Water Level Test Research Articles

Modification of USBR Type III Stilling Basin Using a Stepp Stair Model to Improve Hydraulic Performance and Energy Dissipation Effectiveness

This research examines common problems in open and closed transition channels, including hydraulic instability due to changes in channel shape that cause cross flow at constrictions or widenings. Closed channels experience turbulence at the outlet, require additional blocks to balance the flow, and can cause damage in downstream rivers due to suboptimal energy absorbers, requiring annual maintenance. Energy dissipators handle energy loss due to elevation differences. The research method involved modeling and testing at the ITS Water Resources and Ocean Engineering Laboratory with several alternatives. The results show that the ratio of Y2 and Y1 and the hydraulic jump length affect the efficiency of the stabilization pond. In the study, the negative Stepp stair model had an energy dissipation ratio of 67.30% and an efficiency of 32.70%. The water level test on the USBR III model shows the difference in elevation between the USBR type and the Stepp stair. The USBR III Stilling Basin had the lowest elevation of +1.65 and the highest of +16.95, while the Stepp stair model had the lowest elevation of +1.65 and the highest of +17.95. The velocities of the Stepp stair model are in a lower range than the USBR Type III Stilling Basin model. The velocities in the USBR Type III model ranged from 19.17 m/s to 29.80 m/s, while those in the Stepp Stair model ranged from 17.42 m/s to 28.14 m/s. If this model is applied later, it will reduce erosion symptoms downstream of the stilling basin due to lower velocities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v45.i01.5648

Analisis Kadar Kafein dan Antioksidan Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Robusta coffee is one of Indonesia's premier commodities known both domestic and international markets. Coffee beans are known to contain polyphenol, a flavonoid substance listed as one of the strong antioxidants, particularly chlorogenic acid (cholorogenic acid), which is one of the known resistance to free radical conditions. The study is aimed at recognizing the effect of increasing yeast and optimizing time fermentation on caffeine content and antioxidant activity on robusta coffee beans. The study is an experimental study aimed at recognizing the effects of increased yeast and longer fermentation on the characteristics of pubic coffee covering acidity (ph), total caffeine, total phenol, and antioxidal activity. Research design is a complete random design (ral). The factors noted are the five degrees of yeast concentration (k), the concentration of leaven 0% (k0), the concentration of leaven 1% (k1), the concentration of leaven 2% (k2), the concentration of yeast 3% (k3), and the concentration of yeast 4% (k4). Analysis of each treatment involves degrees of acidity, total caffeine, water level, and phytocyination test. Fingerprint analysis will show the best treatment of the effects of yeast increases and longer fermentation. Studies are expected to provide information on the best quality of fermented robusta coffee. Based on research that has been compared to the conditions of the characteristic characteristic of fermented arabic-ground coffee using s. cerevisiae with a concentration of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% according to coffee characteristics 01-3542-2004 based on water sni 2.33-1.68% b/b, the coffee saris 301-30%35% b/b and caffeine level 1.18-1,01% b/b. The fermentation process reduces the pH and sugar reduction and the formation of ethanol.

Sex differences in mental rotation: the role of stereotyped material, perceived performance and extrinsic spatial ability

ABSTRACT Men usually outperform women in mental rotation tests with larger differences in paper-pencil tests than in chronometric tests. Using male or female stereotyped objects instead of cube figures as rotational material, interactions of sex and material appear in paperpencil tests. In the present study, 117 participants (72 women) solved a chronometric mental rotation test with male and female stereotyped objects, rated their test performance, and solved a water-level test. A significant interaction of sex and material in the mental rotation test illustrates a significant sex difference in the male but not in the female version. Participants' perceived performance and their water-level test performance predicted their mental rotation performance. Above that, participants' sex predicted the results in the male version of the mental rotation test. Stereotype threat and lift effects in women are discussed as potential reasons for the absent sex differences in the mental rotation test with female stereotyped objects.

The Effects of Different Concentrations of Bay Leaf Extract on Shelf Life of Preserved Scad Fish

Scad fish (Decapterus kurroides) is the most productive fish species. To provide the added value, fishermen can process scad fish into various forms of processed products, such as preserved fish, which extend the shelf life. In order to extend the shelf life of canned fish, natural preservatives could be used that contain antimicrobial agents, such as bay leaves. The present study aimed to determine the effects of bay leaf extract in different concentrations on the shelf life of preserved scad fish. In the present study, the completely randomized design was used as an experimental research method. The treatments given differed in terms of the concentration of the bay leaf extract. The groups were treated as the scad fish without bay leaf extract (A), scad fish soaked in 6% of bay leaf extract (B), scad fish soaked in 7% of bay leaf extract (C), scad fish soaked in 8% of bay leaf extract (D), and scad fish soaked in 9% of bay leaf extract (E). The analyzed parameters included the total plate count, pH, and water level test using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The supportive parameters observed included an organoleptic test. The results indicated that the lowest total bacterial count from the beginning to the end of the experiment (18 hours) occurred on treatment C (7% of bay leaf extract addition), which was 1.54 × 103 to 5.85 × 106. Regarding the water level test from the beginning to the end of the experiment, treatment A (control) was not significantly different from other treatments. The difference in the concentration of bay leaf extract on scad fish effectively inhibited the growth of bacterial colonies. In conclusion, adding bay leaf extract to scad fish could inhibit bacteria for up to 12 hours. Treatment C (7% of bay leaf extract) gave the best results since this concentration level could inhibit the bacteria on scad fish.

RANCANG BANGUN AKUAPONIK BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS

Currently technology is growing so that many tools are created, especially reforms inagriculture. Aquaponics is a combination of hydroponic and aquaculture techniques intoaquaponics techniques. This aquaponics technique only uses water as a growing medium.Cultivating aquaponics does not require a large area of land, it can be done in the yard of ahouse that does not have a large area. Currently aquaponics techniques have developed,especially in modern agriculture because this aquaponics technique will use an Internet ofThings (IoT) based system. Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept in which the virtual world of information technology blends with real objects in the real world. In other words, the Internetof Things (IoT) is a concept which aims to expand the benefits of continuously connectedinternet connectivity. This system is built using the Node Mcu Esp8266 microcontroller as thecontrol center and uses the Raspberry Pi 3 type B mini PC as visual notification and is equippedwith a pH sensor 4502C, DS18B20 temperature sensor, Servo Motor, SRF05 sensor. A plantcommonly used in aquaponics is pakcoy, which is one of the most widespread vegetables inAsia. While the fish used in aquaponics techniques are freshwater fish, one of which is parrotfish. In testing the pH sensor is carried out with 3 conditions, namely when the pH is normal,acidic and alkaline on the sensor test detects normal pH, acid and alkaline approaching theresults of the pH meter comparison tool, then the water level test is carried out with 2 conditions,namely when the water is normal and reduced by using a ruler comparison tool, where thesensor has a little detecting error, on testing the water temperature sensor using a thermometercomparator has an error detecting the state of the aquaponic water temperature. When testingthe chat feature is done by typing / getdata, the application will send a chat with sub watertemperature, water level, water pH, then testing the camera feature is done by typing /getpHoto, the application will send a picture of the condition of the aquaponics.

Sexual Orientation and Cognitive Ability: A Multivariate Meta-Analytic Follow-Up

A cross-sex shift model of human sexual orientation differences predicts that homosexual men should perform or score in the direction of heterosexual women, and homosexual women in the direction of heterosexual men, in behavioral domains such as cognition and personality. In order to test whether homosexual men and women’s cognitive performance was closer to that of heterosexual men or that of heterosexual women (i.e., sex-atypical for their sex and closer to that of the opposite-sex), we conducted a multivariate meta-analysis based on data from our previous meta-analysis (Xu, Norton, & Rahman, 2017). A subset of this data was used and comprised 30 articles (and 2 unpublished datasets) and 244,434 participants. The multivariate meta-analysis revealed that homosexual men were sex-atypical in mental rotation (Hedges’ g = −0.36) and the water level test (Hedges’ g = −0.55). In mental rotation, homosexual men were in-between heterosexual men and women. There was no significant group difference on spatial location memory. Homosexual men were also sex-atypical on male-favoring spatial-related tasks (Hedges’ g = −0.54), and female-favoring spatial-related tasks (Hedges’ g = 0.38). Homosexual women tended to be sex-typical (similar to heterosexual women). There were no significant group differences on male-favoring “other” tasks or female-favoring verbal-related tasks. Heterosexual men and women differed significantly on female-favoring “other” tasks. These results support the cross-sex shift hypothesis which predicts that homosexual men perform in the direction of heterosexual women in sex differentiated cognitive domains. However, the type of task and cognitive domain tested is critical.

River Depth Analysis Using Multibeam Echosounder for Coal Ship Cruise Line (Case Study: Mahakam River, East Kalimantan)

Kalimantan is one of the largest coal producing regions in Indonesia. With abundant mining products, mining companies in Kalimantan need transportation media that can cover most of the mining areas. Water transportation is the answer that mining company need to transport mining products such a coal product. The Mahakam River is the main water transportation medium used to connect areas that can not be traversed by land in Kalimantan. In order to get safe transportation a cruise line must be developed. The cruise line is made from bathymetry survey using Multibeam Echosounder. The purpose of this study is to provide a safe cruise line for ships to pass the Mahakam River. A path will be made from bathymetry data and built from two specification. First specification is indonesian standard from kramadibrata and second is from ship specification itself. The data used for this research is from PT. Seascape Surveys Indonesia. Because the bathymetry data is the property of PT.Seascape Surveys Indonesia, the coordinates of this research area can not be mentioned and local coordinates are used to maintain the confidentiality of the company's data. Bathymetric data were corrected with survey error parameters consisting of tidal correction correction, sound velocity profiler, gradient, water level and patch test. The depth of bathymetry data has reference to EGM96 during data retrieval and LLWL with reference EGM08 for Map. From the analysis of bathymetry maps of the Mahakam River, there will be recommendation which ship can pass the mahakam river and which ship is can’t.

Do geology field courses improve penetrative thinking?

Geoscientists use spatial thinking skills in many common tasks, such as adding a third dimension to two-dimensional maps by drawing cross-sections or envisioning rock fabrics from a single hand sample or exposure. Field courses allow students to practice and develop those skills in authentic settings. This study examines the development of spatial perception and geoscience-specific penetrative thinking skills, as measured by paired pre- and posttests using the water-level test and the Geologic Block Cross-Sectioning Test, in a sophomore field mapping course. Students began the course with strong spatial perception skills, but developed their penetrative thinking skills significantly (p < 0.0001) between the beginning and end of the course. Furthermore, the gender gap in penetrative thinking skills that existed at the beginning of the course was eliminated by the time the course ended. This work can be used as a baseline for comparison with results of nonfield-based exercises that are designed to develop geologic penetrative thinking skills in other ways.

Sone megafan: a non-Himalayan megafan of craton origin, forming a potential groundwater reservoir in marginal parts of Ganga Basin, India

The Sone River megafan in the Marginal Alluvial Plain (MAP) in the southern parts of the Ganga Basin (India) holds potential aquifer systems within a hydrogeologically poor region with limited groundwater potential. The work investigates the hydrostratigraphy and hydrogeological characteristics, including the yield potential and hydraulic parameters of the aquifer systems in the megafan, by analyzing borehole lithologs (n = 78), drill-cut sediment (n = 5), depth to water level (n = 112) and pumping test data (n = 19). The aquifer materials comprise oxidized and brownish-yellow fine to very coarse sand and gravels (mean size range 0.21–1.34 mm), constituting ~10–90% of the sedimentary column within the depth of 250 m below ground level (bgl). Two aquifer systems are delineated within the depth, marked by a middle clay layer lying at 87–139 m bgl. The phreatic aquifer within the top aquitard depicts shallow water levels, which varied between 0.6 and 12.0 m bgl. The discharge in the tube wells tapping the second aquifer system varies between ~46 and 250 m3/h. The transmissivity values were estimated up to 23,696 m2/d (generally 5,000–10,000 m2/d). The storativity values (range 2.6 × 10−9 to 5.0 × 10−3) indicate a confined state of groundwater in the aquifer system. The hydraulic conductivity values of 21–369 and 31–196 m/d, as estimated by a grain-size based empirical method, suggest high groundwater potential of both the first and second aquifer systems, respectively. The groundwater source availability in the megafan is supported by copious supply of source water where the palaeochannels act as conduits of recharge.

The Solid Phase Curing Time Effect of Asbuton with Texapon Emulsifier at the Optimum Bitumen Content

Buton asphalt (asbuton) could not be utilized optimally in Indonesia. Asbuton utilization rate was still low because the processed product of asbuton still have impracticable form in the term of use and also requiring high processing costs. This research aimed to obtain asphalt products from asbuton practical for be used through the extraction process and not requiring expensive processing cost. This research was done with experimental method in laboratory. The composition of emulsify asbuton were 5/20 grain, premium, texapon, HCl, and aquades. Solid phase was the mixture asbuton 5/20 grain and premium with 3 minutes mixing time. Liquid phase consisted texapon, HCl and aquades. The aging process was done after solid phase mixing process in order to reaction and tie of solid phase mixed become more optimal for high solubility level of asphalt production. Aging variable time were 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes. Solid and liquid phase was mixed for emulsify asbuton production, then extracted for 25 minutes. Solubility level of asphalt, water level, and asphalt characteristic was tested at extraction result of emulsify asbuton with most optimum ashphal level. The result of analysis tested data asphalt solubility level at extract asbuton resulted 94.77% on 120 minutes aging variable time. Water level test resulted water content reduction on emulsify asbuton more long time on occurring of aging solid phase. Examination of asphalt characteristic at extraction result of emulsify asbuton with optimum asphalt solubility level, obtain specimen that have rigid and strong texture in order that examination result have not sufficient ductility and penetration value.

Sex and Ability Differences in Neural Strategy for Piaget's Water Level Test.

To explore brain activation differences between the sexes and between high and low performers on spatial perception performance, 43 college students (20 males and 23 females) performed the Piaget's Water Level Test (WLT) while their electroencephalogram signals were recorded. A 2 (Sex) × 2 (Group: high performing vs. low performing) × 2 (Hemisphere: left vs. right) × 3 (Region: frontal, parietal, and temporal) mixed analysis of variance on beta power data showed that females more significantly activated the left hemisphere when performing the WLT, suggesting their application of an analytic strategy. In contrast, males showed a bilateral activation pattern, suggesting their use of an analytic- or holistic-combined strategy. Moreover, superior performance on the WLT was associated with enhanced temporal lobe functioning, suggesting that a superior analytic skill is key to successful performance on the WLT. There is likely modulating impact of both cognitive style and specific task properties on spatial perception strategy preferences.

The relation between childhood spatial activities and spatial abilities in adulthood

This study investigated the relation between childhood spatial activities and cognitive gender differences in adults through the validation of the Childhood Activities Questionnaire developed by Cherney and Voyer (2010). A sample of 403 (133 males, 270 females) undergraduates in Introductory Psychology courses at University of New Brunswick, NB, Canada and Creighton University, NE, USA completed verbal and spatial tests and recalled their involvement in childhood activities. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by correlating spatial and masculine scales of the Activities Questionnaire with spatial and verbal measures. Spatial and masculine activities were correlated in the predicted direction with performance in spatial measures. Childhood spatial activities were a significant predictor of adult performance on the Water Level Test and math grades over and above the influence of gender. Results confirm the value of the Activities Questionnaire, and importance of childhood activities in promoting spatial skills in adulthood.

Sex differences in spatial cognition among Hadza foragers

This paper describes sex differences in spatial competencies among the Hadza, a mobile hunter–gatherer population in Tanzania. It addresses the following questions: (a) Is the usual male advantage in Euclidean spatial abilities found in this population, where both women and men are highly mobile? (b) Do Hadza women have better object location memory than men, as the gathering hypothesis predicts? (c) Do women who are nominated by others as being good at finding bushfoods excel at the object location memory task? We tested object location memory with a version of the memory game using cards of local plants and animals. This allowed us to also ask whether women and men would have better spatial memory for the plant and animal cards, respectively. We found that Hadza men were significantly better than women in three tests of spatial ability: the water-level test, targeting, and the ability to point accurately to distant locations (the latter only in the less mobile groups). There was a trend toward a male advantage at the object location memory task, in contrast to results found previously in nonforaging populations, and women's performance at the task deteriorated with age, while that of men did not. The women who were nominated by peers as being good at finding bushfoods were consistently older women. We discuss the probable hormonal causes and functional consequences of age changes in the spatial competencies of female foragers.

Mapping Out Spatial Ability: Sex Differences in Way-Finding Navigation

This study examined how navigational strategies, map drawing, and map reading skills may be related in spatial perception performance of 124 U.S. undergraduate men and women who completed one of two versions of Collaer and Nelson's Judgment of Line Angle and Position-15 test and Piaget's Water Level Test. Analysis indicated sex differences in performance were eliminated when self-perceptions of map reading, map drawing, and navigational skills were used as covariates. The men used an orientation (cardinal), whereas the women used a landmark way-finding strategy. Introducing a fine motor skill to solve the Judgment of Line Angle and Position-15 eliminated the sex difference. The data suggest spatial perception is in part influenced by map reading and way-finding strategies.

Imagery and Perceptual Basis of Matching Tasks in Young Children

Object identification in perceptual tests may include constituents of mental rotation. A matching-to-sample task was conducted with same or different objects to look for evidence of rotation. Elementary schoolchildren (6 to 8 years old) in Grades 1 to 4 (N = 264) participated, using the inclined Flags Test and the Water Level Test to ensure that children can use kinematic imagery for the Flags Test even if they used static imagery for the Water Level Test. Performance on the inclined Flags Test varied by age group. Use of implicit mental rotation of the inclined object was inferred in recognition. Also, children at the pre-operational stage showed a rotational effect, i.e., they could transform the object by turning it, thereby confirming kinematic imagery is used from age 6. As a consequence, solving both rotation tasks may require not only recognition of object frames but also objects internal to the frame.

Corpus Callosum Anatomy in Right-Handed Homosexual and Heterosexual Men

The results of several studies have shown that homosexual men have an increased prevalence of non-right-handedness and atypical patterns of hemispheric functional asymmetry. Non-right-handedness in men has been associated with increased size of the corpus callosum (CC), particularly of the isthmus, which is the posterior region of the callosal body connecting parietotemporal cortical regions. We hypothesized that isthmal area would be greater in homosexual men, even among right handers. Twelve homosexual and ten heterosexual healthy young men, all consistently right-handed, underwent a research-designed magnetic resonance imaging scan. We found that the isthmal area was larger in the homosexual group, adding to the body of findings of structural brain differences between homosexual and heterosexual men. This result suggests that right-handed homosexual men have less marked functional asymmetry compared to right-handed heterosexual men. The results also indicate that callosal anatomy and laterality for motoric functions are dissociated in homosexual men. A logistic regression analysis to predict sexual orientation category correctly classified 21 of the 22 men (96% correct classification) based on area of the callosal isthmus, a left-hand performance measure, water level test score, and a measure of abstraction ability. Our findings indicate that neuroanatomical structure and cognition are associated with sexual orientation in men and support the hypothesis of a neurobiological basis in the origin of sexual orientation.

Analysis of the FIST integral tests 4DBA1, 6SB2C and T1QUV with TRAC-BFl/v2001.2

As part of the assessment of the frozen version of the PSU TRAC-BFl/v2001.2 and its qualification as a LB-LOCA and SB-LOCA code, in this work, we shall outline the comparisons between measurements and code predictions for three FIST tests: The LB-LOCA test 4DBA1, the SB-LOCA test 6SB2C and the failure to maintain water level test T1QUV. We shall study the effect of the number of axial levels in the active core as well as (in the case of the SB-LOCA test 6SB2C) the effect of the timing of the activation of the reflooding options/heat transfer package on the code predictions. Furthermore, we shall show that by using the upwinding option of some terms of the three-dimensional momentum equations, severe mass–error problems appearing in the analysis of the test T1QUV can be resolved. Generally, we shall show that although there are some differences between measurements and predictions, TRAC-BF1 captures quite well the overall behaviour of the LB-LOCA transient (depending on the number of axial nodes in the core) but underpredicts the rod surface temperatures of the SB-LOCA test 6SB2C.

Small Stress Change Triggering a Big Earthquake: a Test of theCritical Point Hypothesis for Earthquakes

Whether or not a small stress change can trigger a big earthquake is oneof the most important problems related to the critical point hypothesisfor earthquakes. We investigate global earthquakes with different focalmechanisms which have different levels of ambient shear stress. Thisambient stress level is the stress level required by the earthquakes fortheir occurrence. Earthquake pairs are studied to see whether theoccurrence of the preceding event encourages the occurrence of thesucceeding one in terms of the Coulomb stress triggering. It is observedthat the stress triggering effect produced by the change of Coulombfailure stress in the same order of magnitudes, about 10-2MPa, isdistinctly different for different focal mechanisms, and thus fordifferent ambient stress levels. For non-strike-slip earthquakes with arelatively low ambient stress level, the triggering effect is moreevident, while for strike-slip earthquakes with a relatively highambient stress level, there is no evident triggering effect. This waterlevel test provides an observational support to the critical pointhypothesis for earthquakes.

Measuring Grade-School Children's Ability to Represent the Euclidean Horizontal Coordinate

Seventy-five grade-school children were administered three tasks that measured their ability to represent the Euclidean horizontal coordinate: a traditional water-level test (WLT) that used a square-shaped vessel, a WLT that used a spherical vessel, and a task that used a crossbar apparatus. The latter two tasks differed from the traditional task in terms of the degree to which the apparatus presented a frame of reference that conflicted with environmental Euclidean coordinates. Performance was analyzed according to Piaget and Inhelder's (1956) stage-scoring system; that is, the testing procedures (a) allowed children to inspect the apparatus when it was rotated to discrete orientations; (b) corrected initial errors; and (c) included 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees trials. Age-related stages were identified on each task. Levels of performance on one task were significantly correlated with levels on each of the other two tasks. Performance was less accurate on the traditional WLT than on either of the other two measures. These results provide evidence of the validity of the alternative tasks to measure children's horizontality representation. The findings suggest that horizontality assessment procedures should include orthogonal and oblique rotations and contain an inspection phase. Use of apparatuses with conflicting frames of reference renders tasks more difficult but is not necessary to observe age-related developmental progress during the grade-school years.

The relationship between field dependence‐independence and reading outcomes in learning‐disabled children from a neo‐Piagetian perspective

Abstract In a survey of educationally handicapped subjects (aged 11.8 to 13.9 years) from a special school, this paper examines the relationship of reading speed and summarization skill to FDI (Field Dependence‐Independence) and restructuring ability. A nonsignificant correlation (0.18) was obtained between the scores on the Water‐Level Test (WLT) and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). The author examines whether field‐dependent, field‐independent and cognitively immature subjects, as shown through a combination of Raven's matrices and WLT, differ from each other in reading speed and summarization skill. The field‐independent and field‐dependent pupils did not differ, whereas the field‐dependent pupils resolved more problems in summarization skill than the cognitive immature group. Finally, no significant difference was found in reading speed and summarization skill between the subjects who had been divided into three groups using the HFT test (medium‐level, high‐level and low‐level).