Water-level Fluctuations In Wells Research Articles

An Appraisal of Ground Failure and Hydrogeological Changes Associated with the 28 April 2021 Mw 6 Sonitpur Earthquake, Assam, India, Using Field Evidences and InSAR Measurements

Abstract Widespread damage and coseismic ground disturbances are generally associated with large magnitude and/or shallow focus earthquakes. Surprisingly, a deep focus (34 km), moderate magnitude earthquake (Mw 6) occurred near the Kopili fault zone in Sonitpur district, Assam, India, on 28 April 2021 and created intense ground shaking and extensive damage along the Brahmaputra Valley. We undertook a field survey within a day after the earthquake and carried out Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis to map any coseismic ground deformation features. Our field survey revealed extensive liquefaction features and several coseismic secondary ground cracks along the alluvial tracts of the Brahmaputra River system. InSAR analysis revealed a sinistral slip up to ∼60 mm along a north-northwest–south-southeast-oriented previously unmapped lineament or fault. Field investigations revealed coseismic hydrological changes including a sudden rise and fall in the water level by 0.3–0.5 m followed by the injection of sand materials up to a thickness of 1.25 m in dug wells and the appearance of water in seasonally dried river channels and ponds. Interferometric coherence analysis during pre-, co-, and postseismic periods further confirmed the coseismic surge in water at five major tributary rivers of the Brahmaputra River. We speculate that the pressure difference at the shallow unconfined aquifer system of the mountain-front alluvial fan induced by coseismic stresses must have caused channeling of groundwater to the rivers and the contemporaneous water level fluctuations in wells. Amplification of seismic waves at the thick, unconsolidated sedimentary strata of the Brahmaputra Valley could have enhanced the extensive damage due to the 2021 Sonitpur earthquake. The present study has implications in estimating damage potential along the Brahmaputra Valley for future earthquakes.

Rock Damage and Aquifer Property Estimation from Water Level Fluctuations in Wells Induced by Seismic Waves: A Case Study in X10 Well, Xinjiang, China

There is a coupling relationship between surrounding rock stress, deformation, and fracture evolution, especially in the microdynamics of the crust caused by mining activities and earthquakes. Previous research has investigated many cases regarding the coseismal water level responses and proposed a method to calculate the aquifer parameters by tidal analysis. However, to date, measurement of the degree of rock damage in the field has not been reported. Quantifying the fracture characteristics is essential for accurate evaluation of rock stability. This study has analyzed the relationship between the seismograms and hydroseismograms in response to the Mw 7.8 Solomon Islands earthquake and the Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, both events occurring in 2016. The calculated and measured changes in water level in the X10 well were fitted in order to study the relationships among the volumetric strain, the deviatoric strain, and the oscillations in the pore pressure. Then, we further estimate the degree of rock damage and the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer. The results showed that the values for the rock damage parameter, 0.662 < αD < 0.754, and the Skempton coefficient, −0.100 < A < 0.026, estimated for the Solomon Islands earthquake signified higher damage and dilatancy in the X10 well. Also, the respective values for the parameters, 0.293 < αD < 0.363 and 0.226 < A < 0.251, calculated for the Kaikōura earthquake signified a lower degree of rock damage. It is concluded that the changes in the pore pressure were influenced by both the volumetric strain and the deviatoric strain. The degree of rock damage and the hydraulic properties of the aquifer estimated from the water level fluctuations in the wells which were induced by the seismic waves represent the actual aquifer characteristics.

Identifying Aquifer Type in Fractured Rock Aquifers using Harmonic Analysis

Determining aquifer type, unconfined, semi-confined, or confined, by drilling or performing pumping tests has inherent problems (i.e., cost and complex field issues) while sometimes yielding inconclusive results. An improved method to cost-effectively determine aquifer type would be beneficial for hydraulic mapping of complex aquifer systems like fractured rock aquifers. Earth tides are known to influence water levels in wells penetrating confined aquifers or unconfined thick, low-porosity aquifers. Water-level fluctuations in wells tapping confined and unconfined aquifers are also influenced by changes in barometric pressure. Harmonic analyses of water-level fluctuations of a thick (~1000 m) carbonate aquifer located in south-central Oklahoma (Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer) were utilized in nine wells to identify aquifer type by evaluating the influence of earth tides and barometric-pressure variations using signal identification. On the basis of the results, portions of the aquifer responded hydraulically as each type of aquifer even though there was no significant variation in lithostratigraphy. The aquifer type was depth dependent with confined conditions becoming more prevalent with depth. The results demonstrate that harmonic analysis is an accurate and low-cost method to determine aquifer type.

THE NEW MADRID SEISMIC ZONE AS A LABORATORY FOR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION RESEARCH

The New Madrid seismic zone is one of the most seismically active regions of eastern North America. It is a small region, distant from any plate margin, and surrounded by the relatively uniform crust of central North America. For these reasons it provides an unusual opportunity to pursue earthquake prediction research in an intra-plate environment. A regional telemetered micro-earthquake network in operation since July, 1974, has yielded much new information on the nature of the seismicity in the New Madrid region. The spatial distribution of hypocenters has indicated the existence of linear seismically active zones, presumably corresponding to active faults. Teleseismic P-wave residuals recorded by the network have yielded a threedimensional velocity model for the crust and upper mantle beneath the New Madrid region, using an inversion method developed by AKI et al. (1977). The most interesting feature of this model is an anomalous region of low seismic velocities in the upper mantle and crust beneath the area of high seismic activity. The anomalous portion of the upper mantle extends to depths of at least 150km and is characterized by velocities which are about 5% lower than those in surrounding regions. Observations of possible velocity precursors in the New Madrid region have been inconclusive. Other studies of precursory phenomena are currently being implemented. These include the installation of a network of tiltmeters, the instrumentation of a lake for tilt studies, and the observation of water level fluctuations in wells.

Seismological interpretation of earthquake-induced water-level fluctuations in wells

ABSTRACT Magnitudes for normal-depth earthquakes computed from the amplitude of water-level fluctuations induced in a well tapping a confined aquifer in Honolulu, Hawaii, agree closely with those assigned by Pasadena. The maximum fluctuations in the well are produced by long-period Rayleigh surface waves. The response of the well to earthquake waves diminishes rapidly as wave length decreases.