the superhydrophobic coatings.

Three-layered functionally specialized nest structures enhance strength and water retention in mounds of Globitermes sulphureus (Blattodea: Termitidae).

Termite mounds are a ubiquitous feature of savanna ecosystems, yet the mechanisms by which termites (Blattodea: Termitoidae) mitigate the challenges posed by seasonal drought and flooding through mound construction remain insufficiently explored. This study investigates the material properties, water retention capabilities, and resistance to raindrop penetration across three distinct layers of Globitermes sulphureus (Haviland, 1898) (Blattodea: Termitidae) nests. Our findings reveal a pronounced diversification and specialization of materials and functions across these layers. Specifically, the outer layer has decreased moisture permeability, the middle layer has enhanced resistance to water penetration, and the innermost layer has a high capacity for water retention. The integration of these functionally specialized layers provides a compelling evidence for explaining how these termites are able to adapt to the fluctuating environmental conditions characteristic of savanna ecosystems. Furthermore, this highlights the nest's buffering capability against environmental stressors. The complexity of this construction, marked by a level of self-organization rarely observed in the animal kingdom, underscores a significant instance of architectural ingenuity among non-human builders.

Low-grade fly ash in portland cement blends: A decoupling approach to evaluate reactivity and hydration effects

Fly ash with low glass content is often prohibited from use in concrete due to the low reactivity and/or the inclusion of contaminants. However, the scarcity of high-quality fly ash promotes the evaluation of the feasibility of using fly ash with low glass content (e.g., low-grade fly ash) in concrete. This study proposes a decoupling method to quantitatively estimate the degree of reaction of fly ash with extremely low glass content, which partially replaces cement, and the degree of hydration of the hosting cement, simultaneously. The estimation is derived from the contents of calcium hydroxide and chemically bonded water in hydrated binary cement pastes, which can be determined by thermogravimetric analysis-based experiments and theoretically validated stoichiometric parameters. The results exhibit that the fly ash tends to retard the early-age hydration of cement but promotes its later-age hydration, resulting in a higher ultimate degree of reaction of cement than the reference paste. The microstructural and porosity evaluation shows that the fly ash, though has relatively low degrees of reaction due to its low glass content, can result in a more tortuous pore network of the hydrated pastes, which could be potentially more resistant to the penetration of water and aggressive chemicals.

Investigating the effects of formulation variables on the disintegration of spray dried amorphous solid dispersion tablets

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) tablets based on hydrophilic polymer carriers may encounter disintegration challenges. In this work, the effect of different formulation composition variables on the ASD tablet disintegration performance was systematically studied. GDC-0334: copovidone (PVPVA) 60: 40 ASD prepared by spray drying was selected as the model ASD system. The effects of ASD loading, filler type and ratio, disintegrant type and level were then investigated using tablets made by direct compression process. Tablet disintegration time increased with the increase of ASD loading, especially when ASD loading exceeded 50 %. At the same tablet solid fraction, when lactose was used as the soluble filler, faster tablet disintegration time was observed compared to the tablets with mannitol as the soluble filler. Among the three tested disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium performed the best in facilitating the ASD tablet disintegration, followed by sodium starch glycolate, and crospovidone was the poorest. When croscarmellose sodium was used as the disintegrant, 5 % level was sufficient to enable ASD tablet disintegration at 60 % ASD loading and further increase of croscarmellose sodium level to 8 % did not provide additional benefit. Water uptake experiments were performed on selected tablets and the results demonstrated a positive correlation with tablet disintegration time, indicating water penetration is a major contributing step for the disintegration of our ASD tablets. Overall, this work provides a rationale for excipient selection and insights into building a platform formulation approach for developing immediate-release ASD tablets.

Preparation, Swelling, and Drug Release Studies of Chitosan-based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Buspirone Hydrochloride.

Buspirone is used for the management of depression and anxiety disorders. Due to its short half-life and low bioavailability, it requires multiple daily doses and is associated with some side effects. This study aimed to develop chitosan-based hydrogels as drug-controlled release carriers. The objective of this study is to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels as controlled release carriers in order to overcome the side effects of buspirone HCl and improve patients' compliance and their life quality. Polymer chitosan was polymerized with two monomers, acrylic acid and itaconic acid, to synthesize pH-sensitive hydrogel. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were performed to confirm the structure formation and thermal stability. Water penetration capability and loading of the drug were performed by porosity and drug loading studies. The swelling and dissolution tests were performed to analyze the pH-sensitive nature of the developed hydrogels. FTIR, TGA, and DSC demonstrated that the chitosan-based hydrogels were successfully prepared. An increase in water penetration and drug loading into the hydrogel network was seen with the high incorporation of chitosan, acrylic acid, and itaconic acid. The swelling and dissolution studies revealed that prepared hydrogel offered the greatest swelling and drug release at a high pH of 7.4. The swelling and drug release from the hydrogel were affected by the concentrations of the incorporated contents. A controlled release of the drug was achieved by using chitosan-based hydrogel as a delivery carrier compared to commercial tablets of buspirone. The results showed that the developed chitosan-based hydrogel can be considered one of the most suitable drug carrier systems for the controlled delivery of buspirone.

Simulation algorithm of greenhouse soil water movement based on cellular automata

Soil moisture movement reveals the hydrological environment and irrigation characteristics of plants, which is very important and basic hydrological problem. A soil moisture movement algorithm based on cellular automata suitable for greenhouse was proposed to simulate the lateral flow and vertical penetration of soil water in different soil layers. Artemisia annua was used as an experimental plant, and two numerical simulations were set up to determine the minimum water replenishment and the degree of upward soil modification. To verify the performance of the model, corn was used as an experimental plant for application simulation. The numerical simulation results show that the effect of only water for plant cells is superior to soil cells, and the disturbance behavior of the underlying soil layer should be minimized during the cultivation process. The average MAE/RMSE of all soil layers is 0.86/1.06 and in deep layer (50 cm and 60 cm) is 0.53/0.64. It shows the model has a certain prediction and simulation ability, especially in deep soil layers. The proposed algorithm can simply calculate soil flow, set the minimum water replenishment, and evaluate the water replenishment efficiency, which can provide a theoretical reference for the water replenishment and soil replacement scheme.