Water-miscible Solvents Research Articles

Systematic solvent selection enables the fractionation of wet microalgal biomass

Wet microalgal biomass was recently proposed as a feedstock to circumvent the energy-intensive drying step in biorefineries. However, solvents commonly applied to extract valuable target compounds from dried biomass are usually less effective when applied on wet biomass. In the present study, we investigated the potential of systematic solvent selection to increase pigment and lipid yields for the extraction of wet Phaeodactylum tricornutum biomass. The solvent selection was guided by a large-scale computational screening approach. Experiments revealed, that 2-butanol – a non-toxic, partially water-miscible solvent – extracted 99.4 wt% of lipids and 82.6 wt% of carotenoids from wet biomass. By using only 2-butanol and water as benign solvents, we developed a biorefinery approach that effectively fractionates wet microalgal biomass under ambient conditions into proteins, carbohydrates, carotenoids and lipids without the need for energy-intensive biomass drying.

Carbon paste based sensor for sensitive Cr(III) ion determination in different water samples and anti-diabetic supplement

A modified carbon paste sensor based on N,N′-(((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(pyridine-2-amine; BPA Schiff base as Cr(III) selective carrier was fabricated and studied in this work. The proposed sensor homogenization and mechanism of action was studied by infra-red (IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) tools. The sensor covered 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10–1 mol L−1 linear range and a detection limit of 7.22 × 10–8 mol L−1 for Cr(III) with 20.17 ± 0.13 mV decade−1 Nernstian slope. 5 s was the response time of the prepared sensor and it was reproducible and stable for 3 months. The working pH range was 3.3–6.0 and it also works well to determine Cr(III) ion in presence of water miscible solvents up to 12.5% content of the methanol and 17.5% of ethanol. The electrode’s selectivity was studied using separate and mixed solution methods for selectivity coefficients determination and the sensor showed good selectivity relative to a variety of metal ions (selectivity coefficients = 1.01 × 10−5–8.57 × 10−3). In addition, the practical analysis value of the sensor was demonstrated by measurement of Cr(III) quantitatively in mineral water, supplement and also as an indicator electrode in Cr(III) against EDTA potentiometric titration with good reproducibility (RSDs of 0.91–2.15%).

(Invited) Impact of Anchors on the Photophysical Processes in Water-Soluble Fullerene Conjugates

Fullerenes are excellent acceptors in both photoinduced electron- and energy-transfer reactions. Many studies on the photophysical processes of fullerenes have been reported in the last decades, especially aiming towards the development of electronic devices. However, only a few studies have been reported on biocompatible fullerene systems, mainly due to the extremely low solubility of C60 in both water and water-miscible solvents. In our previous studies, we reported the synthesis of fullerene-PEG conjugates and demonstrated their ability for photoinduced DNA damage and ROS generation upon visible light irradiation.2 In this work, we investigated the effect of the water-soluble anchors on the photophysical properties of fullerene molecules. The generation of ROSs in water-soluble fullerene-peptide conjugates were tested by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods in comparison to previously reported fullerene-PEG conjugates above. To better understand the mechanism in ROS generation, a comprehensive investigation was performed by transient absorption spectroscopic data, encompassing the dynamics of photon absorption, exciton formation, and charge transfer mechanisms. Additionally, insights derived from density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in vitro assessments of photocytotoxicity will be discussed in detail. Figure 1

Fluorescence sensing of water in various organic solvents based on a novel cyclic polymer

A sensor capable of sensing of water in various organic solvents ranging from water-soluble to water-miscible solvents is still a challenging task. In this research, a cyclic polymer fluorescence chemosensor (CPFC) has been developed for sensing of water by turn-on model in 9 organic solvents and turn-off model in DMA, where the broadest concentration range and the lowest detection limit was obtained for water in DMA (10 %–90 %) and dioxane (0.011 %), respectively. The sensing mechanism is explored by theory calculation and experimental investigation. The amphiphilic nature endows the polymer probe with great potential for measuring various contaminants from aqueous and nonaqueous mediums. Furthermore, the present search highlights the potential applications of cyclic polymer as fluorescence probes in the field of sensing.

Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extract formulation for managing anthracnose and gray mold diseases in strawberry

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum nymphaeae and gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea are the most epidemic fungal diseases causing significantly losses in strawberry plantings. The objective of the study is to determine the antifungal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed extracts and preparing new formulated antifungal agent. Plant extracts including alcoholic, aqueous and oil were extracted from neem seeds and used in concentrations of 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10,000 µl/l to control the vegetative mycelial growth of pathogens. The results showed that alcoholic extract had highest antifungal effect and used for the formulation. The concentration of 10,000 microliters of alcoholic extract showed 91.6 % inhibition of gray mold disease, while it inhibited 80.66 % in anthracnose disease and a significant difference was observed between them. For encapsulation of alcoholic neem extract with plant biopolymers with new changes, the separation method of water-miscible solvent through precipitation with salt was used. The results showed that the best effect of the formulation was observed at a dose of four per thousand. Inhibition at this concentration as the best option in terms of controlling gray mold and anthracnose disease was 86.3 % and 79.38 %, respectively, and they were placed in the same statistical group (d). This formulation is designed to determine the minimum concentration threshold and reduce the consumption of alcoholic extract. Based on the results, the use of formulated alcoholic extract of neem seed as an alternative to chemical fungicides can help control anthracnose and gray mold in strawberries.

In-situ forming PLGA implants: Towards less toxic solvents

In-situ forming poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) implants offer a great potential for controlled drug delivery for a variety of applications, e.g. periodontitis treatment. The polymer is dissolved in a water-miscible solvent. The drug is dissolved or dispersed in this solution. Upon contact with aqueous body fluids, the solvent diffuses into the surrounding tissue and water penetrates into the formulation. Consequently, PLGA precipitates, trapping the drug. Often, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidine (NMP) is used as a water-miscible solvent. However, parenteral administration of NMP raises toxicity concerns. The aim of this study was to identify less toxic alternative solvent systems for in-situ forming PLGA implants. Various blends of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), triethyl citrate (TEC) and ethanol were used to prepare liquid formulations containing PLGA, ibuprofen (as an anti-inflammatory drug) and/or chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (as an antiseptic agent). Implant formation and drug release kinetics were monitored upon exposure to phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 37 °C. Furthermore, the syringeability of the liquids, antimicrobial activity of the implants, and dynamic changes in the latter’s wet mass and pH of the release medium were studied. Importantly, 85:10:5 and 60:30:10 PEG 400:TEC:ethanol blends provided good syringeability and allowed for rapid implant formation. The latter controlled ibuprofen and chlorhexidine release over several weeks and assured efficient antimicrobial activity. Interestingly, fundamental differences were observed concerning the underlying release mechanisms of the two drugs: Ibuprofen was dissolved in the solvent mixtures and partially leached out together with the solvents during implant formation, resulting in relatively pronounced burst effects. In contrast, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride was dispersed in the liquids in the form of tiny particles, which were effectively trapped by precipitating PLGA during implant formation, leading to initial lag-phases for drug release.

Structural stability of DNA origami nanostructures in organic solvents.

DNA origami nanostructures have attracted significant attention as an innovative tool in a variety of research areas, spanning from nanophotonics to bottom-up nanofabrication. However, the use of DNA origami is often restricted by their rather limited structural stability in application-specific conditions. The structural integrity of DNA origami is known to be superstructure-dependent, and the integrity is influenced by various external factors, for example cation concentration, temperature, and presence of nucleases. Given the necessity to functionalize DNA origami also with non-water-soluble entities, it is important to acquire knowledge of the structural stability of DNA origami in various organic solvents. Therefore, we herein systematically investigate the post-folding DNA origami stability in a variety of polar, water-miscible solvents, including acetone, ethanol, DMF, and DMSO. Our results suggest that the structural integrity of DNA origami in organic solvents is both superstructure-dependent and dependent on the properties of the organic solvent. In addition, DNA origami are generally more resistant to added organic solvents in folding buffer compared to that in deionized water. DNA origami stability can be maintained in up to 25-40% DMF or DMSO and up to 70-90% acetone or ethanol, with the highest overall stability observed in acetone. By rationally selecting both the DNA origami design and the solvent, the DNA origami stability can be maintained in high concentrations of organic solvents, which paves the way for more extensive use of non-water-soluble compounds for DNA origami functionalization and complexation.

Amorphous-like thermal conductivity and high mechanical stability of cyclopentane clathrate hydrate.

The thermal conductivity κ of cyclopentane clathrate hydrate (CP CH) of type II was measured at temperatures down to 100 K and at pressures up to 1.3 GPa. The results show that CP CH displays amorphous-like κ characteristic of many crystalline clathrate hydrates, e.g., tetrahydrofuran (THF) CH. The magnitude of κ is 0.47 W m-1 K-1 near the melting point of 280 K at atmospheric pressure, and it is almost independent of pressure and temperature T: ln κ = -0.621-40.1/T at atmospheric pressure (in SI-units). This is slightly less than κ of type II CHs of water-miscible solvents such as THF. Intriguingly, unlike other water-rich type II clathrate hydrates of water-miscible molecules M (M·17 H2O), CP CH does not amorphize at pressures up to 1.3 GPa at 130 K and also remains stable up to 0.5 GPa at 240 K. This shows that CP CH is mechanically more stable than the previously studied water-rich type II CHs, and suggests that repulsive forces between CP and the H2O cages increase the mechanical stability of crystalline CP CH. Moreover, we show that κ of an ice-CH mixture, which often arises for CHs that form naturally, is described by the average of the parallel and series heat conduction models to within 5% for ice contents up to 22 wt%. The findings provide a better understanding of the thermal and stability properties of clathrate hydrates for their applications such as gas storage compounds.

A Multistep, Multicomponent Extraction and Separation Microfluidic Route to Recycle Water-Miscible Ionic Liquid Solvents.

Recycling ionic liquid (IL) solvents can reduce the lifecycle cost of these expensive solvents. Liquid-liquid extraction is the most straightforward approach to purify IL solvents and is typically performed with an immiscible washing agent (e.g., water). Herein, we describe a recycling route for water-miscible ILs in which direct recycling is usually challenging. We use hydrophobic ILs as accommodating agents to draw the water-miscible IL from the aqueous washing stream. A biphasic slug flow of the mixed ILs and water is then separated by using a membrane. The water-miscible IL can then be drawn out from the mixed IL phase with acidified water and dried under vacuum. Both the water-miscible IL and the accommodating agent are then recycled. Here, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept of this process by recycling 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BMIM-OTf) in the presence of the accommodating agent 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIM-NTf2) and acidified water. We then demonstrated the capacity to recycle 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium triflate (BMPYRR-OTf) from a realistic synthetic application: Pt nanoparticle synthesis in the water-miscible IL.

Metastable Amorphous Dispersions of Hydrophobic Naphthalene Compounds Can Be Formed in Water without Stabilizing Agents via the "Ouzo Effect".

Hydrophobic molecules dissolved in water-miscible organic solvents are used in vitro for biological membrane studies and for testing of potential pharmaceuticals in high-throughput screenings. When these solutions are introduced into an aqueous environment, it is possible that metastable "ouzo-like" dispersions form from liquid-liquid phase separation. It is therefore hypothesized that when solutions of naphthalene compounds in water-miscible solvents are added to water, metastable dispersions will form. Millimolar solutions of naphthalene, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN), 1-aminonaphthalene, 1-iodonaphthalene (INAP), 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene, and 1-naphthol were prepared in either dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, or acetone at concentrations similar to those used in biological membrane studies. Each solution was diluted 10-fold in water. Particle formation was characterized by qualitative observations, dynamic light-scattering, nephelometry, and optical microscopy. It was discovered that two of the compounds tested made metastable dispersions: INAP and NPN. The initial particle sizes were ∼400 nm (radius), with turbidity ranging from 1,000 to 20,000 NTU, depending on the initial concentrations used. Fluorescence microscopy imaging showed spherical particles that do not aggregate while under observation. Slow-nucleating crystallization occurs over days, presumably from a heterogeneous nucleation process. The formation of these dispersions has implications for in vitro delivery of hydrophobic molecules to biological membranes.

Development of solvents for Au(III) extraction in hydrochloric acid media based on ion solvation with reference to the Hansen solubility parameters: Success of dicyclohexylketone

Ion solvation extraction using ethers and ketones is industrially applied for the extraction and separation of Au(III) from acidic chloride media. Although these have been in practical use since the 1970s, requirements for valid extractants (solvents) have not been systematically clarified. In this study, the relationship between Au(III) extractability using various organic solvents and their Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) was investigated. The extractability of the solvents increases with the increase of the polar forces (δP) of the solvents, however, solvents with much higher δP values are water-miscible and unsuitable for solvent extraction. Hence a HSP sphere with center coordinates at δD = 17.73, δP = 7.82, δH = 2.48, where D, P and H represent dispersive, polar and hydrogen-bonding forces, was obtained from the results of extraction tests using 26 solvents, with the exclusion of HSPs for 25 water-miscible solvents. Twenty-four of the 26 solvents tested were properly classified as valid or invalid for the extraction of Au(III) using the Hansen sphere. The results suggest partial utility of the prediction of the extractability using HSPs. Dicyclohexylketone, which has HSPs within the sphere, was selected as a potential extractant: it showed sufficient extractability and selectivity for the extraction of Au(III).

Development of depot PLGA-based in-situ implant of Linagliptin: Sustained release and glycemic control

High percentage of diabetic people are diagnosed as type 2 who require daily dosing of an antidiabetic drug such as Linagliptin (Lina) to manage their blood glucose levels. This study aimed to develop injectable Lina-loaded biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in-situ implants (ISIs) to deliver a desired burst effect of Lina followed by a sustained release over several days for controlling the blood glucose levels over prolonged time periods. The morphological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic assessments of the Lina-loaded ISIs were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study revealed the rapid exchange between the water miscible solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; NMP) and water during the ISI preparation, hence enhancing the initial burst Lina release. While, triacetin of lower water affinity could lead to formation of more compact and dense ISI structure with slower drug release. By comparing various ISI formulations containing different solvents and different PLGA concentrations, the ISI containing 40 % PLGA and triacetin was selected for its sustained release of Lina (93.06 ± 1.50 %) after 21 days. The pharmacokinetic results showed prolonged half life (t1/2) and higher area under the curve (AUC) values of the selected Lina-loaded ISI when compared to those of oral Lina preparation. The single Lina-ISI injection produced a hypoglycemic control in the diabetic rats very similar to the daily oral administration of Lina after 7 and 14 days. In conclusion, PLGA-based ISIs confirmed their suitability for prolonging Lina release in patients receiving long-term antidiabetic therapy, thereby achieving more enhanced patient compliance and reduced dosing frequency.

Combined experimental and TD-DFT study of a highly sensitive AIE-based probe for the detection of water in organic solvents and its application in inkless writing

The present manuscript highlights a newly synthesized pyrene-based probe (PyQ), which has a high affinity for the detection of water in water-miscible organic solvents. The efficient probe followed the principle based on aggregation-induced emission and showed its potential behavior as a sensor by detecting water in common water-miscible organic solvents by the fluorometric method. The chemosensor PyQ has identified water separately from many other solvents as its emission maxima in presence of water is found near 510 nm while for others it is around 410 – 440 nm. Moreover, in different water-miscible solvents by increasing the percentage of water, fluorescence studies have been carried out and were found that increasing water content in organic solvents increased the fluorescence intensity of the PyQ as well as provided a redshift to the emission intensities. Furthermore, the response of PyQ towards pH and the LOD and LOQ of PyQ towards a low level of water content in different organic solvents were determined. TD-DFT studies were carried out in the aqueous phase to clarify the optical and electronic properties of the probe. The moisture detection capacity of PyQ in presence of silica gel desiccant was also showcased. Finally, the utilization of PyQ in inkless writing and in reusable or rewritable paper strips disclosed its potential for real-life applications, which strengthened its use as a water sensor.

In situ-formed hydroxyapatite and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) injectable implants as the cargo loading of bioactive substances for bone regeneration

An injectablein situ-formed system is developed, providing initial mechanical strength and a porous microstructure using a water-miscible solvent and gelatin microsphere porogen to efficiently load BMP-2 for bone regeneration.

Development of hydrogel-forming microneedles for transdermal delivery of albendazole from liquid reservoir

Albendazole (ABZ) is an anthelmintic agent from the benzimidazole group, known as the broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. ABZ is commonly used to treat human intestinal and systemic infections. Orally administered ABZ tends to have limited efficacy due to its poor solubility. In order to enhance its delivery to the therapeutic target, polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMs) was developed. HFMs can effectively deliver drugs loaded in the reservoir through the transdermal route with fewer side effects and longer therapeutic duration. In addition, to enhance ABZ's solubility, the drug can be loaded as a liquid reservoir using water-miscible solvents, which will effectively enhance the solubility of ABZ, resulting in higher bioavailability. In this study, HFMs was successfully developed with high swelling abilities, more than 400%. Moreover, the penetration result showed HFMs could penetrate up to 63% into the skin with only a 7.14% of height decrease. The skin integrity test also showed HFMs permeation into the skin, causing no changes in skin integrity after 24 h of application. Incorporated with the liquid reservoir, the ex vivo permeation test showed that the cumulative amount of ABZ permeated through the skin was about 971.23 ± 11.77 µg/cm2. In conclusion, this innovation has a huge potential to overcome the limitations of ABZ in oral preparations and potentially enhance its therapeutic effect through the transdermal route.

Shedding light on the formation and stability of mesostructures in ternary “Ouzo” mixtures

Hypothesis: Ternary systems made of water, a water-miscible solvent, and hydrophobic solutes spontaneously produce metastable particles by the “Ouzo effect” and thermodynamically stable “Surfactant-Free Micro Emulsions” (SFME). However, the use of different analyses has led to a variability in the criteria to determine the boundaries of the Ouzo domain. We hypothesized that this could be clarified by investigating the stability and the physical state of the particles.Experiments: We investigate four systems using both solid and liquid solutes and two different solvents, and achieved a careful investigation of their phase diagrams, using DLS, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, NMR, Multiple Light Scattering, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence analysis.Findings: Our results evidence that the transition from the monophasic to the Ouzo domains does not coincide with the cloudiness curve, and that compositions in the Ouzo domain can look fully transparent, in contrast to what is often considered. This transition is best determined by stability analysis. The cloudiness curve corresponds to the formation of particles with a large size dispersity. In the Ouzo domain, we observed an exchange of solute between the continuous phase and solute particles swollen with solvent. In addition, the particles are stabilized against coalescence by their high negative charge.

Microfluidic-Based Formulation of Essential Oils-Loaded Chitosan Coated PLGA Particles Enhances Their Bioavailability and Nematocidal Activity.

In this study, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles were synthesized and coated with chitosan. Three essential oil (EO) components (eugenol, linalool, and geraniol) were entrapped inside these PLGA particles by using the continuous flow-focusing microfluidic method and a partially water-miscible solvent mixture (dichloromethane: acetone mixture (1:10)). Encapsulation of EO components in PLGA particles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction, with encapsulation efficiencies 95.14%, 79.68%, and 71.34% and loading capacities 8.88%, 8.38%, and 5.65% in particles entrapped with eugenol, linalool, and geraniol, respectively. The EO components’ dissociation from the loaded particles exhibited an initial burst release in the first 8 h followed by a sustained release phase at significantly slower rates from the coated particles, extending beyond 5 days. The EO components encapsulated in chitosan coated particles up to 5 μg/mL were not cytotoxic to bovine gut cell line (FFKD-1-R) and had no adverse effect on cell growth and membrane integrity compared with free EO components or uncoated particles. Chitosan coated PLGA particles loaded with combined EO components (10 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the motility of the larval stage of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei by 76.9%, and completely inhibited the motility of adult worms (p < 0.05). This nematocidal effect was accompanied by considerable cuticular damage in the treated worms, reflecting a synergistic effect of the combined EO components and an additive effect of chitosan. These results show that encapsulation of EO components, with a potent anthelmintic activity, in chitosan coated PLGA particles improve the bioavailability and efficacy of EO components against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes.

Investigation of Alogliptin-Loaded In Situ Gel Implants by 23 Factorial Design with Glycemic Assessment in Rats.

The aim of the study was to design injectable long-acting poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based in situ gel implants (ISGI) loaded with the anti-diabetic alogliptin. Providing sustained therapeutic exposures and improving the pharmacological responses of alogliptin were targeted for achieving reduced dosing frequency and enhanced treatment outputs. In the preliminary study, physicochemical characteristics of different solvents utilized in ISGI preparation were studied to select a proper solvent possessing satisfactory solubilization capacity, viscosity, water miscibility, and affinity to PLGA. Further, an optimization technique using a 23 factorial design was followed. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats after a single injection with the optimized formulation were compared with those who received daily oral alogliptin. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as highly water-miscible and low viscous solvents, demonstrated their effectiveness in successful ISGI preparation and controlling the burst alogliptin release. The impact of increasing lactide concentration and PLGA amount on reducing the burst and cumulative alogliptin release was represented. The optimized formulation comprising 312.5 mg of PLGA (65:35) and DMSO manifested a remarkable decrease in the rats’ blood glucose levels throughout the study period in comparison to that of oral alogliptin solution. Meanwhile, long-acting alogliptin-loaded ISGI systems demonstrated their feasibility for treating type 2 diabetes with frequent dosage reduction and patient compliance enhancement.

Mechanisms of separation between tetrahydrofuran and water using hydroxystearic acid

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is fully miscible in water, and it interacts with it via hydrogen (H) bonds. We discover that the fatty acid hydroxystearic acid (HSA) separates THF from water because it preferentially H-bonds water and increases the proportion of single H-bond donors (SD) relative to double H-bond donors (DD). This change in the coordination of water molecules from DD to SD leads to phase separation between THF and water. We previously established this separation mechanism using sugars and surfactants and other water miscible solvents. Here, we use attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to prove that this mechanism is also responsible for THF–water separation using HSA, thereby demonstrating the universality of the proposed separation mechanism. Using synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering, we show how HSA self-assembles into reverse micelles in THF–water mixtures and determine their persistence length and periodicity using a modified Landau model. Reverse micelles host water in their interior and swell upon increasing the water content, as shown by light scattering. They then turn into droplets detectable using optical or confocal microscopy. When THF–water emulsions separate, they yield water-rich and THF-rich free phases. ATR-FTIR reveals that the top phase of THF–water mixtures separated by HSA is THF-rich. Moreover, when Cu2+ ions are in solution, HSA causes their migration into the THF-rich phase, enabling the simultaneous separation of THF and Cu2+ cations from water. This study demonstrates the potential for engineering the water structure to aid in the separation of water-miscible solvents from water with important implications for water treatment.

Preparation and In-vitro Evaluation of Darifenacin HBr as Nanoparticles Prepared as Nanosuspension

Nanosuspension is a term that can be used to describe a colloidal dispersion of nanosized droplets of the drug in an aqueous medium with a size below 1 μm. Drug nanoparticles are one of the most significant methods to reduce the constituent part diameter and increase surface area, improving the dissolution and oral bioavailability of hydrophobic medicines, enhancing drug dissolution rate and bioavailability. Nanoparticles are produced using appropriate techniques for drug delivery applications and administered via various routes, including oral, topical, parenteral, ophthalmic, and pulmonary. Overactive bladder (OAB) affects around 16% of adults and is more common as people become older. It causes a variety of symptoms, including urgency, incontinence, urine frequency, and nocturia. DH. It is newly drug used to treat complicated OAB. It has a higher selectivity for the bladder’s muscarinic receptors. After intravenous and immediate-release oral dose forms. It suffers from extensive first-pass metabolism with a short elimination half-life and ranging between three to four hours). The current research focused on creating an extended-release dosage form utilizing Eudragit RS100. The solvent/anti-solvent precipitation method was used to make darifenacine nanoparticles. A certain quantity of medication was dissolved in a water-miscible solvent (methanol), then poured at a specific speed into water containing stabilizer on a magnetic stirrer for a 1/2-hour; after that, the resulted product was sonicated at 37°C for 15 minutes. The physicochemical interaction among medication with additives was explored utilizing fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC). The particle size and zeta potential of the generated nanosuspension were calculated.