Water Level System Research Articles

The station system measures the water level and amount of rain that can save the data and online through Web Server

This research paper, the aim is to create a water level and rain gauge station system that can record data and online through Web Server. To be monitor the water level of the river and the amount of water in the rainy season easily by looking through the website. The design of the water level measurement system and the amount of rain is measured with a hydrostatic sensor, Tipping Bucket. A small measuring station, easy to install, uses solar energy and has a Data Logger to record data in parallel with an online database. In the research process, the principle of correlation is used to find the relationship between two variables to find the error of the sensor, namely the water level sensor (Hydrostatic) and the rain sensor (Tipping Bucket). Through research, it was found that the measuring station, the database system can work correctly and with high stability, the water level measurement sensor is highly accurate, the error value is between 0.01 - 0.36 m, the accuracy rate is 97.38%. 98.97% compared to water level measurement stations in nearby areas. For the rain sensor, from the actual count compared to the count with the program 3 times, it is seen that there is 1 error with a deviation value of 0.3 mm. From the recorded data of 2 months (July and August) it was found that the water level is still low to moderate, away from the dangerous water level of 6.84 meters and the amount of rain is still quite high with the amount of rain. The days account for 64.51% and 54.83% of July and August respectively, but the amount of rain will be moderate to moderate. The speed used to send data from the measuring station to the web server via 3G Internet will be between 4 – 6 seconds.

Enhancing water level system based on Fuzzy PID control

Enhancing water level system based on Fuzzy PID control

Prototype of Water Level and Rainfall Detection System as Flood Warning Based On Blynk Iot Application

Rainfall in the rainy season can last for about six months, resulting in continuous rain and increasing the amount of water that causes flooding. The community does not directly get information or be informed when it rains. To anticipate these problems, the Prototype of Water Level and Rainfall Detection System as a Flood Warning Based on the Blynk IoT Application is considered effective for developing a rainfall and water level monitoring system. By using the tool design method, flowchart, system analysis (SDLC), and testing using the black box testing method. The system detects the distance between the sensor and the water surface. If the distance to the water level is close to the sensor, the system will report a flood and then switch to the Blynk software. The mobile will display a message and the system can enter all distances into the program.

Closed-Loop Stability of a Non-Minimum Phase Quadruple Tank System Using a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller with EKF

The dynamics of a quadruple tank system (QTS) represent an extensive class of multivariate nonlinear uncertain systems found in the industry. It has been established that changes in split fractions affect the transmission zero location, thereby altering the operating conditions between the minimum and non-minimum phase regions. The latter is difficult to control as more fluid flows into the two upper tanks than into the two bottom tanks, resulting in competing effects between the initial and final system responses. This attribute, alongside nonlinearity, uncertainties, constraints, and a multivariate nature, can degrade closed-loop system performance, leading to instability. In this study, we addressed the aforementioned challenges by designing controllers for the regulation of the water flow in the two bottom tanks of the QTS. For comparative analysis, three controller algorithms—a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC), NMPC augmented with an extended Kalman filter (i.e., NMPC-EKF) and linear model predictive controller (LMPC)—were considered in the analysis and design of the control mechanism for the quadruple water level system in a non-minimum phase condition via the Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) simulation package environment. The simulated and real-time results in the closed loop were analyzed, and the controller performances were considered based on faster setpoint responses, less oscillation, settling time, overshoot, and smaller integral absolute error (IAE) and integral square error (ISE) under various operational conditions. The study showed that the NMPC, when augmented with an EKF, is effective for the control of a QTS in the non-minimum phase and could be designed for more complex, nonlinear, and multivariable dynamics systems, even in the presence of constraints.

Development of a Wireless Monitoring System to Monitor River Water Levels in Real Time

This wireless monitoring system is developed to alert and warn the resident regarding the upcoming flood. Due to the floods that occur every year, especially during the monsoon season, the loss and damage done by this disaster are uncontrollable. When the water level rise-up above the safe ground, it may hit the communication substation, as well as the power tower. In most cases, many residents are not alert with their surroundings because there is no alert system that can remind them regarding to the issues that will arise. By not preparing themselves for the upcoming nature disaster, it could endanger themselves and destroy their property. Thus, this project focus on monitoring a real-time river water level system for flood prediction purposes which utilize three devices connected together in a centralized system. By having this system, people will be notified about the current situation and the water level of the river near to them via Internet of Things (IoT) such as Blynk application. ESP32 and ESP32-Cam are used as the main microcontroller to control the system. The sensor used to detect the water level at the river is TF Mini Lidar and ultrasonic sensor for the water level detection of the rain gauge. The ESP32-cam are used to monitor the surrounding area at the river. The combination of these three systems is used to monitor and predict the flood occurrence.

CONTROLLING WATER LEVEL BY USING MODIFIED MODEL FREE ADAPTIVE CONTROLLER

This paper investigates a simple mathematical model for a water level system, which consists of a DC motor (water pump), and a Speed to Height transformation block, that relates the speed of the motor, to the height of the water level. The input signal is the applied voltage to the armature of the DC motor, while the output signal is the rotational speed of the shaft. A simple modified model-free adaptive controller is suggested, to control the level of water, by adjusting the rate of the incoming water flow to the container, by changing the speed of the water pump, that fills the container. The suggested controller consists of a conventional model free adaptive controller, combined with the proportional integral derivative controller. The parameters of the controller are tuned using two methods. The overall controlled water level system is simulated through MATLAB R2015a software. The results show the efficiency of the suggested controller, when compared to the tuned PID and the MFAC, due to its least fluctuation peak, fast response with a small settling time, and zero steady-state error.

Prototype of Drainage Water Level Monitoring System Using Internet of Things (IoT) Based Web

Information on water levels needs to be conveyed quickly. So, when the rainfall is high, the supervisory team that monitor the drainage water level needs to be alert move quickly to prevent losses. In addressing these problems, the author will provide a solution in Monitoring of the water level system in the drainage water reservoir so that the operator and maintenance team can find out if there is an over discharge in the drainage water reservoir when the rainfall is very high. By utilizing ultrasonic sensors to detect changes in drainage water level. The ultrasonic sensor used has better reliability than other proximity sensors. In addition, the use of the ultrasonic sensor capability on the prototype is only on the Centimeter scale, and with the help of a buzzer as a reminder indicator (alarm) to find out the water level approaching the sensor. Float switch is also used to determine the water level, namely low, medium and high.

Intelligent Mechatronics in the Measurement, Identification, and Control of Water Level Systems: A Review and Experiment

In this paper, a unique overview of intelligent machines and mathematical methods designed and developed to measure and to control the water level in industrial or laboratory setups of coupled and cascaded configurations of tanks is made. A systematized and concise overview is made of the mechatronic systems used in the measurement, identification, and control of the water level enumerates, the software used in the associated scientific research, modern techniques and sensors, and mathematical models, as well as analysis and control strategies. The broad overview of applications of the last decade is finalized by a proposition of a control system that is based on a parameter estimation of a new experimental setup, an integral dynamic model of the system, a modern mechatronic machine such as the Watson-Marlow peristaltic pump, the Anderson Negele sensor of level, the NI cRIO-9074 controller, and LabVIEW virtual instrumentation. The results of real experimental tests, exploiting a hybrid proportional control, being improved by a numerically predicted water level, are obtained using a few tools, i.e., the static characteristics, the classical step response, and a new pyramid-shaped step function of a discontinuous path-following reference input, being introduced to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the regulation of the level height.

$R$-Print: A System Residuals-Based Fingerprinting for Attack Detection in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPSs) are widely used to facilitate accurately remote control in industrial application fields using cyberspace technologies. However, it is easily suffered from internal vulnerabilities and other external threats from cyberspace, e.g., the attacker can bypass the intrusion detection systems to access inner network and destroy devices, due to the deployed old-fashioned hardware and software. From the view of the system control level, we propose a system residuals-based fingerprinting for attack detection, namely, R-print. We first abstract the actual water-level system as a physical model. Then, the measurement noise and the process noise from the sensor and system operation, respectively, are extracted as the input of model, and the output residual is synthesized into the unique fingerprint. Furthermore, we also propose a data resampling strategy to focus on the problem that how to fast detect the injection attack with small-value false data. Finally, a small water-level control testbed was built to simulate the real-scenario of the industrial water treatment process. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed attack detection approach.

Shale Gas Exploration Potential in Southwestern Shandong Province of Eastern China

The shale layers of the Permian Shanxi Formation and Taiyuan Formation in the southwestern part of Shandong Province are marine-continental transitional sedimentary facies. When compared with the Ordos Basin, which was a typical breakthrough in marine-continental transitional shale gas exploration, the geological characteristics, exploration, and development prospects of marine-continental transitional shale gas in the southwestern section of Shandong Province are more defined. The shale gas deposits of the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formations in southwestern Shandong Province have the following geological characteristics. The sedimentary environments of Shanxi and Taiyuan Formations are considered to be stable and characterized with widely distributed organic-rich shale, which can be used as composite evaluation layers. The total thickness of the shale range is between 140 and 350 m, with an average of 230 m. The main types of organic matter in the Shanxi Formation are Type Ⅲ and Type Ⅱ2 kerogen, while the main types of organic matter in the Taiyuan Formation are rock types. The abundance and maturity of the organic matter are high, and the gas generating capacity is strong. The reservoir rock mineral composition is complex in the region. The clay mineral content is relatively high and the brittle mineral content is rich. Also, the shale fracturing ability is good. The region has the characteristics of a low porosity and low permeability reservoir, with relatively good reservoir capacity. Three primary points of interest have stably been developed within the region, which are located in the upper high water level system, near the initial flood surface, and the majority of flood surface, including a transgressive system tract and high level system tract. The total gas content is estimated to range between 0.03 and 4.47 m3/t, with an average of 0.30 m3/t. The shale gas resources are rich, including one favorable Class I location with an area of 819.06 km2 and a resource amount of 985.84 × 108 m3; four favorable Class Ⅱ locations with an area of 1,979.68 km2 and a resource amount of 2,278.14 × 108 m3; and five prospective locations with an area of 8,385.52 km2 and a resource amount of 7,299.48 × 108 m3. Therefore, the region was considered to have major exploration potential.

A survey on modern day trends in water level and quality analysis system

Our goal is to explore consistent water quality systems, the dry season, and the water quality standard structure. In fact, river water will be destroyed by a variety of hazards such as capital sewage, agricultural waste and current waste, making it unusable for anthropological practice. Employees are expected to add web water testing and submit it to the evaluation office and then conduct assessments at different water boundaries, which is an exaggerated and long-term relationship. The light display shows the distribution of information between the central lights. Information is transmitted to the cloud via a mobile screen to reduce energy consumption. In addition, these assessments can be used to configure IoT infrastructure so that a decision can be made whenever there is a dramatic change in the assessment of any water quality toilets. The project is proposed for natural water observations under a network of remote sensors. It consists of three parts: information bulbs, a basic information center and a remote authentication focus. Valid multi-temperature sensor sensors must be aware of the bulbs to meet the requirements of the multi-water display and access to rest areas. Water is one of the basic compounds that affects the environment inside and out. In this way, the water control center is important to see water quality in large areas such as lake, stream, and hydroponics. Looking at the level of pollution, water surveys are becoming more widespread. Guidelines for identifying water quality essentially exacerbate the deterioration of water quality. To think about this substance, we need a web control center for water quality integration.

Smart survey on recent trends in water level, drought and water quality analysis system

Over 200 million yearly reports of diseases identified with scarce water and sanitation conditions, 5-10 million deaths occurred worldwide. Water quality checking has subsequently gotten important to supply clean and safe water. This survey work depicts the fundamental explanation behind the requirement for robust and productive Water level, Drought, and water quality control in the level framework, which will keep human assets healthy, sustainable and diminish water use for household purposes. Climate change and variability have so many significant impacts caused by the natural environment’s water system. Incredible methods, collection of water samples are tested alone and analyzed in water laboratories. However, it is not always easy to capture, analyze, and rapidly disseminate information to relevant users to make timely and well-informed decisions. The review work encompasses traditional methods based on Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) approaches.

Design of Two Channel Infusion Pump Analyzer Using Photo Diode Detector

In the medical world, patient safety is a top priority. The large number of workloads and the frequency of using the devices in the long run will affect the accuracy and accuracy of the tool. If the flow rate and volume of the syringe pump or infusion pump given to the patient are not controlled (overdose or the fluid flow rate is too high) it can cause hypertension, heart failure or pulmonary edema. Therefore, it is necessary to have a calibration, which is an application activity to determine the correctness of the designation of the measuring instrument or measuring material. The purpose of this research is to make a two channel infusion device analyzer using a photodiode sensor. The contribution of this research is that the system can display three calibration results in one measurement at the same setting and can calibrate 2 tools simultaneously. The design of the module is in the form of an infrared photodiode sensor for reading the flowrate value. This study uses an infrared photodiode sensor for channels 1 and 2 installed in the chamber. This study uses a flow rate formula that is applied to the water level system to obtain 3 calibration results. Infrared photodiode sensor will detect the presence of water flowing in the chamber from an infusion or syringe pump. Then the sensor output will be processed by STM32 and 3 calibration results will be displayed on the 20x4 LCD. This tool has an average error value on channel 1 of 3.50% and on channel 2 of 3.39%. It can be concluded that the whole system can work well, the placement and distance between the infrared photodiodes also affects the sensor readings

Investigation on Transient Characteristics of High Pressure Vessel Water Level Measurement

An experimental study was conducted on the characteristics of high pressure vessel water level systems at both fast and slow depressurization states. The swollen and collapsed water levels were observed experimentally. The test results show that the swollen water level has a relatively fixed difference compared to the collapsed one for the transient of both high and low depressurization rates. Under the conditions of steady and heat up, the differences between the swollen and collapsed water levels are acceptable. For the transients of depressurization, the outputs from the three channels of the inside vessel double-reference-tube water level system have a great deal of differences between each other because of the thermal inertia of the two reference tubes and the water levels in the cistern. In view of nuclear power plant safety and operation, the outside vessel single-reference-tube water level system used in the current pressurizer is adequate and the inside vessel double-reference-tube water level system is suggested as an additional reference to monitor the water level in the steam generator.

Analysis of boiler water level system Based on the fuzzy control

Analysis of boiler water level system Based on the fuzzy control

A Study of Boiler Water Level System with Fuzzy Control Method

A Study of Boiler Water Level System with Fuzzy Control Method

Performance Evaluation of the Good Gain Method Against Other Methods Using a Water Level Control System

Various tuning methods have been proposed for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. A respectively new and simple experimental method for tuning PID controllers named a Good Gain method that was recently proposed by F. Haugen in 2010, this method is not yet recognized among the other known methods for tuning. However, the founder of this methods claims that it can be an alternative to the famous Ziegler-Nichols. In this paper, PID tuning method has been performed experimentally using a real water level system in order to test and validates the Good Gain method. Also other PID tuning methods applied to the same system to compare the results. The results show that the Good Gain method gives an acceptable stability and response comparing to the other industrial PID controller tuning procedures

Simple and Low Cost Design of Infusion Device Analyzer Based on Arduino

In the medical world, patient safety is a top priority. The number of workloads and frequency of use in the long term will affect the accuracy and precision of the equipment, therefore calibration is needed, namely the measurement activities to determine the truth of the appointment value of measuring instruments and/or measuring materials based on the standards of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 54/2015. The purpose of this study is to make the design of the Infusion Device Analyzer on flow rate parameters. The main advantage of this study is that the system can display three calibration results in one measurement at the same setting. The results of the calibration will determine the feasibility of an infusion pump or a syringe pump. This study uses the flow rate formula which is applied to the water level system to obtain the calibration results. The infrared photodiode sensor will detect the flow of water in the chamber that comes from the infusion or syringe pump. Furthermore, the sensor output will be processed by the microcontroller and the reading results are displayed on the liquid crystal display. The average measurement at a setting of 10 ml/hour is 9.36 ml/hour, at a setting of 50 ml/hour is 46.64 ml/hour and at a setting of 100 ml/hour is 96.04 ml/hour. Based on available data, this tool has an average error value of 5.69%, where the value exceeds the tolerance limit allowed by ECRI, which is ± 5%.

The Development of Natural Rubber Composite Based Canal Blocking to Sustain Peatland Environment

Peatland fire became a serious problem in Indonesia until nowadays. The most problem of peat fire was caused by converting peatland become plantation area, wherein need canal blocking to adjust water ground as crop planting requirement in peatland. The structure design of this canal blocking should be strong enough to block excessive water level degradation so that can sustain the peatland environment. The current design of canal blocking was used wood as building structure, which has nor water-resistant, therefore, it can be rotten and easy to collapse. Indonesian Rubber Research Institute (IRRI) has already developed novel technology of canal blocking, namely natural rubber composite based water level canal blocking to overcome this problem. This novel technology was used natural rubber composite as material structure, therefore it has higher water-resistant, longer service life, and higher acid resistance than traditional canal blocking. In addition, novel canal blocking has equipped with water level system, which could control the groundwater level were suitable enough for crop planting requirement in peatland. Indeed, novel canal blocking could sustain peatland environment through peatland fire risk reduction, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction and increase peatland plantation production. This technology has already installed in South Sumatera. Present work would be detailed review structure strength novel canal blocking, environment and economic impact on its application. The application result had determined successful to reduce CO2 emissions up to 3,723.38 ton CO2 /ha during 7 months installation. Furthermore, the production of the intercropping system (palm oil and corn) in peatland within novel canal blocking was increasing the profit wherein the B/C of novel canal blocking application was 1.77, while traditional design canal blocking application was 1.55.

Implementation of Kalman filter algorithm on reduced models using Linear Matrix Inequality method and its application to measurement water level

This paper presents the model reduction and estimation of the state variables of the water level system using the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) method and the Kalman filter algorithm. We assume the system is asymptotic stable, controllable and observable, then we reduce it by LMI method. The reduced system obtained is a system that remains asymptotic stable, controllable, and observable. The reduction error using LMI method is smaller than the reduction error using Balanced Truncated (BT) method and Singular Perturbation Approximation (SPA) method. Next, we implemented the Kalman filter algorithm in the original system and the system was reduced by LMI method.