Water Medium Research Articles

Effect of Using Fern Leaf Extract (Diplazium esculentum) in Raw Fish Feed on Growth and Feed Conversion Ratio of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

Mangrove crab or known as Scylla sp. is one of the biota whose habitat is in coastal waters, especially in mangrove forest areas. The need for mangrove crabs still largely relies on natural catches that are fluctuating. For this reason, it is necessary to cultivate mangrove crabs in a controlled manner that can support an effective, efficient and economically profitable mangrove crab farming business. Cultivation can increase mangrove crab production to meet domestic and foreign market demand. An alternative that can be chosen for mangrove crab cultivation is an apartment system that is arranged vertically in the form of a storage rack. The water medium used in this apartment system cultivation uses a recirculation system. One of the efforts to accelerate the growth of crabs is by using steroid hormones. Ecdysteroid is the main steroid hormone that has the main function as a skin replacement hormone. In addition, this hormone also regulates physiological functions, such as growth, metamorphosis, and reproduction. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of using fern leaf extract (Diplazium esculentum) in raw fish feed with different doses on growth and feed conversion ratio in mud crabs. This research method uses a field experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replicates with different percentage doses, namely: PA: Percentage of 0 ml/Kg, PB: Percentage of 100 ml/Kg, PC: Percentage of 125 ml/Kg, PD: Percentage of 150 ml/Kg, PE: 175 ml/Kg percentage. The results showed that the use of fern leaf extract in mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) feed had a significant effect on the growth of absolute weight, Absolute Length, SGR (Specific Growth Rate) and FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) where the most influential treatment was treatment E which was the highest dose of 175 ml/Kg. This indicates that treatment E is the best dose treatment for growth and feed conversion ratio of mud crab (Scylla serrata).

Visible Light-Induced Photocatalyst-Free Diastereoselective Iodosulfonylation of Cyclopropenes in Water.

This study presents a greener approach to the visible-light-induced micellar-catalyzed diastereoselective iodosulfonylation of cyclopropenes in a water medium. Remarkably, this process operates without a photocatalyst. Instead, it utilizes an electron-donor-acceptor complex formed between sulfonyl chloride and sodium iodide. This method is highly efficient and broadly applicable for both aromatic and aliphatic sulfonyl chlorides. Furthermore, this protocol enables the transformation of iodosulfonated cyclopropanes into sulfonated cyclopropenes, highlighting its substantial value as a versatile and powerful tool in synthetic chemistry.

Sodium alginate and its modified counterpart as sustainable-based corrosion inhibitors for N80 pipeline carbon steel: Experimental and theoretical approach

Sodium alginate is a highly promising biopolymer for use as an eco-friendly/green corrosion inhibitor (CI), despite its limited solubility. In this study, a green and water-soluble modified sodium alginate (MSA) salt was synthesized and employed as a CI on pipeline N80 carbon steel (N80CS) in artificial sea water (ASW) medium. Various analytical tools related to surface and structure were utilized to describe the properties of the newly synthesized MSA polymer. Along with surface analyses, the corrosion protection characteristics of MSA on N80CS substrates at various concentrations were examined using gravimetric, traditional, and sophisticated electrochemical experimentations. Tafel polarization tests revealed that MSA exhibited mixed-type CI characteristics, with a predominance of anodic inhibition. Inhibition efficiency of MSA raised with increasing concentration, attaining a maximum of 89.85 and 94.90 % at 500 and 750 ppm, respectively. The physiochemical adsorptions of MSA on the N80CS surface were verified through the Langmuir adsorption model isotherm. The corroborated adsorption of MSA on the N80CS surface through the formed inhibitor thin film to prevent metal corrosion was confirmed by the surface characterizations carried out on inhibited surfaces. The experimentally obtained results were confirmed by the theoretical investigations using the molecular dynamics and density functional theoretical aspects.

Golf Ball-like Polymer Particles by Colloidal Etching.

The unique core-corona structure of raspberry-like particles makes it an ideal template for the fabrication of golf ball-like particles by selective removal of the corona particles. However, few types of raspberry-like polymer-polymer core-corona composite particles have been used as the templates, probably because it is relatively difficult to synthesize well-defined raspberry-like polymer-polymer composite particles. We describe, for the first time, the fabrication of golf ball-like polymer particles by colloidal etching of raspberry-like poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-polystyrene (PGMA-PS) composite particles in a tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water medium with a higher THF concentration. Well-defined golf ball-like polymer particles can be obtained within 20 s. The influence of various synthesis parameters including the THF concentration, etching time, and composite particle size on the morphology of the resulting particles has been investigated, which suggests that a sufficient THF concentration is a prerequisite for the rapid formation of the golf ball-like morphology.

Removal of chlorpyrifos from aqueous medium using Ca-CuO@clay nanoflakes coated with deep eutectic solvent.

Availability of fresh water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use has become a huge challenge in different parts of the world due to continuous contamination. The leaching of different pesticides in agricultural lands is one of the major sources of water contamination that needs to be monitored and countered. The current study was designed to synthesize specific material for the removal of pesticides from aqueous medium. Facile two-step synthesis of Ca-CuO bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with kaolinite core (Ca-CuO@clay) was achieved via the co-precipitation method. These NPs were then coated with deep eutectic solvent (DES) and characterization of coated and non-coatedNPs was done by SEM, EDX, XRD method, and FTIR analytical techniques. These analyses confirmed the formation of Ca-CuO@clay NPs and coated NPs were foundhavingdual layerstructure; an inner layer composed of Ca-CuO@clay nanoparticles, and an outer layer of DES. Both the coated and non-coated nanoparticles were tested for pesticide removal potential and degradation of the pesticide was confirmed by GCMS analysis. Degradation of Chlorpyrifos up to 62% and 89% was achieved using the coated and non-coated nanoparticles respectively. The results revealed that coating of nanomaterial with DES will be helpful in controlling the surface properties, shelf-life, and stability of the NPs that will surely modifytheir efficiency for different applications. The authors suggest that Ca-CuO@clay NPs can be an excellent choice towards improving wastewater treatment technologies for the removal of pesticides from water medium.

The Influence of Milling Conditions on the Structure and Properties of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

In this work, a new two-stage scalable method for the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles for biomedical applications is proposed. The influence of the milling time, medium, and surfactants on the formation of the structure, magnetic, and functional properties of magnetite nanoparticles has been studied. Comprehensive investigation of the formation of the structure and properties of magnetite nanoparticles has been carried out using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, measurements of magnetic properties, specific loss power (SLP), and cytotoxicity. It was shown that the milling medium of water with the addition of trisodium citrate is a harsher milling condition compared to octadecene-1 with the addition of oleic acid. Continuous milling for 50 h allowed to obtain a fraction of colloidally stable nanoparticles at the level of 80–90%. Harsher milling conditions led to the formation of a larger fraction of superparamagnetic particles, which reduced the coercivity and SLP. The maximum SLP value of 1140 W/g was reached by large particles, while nanoparticles had decreased SLP values of 100–190 W/g, which was completely determined by the coercivity dependence. Different synthesis conditions allowed obtaining particles with different cytotoxicity against PC-3 cells.

Biosorption of petroleum compounds from aqueous solutions using walnut shells

Herein, a walnut shell as a biosorbent was applied to remove petroleum compounds from the water medium. The characterization analyses of the walnut shells showed the macro-mesopore structure of the walnut shells, a specific surface area of 26 m2/g, and the presence of various functional groups (-OH, -COOH, -C = O). The CCD design showed that the walnut shell can remove 84.43% of petroleum compounds at pH = 3 (the optimum pH), adsorbent dosage: 2 g/L, and initial concentration of petroleum compounds: 550 mg/L. The study of kinetics and adsorption equilibrium indicated matching the experimental data with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm, respectively. The maximum adsorption ability of walnut shell was 3038.29 mg/g at 45 °C. The ability to regenerate and reuse the walnut shell was investigated in 6 cycles, and the results showed a 21% decrease in adsorption ability after 6 cycles. The obtained data showed that the walnut shells could be a promising adsorbent with high adsorption ability toward petroleum components. Also, the walnut shell is a regenerable adsorbent, low-cost, and environmentally friendly, and can be effective in successive cycles. Therefore, this biosorbent can have a superb influence on wastewater treatment technology and possible applications at an industrial scale.

Naphthalen-2-yl-N′-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzohydrazonate as dual metal ion chemosensor for the detection of Fe3+ and Na+ ions

New probe naphthalen-2-yl-N′-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzohydrazonate (NHBH) chemosensor has been prepared and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass Spectroscopic techniques. The probe (NHBH) was subjected to study its cation sensing ability with twelve different metal chloride salt (Al3+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, K+ and Na+) in 1:4 methanol water medium by using absorption and emission titration experiments. The results showed that the probe detected Fe3+ and Na ​+ ​ions by showing absorption enhancement and fluorescence emission quenching. Further, NHBH exhibited good selectivity for Fe3+ and Na ​+ ​ions in the presence of mostother metal ions. Job's plot analysis authenticated the 1:1 binding nature of NHBH with Fe3+ and Na ​+ ​ions. Further, DFT studies validated the formation of probe (NHBH), fluorophore-quencher (Fe-NHBH) complex formation.

Environment aging of lignocellulosic fibers and their composites: Visual, mechanical, and microstructural aspects

The current experimental investigation reports the performance of intra-hybrid woven jute-sisal lignocellulosic fibers, and their polypropylene composites subjected to different aging conditions (distilled water, vegetable oil, and alkali solution) for a prolonged time of 6 months. The effect of different aging mediums on chemical composition of fibers, such as, variation in cellulose and hemicellulose content was analyzed to understand the degradation mechanisms and their structure property relationship established. Significant degradation in mechanical properties was observed with exposure to alkali followed by water mediums due to degradation of fibers and thereby results in poor interfacial characteristics, while sustained durability in terms of mechanical properties was observed with oil-based aging. Highest reduction was observed in tensile strength (11 % and 34 %), flexural strength (16 % and 20 %), tensile modulus (44 % and 58 %), and flexural modulus (51 % and 52 %) after 3-month and 6 months of alkali-aging, respectively as compared to un-aged specimens. Furthermore, the visual appeal of materials was significantly affected due to aging in an alkali solution followed by distilled water, while vegetable oil has not shown any visual degradation.

Evaluation of Colour Stability in Orthodontic E-Chains in Various Solutions: An in Vitro Study

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the colour stability of orthodontic elastomeric chains (E-chains) immersed in various solutions, simulating conditions encountered during orthodontic treatment. A total of 75 samples were divided into 5 groups based on the solutions used for immersion: control medium, chlorhexidine mouthwash, carbonated drink, honey lemon water and turmeric water in the time duration of 12hrs, 24hrs and 72hrs such as 5 samples per solution and time. The colour stability was assessed using the CIE Lab* colour space system, and changes were quantified using the ΔE* (Delta E) formula. The results demonstrated significant differences in colour stability across the solutions. In descending order, the colour of the samples was: turmeric water, honey lemon water, carbonated drink, chlorhexidine mouthwash and control medium. The findings indicated that exposure to chromogenic solutions can adversely affect the aesthetic properties of E-chains, which may influence patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes. The study highlights the importance of understanding the impact of dietary habits on the aesthetic integrity of orthodontic E-chains. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term implications of these findings on orthodontic treatments and to investigate potential methods to enhance the colour stability of E-chains in clinical settings.

Shear-induced oil separation from a sand particle moving in water

Removing oil attached to fine solid particles in water purification presents challenging technical, economic, and ecological issues. The present work numerically investigates the shear effect on oil that contains a 100-μm-diameter sand particle in a water medium. In this research, we employ the coupled level set and volume of fluid method to track interface evolution accurately. An adaptive mesh refinement technique allows us to resolve an interface down to 60 nm. Computations at various particle Reynolds numbers (Rep=2−200) and oil film thicknesses (5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of the diameter) reveal four coating behaviour scenarios: deformation, tail formation, partial separation, and full separation. The oil film negligibly deforms at Rep≤5 at most film thicknesses. The separation occurs in full or partial regimes at higher Rep and thicker films. A thinner film forms a tail that periodically fluctuates. The analysis shows that these fluctuations uniquely reshape the oil tail at each time period.

Experimental and numerical analysis of rubber isolator dynamic stiffness under hydrostatic pressure

Due to their function in damping and attenuating vibrations, as well as their relatively low cost, rubber isolators have widespread applications in industries such as aerospace, automotive and maritime. As components with distinct nonlinear behavior, accurately predicting the dynamic characteristics of isolators is essential for overall structural design and vibration noise prediction. Although extensive research has been conducted on the static and dynamic performance of rubber isolators, there has been limited investigation into performance under certain specialized application scenarios, such as hydrostatic pressure environments. These environments are indeed real, for instance, isolators employed in the bow ballast tank of underwater vehicle to mitigate vibrations during weapon launch processes. In such instances, isolators are subjected not only to the influence of added mass due to the water medium during vibration but also to increasing hydrostatic pressure on the isolator surface with increasing depth. This study introduces an original experimental apparatus capable of measuring the dynamic stiffness of isolators while simulating hydrostatic pressure conditions. The constitutive model parameters governing the hyperelastic and viscoelastic properties of rubber were identified via nonlinear tests, serving as input parameters for numerically predicting the dynamic stiffness within a water medium environment. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the impacts of preload, water medium, boundary conditions, and hydrostatic pressure on the dynamic stiffness of the isolator. Results indicate that preload tends to reduce peak dynamic stiffness in the shear directions, while the water medium significantly increases high-frequency dynamic stiffness in the shear directions. Within the range of 1 MPa, the impact of increasing hydrostatic pressure on dynamic stiffness can be largely disregarded. When calculating the dynamic stiffness of the isolator, it is crucial to consider the actual installation environment and set the acoustic boundary conditions of the surrounding water domain accordingly.

Continuous flow photocatalytic reactor for degradation of selected pollutants: Modeling, kinetics, mineralization rate, and toxicity assessment

This study focused on developing and evaluating a continuous flow photoreactor with an immobilized photocatalyst. The titanium dioxide powder was deposited on glass beads and packed into sequentially connected columns surrounded by LED lamps. The volume of the reactor without beads is 2.4 L, and with beads, 0.8 L. The photocatalytic efficiency of the reactor was evaluated by observing the degradation of Plasmocorinth B pollutant and selected pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac) at different flow rates under illumination of varying number of lights in deionized water and ISO medium. CFD simulations were performed to analyze the velocity and radiation field. The relationship between mass transfer and reaction kinetics was quantitatively evaluated by calculating the Peclet number, Damköhler number, and mass transfer coefficients. Total organic carbon (TOC) was also measured in the resulting solutions to determine the rate of mineralization. The toxicity tests were performed by exposing the solutions to the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna for 48 h. The results showed that the number of lights directly and the flow rate inversely affected the degradation of the parent compound. At lower flow rates, total degradation of 87–97 % of the contaminants was observed in one flow and halving the light intensity resulted in a 10–15 % decrease in overall degradation. The toxicity tests showed that toxic transformation products were formed and were present until the complete degradation of the parent compound, after which they were also degraded. This study shows that the continuous flow photoreactor presents a potential solution for large-scale wastewater treatment.

WaterHE-NeRF: Water-ray matching neural radiance fields for underwater scene reconstruction

Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) technology demonstrates immense potential in novel viewpoint synthesis tasks due to its physics-based volumetric rendering process, which is particularly promising in underwater scenes. However, existing underwater NeRF methods face challenges in handling light attenuation caused by the water medium and the lack of real Ground Truth (GT) supervision. To address these issues, we propose WaterHE-NeRF, a novel approach incorporating a water-ray matching field developed based on Retinex theory. This field precisely encodes color, density, and illuminance attenuation in three-dimensional space. WaterHE-NeRF employs an illuminance attenuation mechanism to generate degraded and clear multi-view images, optimizing image restoration by combining reconstruction loss with Wasserstein distance. Furthermore, using histogram equalization (HE) as pseudo-GT, WaterHE-NeRF enhances the network’s accuracy in preserving original details and color distribution. Extensive experiments on real underwater and synthetic datasets validate the effectiveness of WaterHE-NeRF.

Fabrication and Characterization of Biocompatible Multilayered Elastomer Hybrid with Enhanced Water Permeation Resistance for Packaging of Implantable Biomedical Devices.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of hexadecyl-modified SiO2 (HD-SiO2) nanoparticles and their application in the fabrication of a multilayered elastomer hybrid sheet to enhance water resistance in implantable biomedical devices. The surface modification of SiO2 nanoparticles was confirmed via FT-IR and TGA analyses, showing the successful grafting of hydrophobic hexadecyl groups. FE-SEM and DLS analyses revealed spherical HD-SiO2 nanoparticles with an average size of 360 nm. A multilayered elastomer hybrid sheet, consisting of a PDMS-based circuit-protecting body, a water resistance layer of HD-SiO2, a planarization layer, and a biocompatible layer of polydopamine, was fabricated and characterized. The water resistance layer exhibited superhydrophobic properties, with a water contact angle of 154.7° and a 27% reduction in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) compared to the circuit-protecting body alone. The device packaged with both the circuit-protecting body and water resistance layer demonstrated a tenfold increase in operational lifespan in water medium compared to the device without the water resistance layer. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation tests on human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFn) confirmed the biocompatibility of the multilayered sheet, with no significant cytotoxicity observed over 48 h.

Polarization optical properties of suspended particles measurement in water by a polarized Scheimpflug lidar system.

The polarization optical properties of suspended particles in water play a pivotal role in numerical simulation or real water medium detection. Polarized multi-wavelength oceanic lidar provides an effective method for characterizing the size, shape, and concentration of suspended particles. In this paper, we present a concise and effective optical approach to measure the information in the polarization of the lidar signal with 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° polarization angles of suspended particles by laboratory experiments based on polarized Scheimpflug lidar system. This work uses typical suspended particles with different sizes and shapes as tracer particles to analyze particulate polarization information. Experiments with spherical or irregular silicon dioxide particles show that these particles can be effectively distinguished by analyzing the polarization optical properties of the backward scattering light. The laboratory system can classify suspended particles and may serve as a shipborne oceanic lidar or be used with submersibles.

Diversity and Antifungal Susceptibilities of Yeasts from Mangroves in Hong Kong, China-A One Health Aspect.

While mangrove ecosystems are rich in biodiversity, they are increasingly impacted by climate change and urban pollutants. The current study provides first insights into the emergence of potentially pathogenic yeasts in Hong Kong's mangroves. Sediment and water samples were collected from ten urban and rural mangroves sites. Initial CHROMagarTM Candida Plus screening, representing the first application of this differential medium for water and soil samples collected from a non-clinical environment, enabled the rapid, preliminary phenotypic identification of yeast isolates from mangroves. Subsequent molecular profiling (ITS and/or 28S nrDNA sequencing) and antifungal drug susceptibility tests were conducted to further elucidate yeast diversity and drug resistance. A diversity of yeasts, including 45 isolates of 18 distinct species across 13 genera/clades, was isolated from sediments and waters from Hong Kong mangroves. Molecular profiling revealed a dominance of the Candida/Lodderomyces clade (44.4%), a group of notorious opportunistic pathogens. The findings also reveal a rich biodiversity of non-Candida/Lodderomyces yeasts in mangroves, including the first reported presence of Apiotrichum domesticum and Crinitomyces flavificans. A potentially novel Yamadazyma species was also discovered. Remarkably, 14.3% of the ubiquitous Candida parapsilosis isolates displayed resistance to multiple antifungal drugs, suggesting that mangroves may be reservoirs of multi-drug resistance. Wildlife, especially migratory birds, may disseminate these hidden threats. With significant knowledge gaps regarding the environmental origins, drug resistance, and public health impacts of pathogenic yeasts, urgent surveillance is needed from a One Health perspective. This study provides an early warning that unrestrained urbanization can unleash resistant pathogens from coastal ecosystems globally. It underscores the necessity for enhanced surveillance studies and interdisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, ornithologists, and environmental microbiologists to effectively monitor and manage this environmental health risk, ensuring the maintenance of 'One Health'.

Mechanistic Model for Drug Release from PLGA-Based Biodegradable Implants for In Vitro Release Testing: Development and Validation.

Several factors can affect drug release from polylactide coglycolide (PLGA)-based formulations, including polymer and drug properties, formulation components, manufacturing processes, and environmental in vitro or in vivo conditions. To achieve optimal release profiles for specific drug delivery applications, it is crucial to understand the mechanistic processes that determine drug release from PLGA-based formulations. In the current study, we developed a mechanistic model for the in vitro drug release of PLGA-based solid implants. The model accounts for all known critical quality attributes (CQAs) and considers the most important release rate processes, including water or dissolution medium influx into the porous structure of the implant, initial noncatalytic hydrolysis of PLGA, autocatalytic hydrolysis, dissolution of oligomers and monomers into the aqueous medium, the liberation of the trapped solid drug from the polymer matrix, dissolution of the solid drug into the wetted pore network, diffusion of the dissolved drug out of the implant, and distribution of the dissolved drug into the dissolution medium. The model has been validated using in vitro release data obtained from implants of four drugs (buserelin, afamelanotide, brimonidine, and nafarelin). The model presented in this manuscript provides valuable insights into the kinetics and mechanism of drug release from PLGA-based solid implants and has demonstrated the potential for optimizing formulation design. The in vitro release model, coupled with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, can predict the in vivo performance of implants and can be used to support bioequivalence studies in a drug development program.

Comparison of radiant intensity in aqueous media using experimental and numerical simulation techniques

Accurately modelling the propagation of radiant intensity in aqueous environments poses significant challenges for both academia and industry, due to complex interactions like absorption, scattering, and reflection. This study aims to improve the accuracy of optical modeling in water-based systems by comparing experimental data with numerical simulation techniques, addressing the need for more reliable simulation methods in multiple applications like treatment of water and environmental monitoring.Implementation has been done by analyzing how the method compares with the discrete ordinate method, radiometry, and actinometry. The study further quantifies the effect of the photoreactor quartz tube on measured intensity for multiple wavelengths. Losses in light intensity are estimated to be 10 ± 0.5% for FX-1 265 source. In contrast, the simulation in a water medium showed an increase of up to 64% in the light intensity delivered to the central part of the tube due to internal reflections and scattering. Model predictions from ray tracing successfully compared with the Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM) and experimental data (within ± 6%), ensuring the accurate design of complex systems for water disinfection. The data from simulations is seen to tackle challenges faced in complex radiation modeling and demonstrates that the method can be utilized as a useful tool for optimization and prediction.

Cu/N-doped carbon spheres derived from soybean flour as an active green nanocomposite for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives

Cu immobilized onto N-doped carbon spheres (Cu/N-doped CS) derived from soybean flour was synthesized via the hydrothermal method and certified as a green high-efficiency catalyst for the regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles. The obtained N-doped carbon spheres from a combination of glucose and soy flour have a larger size and suitable affinity for load copper species. The morphology and structure of the as-prepared catalyst have been confirmed based on FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, BET, and ICP-OES characterizations. The catalytic performance of the Cu/N-doped carbon spheroids was investigated experimentally. It was found that the Cu/N-doped CS nanocomposite has a high efficiency and recyclability for 5 cycles without any appreciable loss in its catalytic activity in the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles via the three-component condensation reaction of various epoxide/alkyl or aryl halides, sodium azide, and phenylacetylene in a water medium. Furthermore, significant advantages such as stability, ease of preparation, low cost of the carbon resource, high regioselectivity, and good product yield have been achieved in the heterogeneous catalyst system attractive for large-scale in many industrial products.