Penetration Of Water Jet Research Articles

Experimental studies on penetration process of high-speed water-jet into ballistic gelatin

To reveal the penetration mechanism and present the penetration characteristics of high-speed micro-jet with injection volume larger than 0.3 mL into soft tissue, the present study conducted experimental research on high-speed water-jet penetration into ballistic gelatin. The free jet dynamics of an air-powered needle-free injector that can emit up to 1.27 mL of liquid at once and the penetration dynamics were visualized to reveal the details of the penetration process. In the early unstable stage, the jet is emitted in the form of pulses, and the first jet pulse can rapidly generate an initial slender channel in gelatin in a very short time. In the subsequent stable stage, energy input produces dispersion and further increases the penetration depth slowly. Changing the driving pressure by the power source mainly changes the penetration depth increment by dispersion; while changing the nozzle diameter mainly affects the penetration depth in the initial stage. The central position of the dispersion area in the injection direction was firstly defined in the present work and it was found that an approximate linear relationship between this position and the maximum penetration depth exits for different nozzle diameters and driving pressures when injecting the same liquid dose. These research results can provide a basis for a thorough understanding of the penetration characteristics of high-speed micro-jet with injection volume larger than 0.3 mL into soft tissue, as well as the design and operation of the air-powered needle-free injector.

Numerical Modeling of Water Jet Plunging in Molten Heavy Metal Pool

The hydrodynamic and thermal interaction of water with the high-temperature melt of a heavy metal was studied via the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method formulated for three immiscible phases (liquid melt, water, and water vapor), with account for phase changes. The VOF method relies on a first-principle description of phase interactions, including drag, heat transfer, and water evaporation, in contrast to multifluid models relying on empirical correlations. The verification of the VOF model implemented in OpenFOAM software was performed by solving one- and two-dimensional reference problems. Water jet penetration into a melt pool was first calculated in two-dimensional problem formulation, and the results were compared with analytical models and empirical correlations available, with emphasis on the effects of jet velocity and diameter. Three-dimensional simulations were performed in geometry, corresponding to known experiments performed in a narrow planar vessel with a semi-circular bottom. The VOF results obtained for water jet impact on molten heavy metal (lead–bismuth eutectic alloy at the temperature 820 K) are here presented for a water temperature of 298 K, jet diameter 6 mm, and jet velocity 6.2 m/s. Development of a cavity filled with a three-phase melt–water–vapor mixture is revealed, including its propagation down to the vessel bottom, with lateral displacement of melt, and subsequent detachment from the bottom due to gravitational settling of melt. The best agreement of predicted cavity depth, velocity, and aspect ratio with experiments (within 10%) was achieved at the stage of downward cavity propagation; at the later stages, the differences increased to about 30%. Adequacy of the numerical mesh containing about 5.6 million cells was demonstrated by comparing the penetration dynamics obtained on a sequence of meshes with the cell size ranging from 180 to 350 µm.

Lab Experiments for Abrasive Waterjet Perforation and Fracturing in Offshore Unconsolidated Sandstones

Multistage hydraulic fracturing has been proven to be an effective stimulation method to extract more oil from the depleted unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs in Bohai Bay, China. The offshore wellbores in this area were completed with a gravel pack screen that is much too difficult to be mechanically isolated in several stages. Hydra-jet fracturing technology has the advantages of multistage fracturing by one trip, waterjet perforation, and hydraulic isolation. The challenges of hydraulic-jet fracturing in offshore unconsolidated sandstone reservoir can be summarized as follows: the long jet distance, high filtration loss, and large pumping rate. This paper proposes full-scale experiments on the waterjet perforation of unconsolidated sandstone, waterjet penetration of screen liners and casing, and pumping pressure prediction. The results verified that multistage hydra-jet fracturing is a robust technology that can create multiple fractures in offshore unconsolidated sandstone. Lab experiments indicate that the abrasive water jet is capable to perforate the screen-casing in less than one minute with an over 10 mm diameter hole. The water jet perforates a deep and slim hole in unconsolidated sandstone by using less than 20 MPa pumping pressure. Recommended perforating parameters: maintain 7% sand concentration and perforate for 3.0 min. Reduce sand ratio to 5%, maintain 3.0 m3/min flow rate, and continue perforating for 7.0 min. The injection drop of the nozzle accounts for more than 62% of the tubing pump pressure. The recommended nozzle combinations for different fracturing flow rates are 8 × ø6 mm or 6 × ø7 mm for 2.5 m3/min and 3.0 m3/min, and 8 × ø7 mm for 3.5 m3/min and 4.0 m3/min. A one-trip-multistage hydra-jet fracturing process is recommended to be used for horizontal wells in offshore unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs.

Study on water jet penetration behavior in molten LBE during SGTR accident with simulant experiments

During Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) accidents of Lead-bismuth cooled Fast Reactor (LFR), the coolant water in the secondary loop will directly contact with the high temperature molten lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) in the primary loop around the rupture point resulting in the strong interaction, which may lead to vapor explosion, and eventually damage the structural components of the reactors and cause the possible leakage of radioactive material. In order to further investigate the penetration behavior of water jets in molten LBE, an experimental platform for visualizing the two-phase flow of liquid jets is designed and built, and a series of simulant experiments are conducted by injecting water or ethanol jets into fluorinert FC-40 under different experimental conditions. By analyzing the penetration process of ethanol jet in FC-40, the flow pattern evolution and penetration law of ethanol jet under boiling and non-boiling conditions are obtained. The boiling effect is considered to be the key factor affecting the penetration depth of jet in the range of current experimental conditions. By comparing the injection behaviors of ethanol and water, the consistent flow pattern shows that the injection behavior can be described with the same relation. The results of dimensional analysis method for jet penetration process show that the Froude number theory can reasonably predict the maximum dimensionless penetration depth under different jet conditions.

Liquid jet penetration and breakup in a free supersonic gas jet

The interaction of a coherent liquid jet with a free supersonic gas jet is of importance in cooling high-temperature exhaust plumes generated by ground rocket tests. Further, the associated phenomena are distinct from the well-studied jet in supersonic crossflow due to the unbounded nature of the gas jet, its shock train structure, and the relative sizes of the two jets. This work utilizes non-intrusive diagnostics including focused color Schlieren, high-speed diffused backlit imaging, and volume-illuminated imaging to study the interaction process of a high Reynolds number water jet with a free supersonic air jet. The effect of the water jet on the shock train structure and its dependence on water injection location and pressure are studied. The ensuing water jet breakup mode is investigated and found to exhibit distinguishing characteristics from known breakup modes observed at high Reynolds and gas Weber numbers. Finally, the water jet penetration height is quantified, and the ability of existing correlations from the literature to predict the penetration height are investigated.

Application of water jet description on the de-scaling process

The paper is dealing with application of theoretical equations derived for rock disintegration onto materials with similar behavior—thick scales on hot metal rolling slabs. Penetration of water jet through a hot, rock-like material (e.g. scale) and work of the steam bubbles emerging from the water jet on the boundary between the scale layer and the hot metal material are described by a set of appropriate equations. The model is applied on the fan jets used for de-scaling process, and it provides both the qualitative and the quantitative results. These results make possible to determine the depth of penetration of water jet into the material of the scales and calculate the sizes of pieces of the disintegrated scales. Both mechanisms of water jet acting on scales, mechanical penetration to a certain depth in the material and the formation of steam bubbles inside the material, create mechanical stresses in the material of scales, especially the tensile and the shear ones. Pieces of scales are separated due to exceeding the limits of the stress and strain in the material of scales. The presented analytical equations describing the process in a simple way yield the quick and apprehensible calculation of applicable results. It is an alternative to solution of a rather complicated set of differential equations describing the mass and heat flow. The proposed theoretical base runs with technical factors and properties that can be obtained from tables or analogies with other materials or processes. The typical water pressure range of rolling mills is 16–24 MPa, the equivalent diameter of the applied water nozzle is 2 mm, the average traverse speed of the rolling slab is set to 1 m s−1, and the mean stand-off distance of the nozzle from the steel slab surface is 150 mm. Calculated depth of penetration into scales is ranging from 5 to 18 mm for these parameters, while the real thickness of scales lies between 1 and 7 mm. Simultaneously, the calculated length of the peeled layer in the direction of the jet movement ranges from 30 to 70 mm and the cutting width determined from the jet shape and the stand-off distance is 80–120 mm. Therefore, the calculated size of the scale debris is 30 × 80 mm for layers thicker than 5 mm and 70 × 120 mm for the ones thinner than 2 mm. These theoretical values correspond with sizes of real scale debris picked at the rolling mill.

Effects of Water Jet on Heat-Affected Concretes

The paper is dealing with the effects of flat high-speed water jet on concretes affected by high temperature. Research should help to correct use of water jet technology in repair works on concrete structures especially after wildfires in tunnels, underground garages, etc., which are exposed to enormous thermal stress. Four concrete mixtures were prepared for tests of interaction of water jet with concrete. The samples were exposed to 200°C and 600°C and for comparison one third of samples were left unaffected. It was found, that both lower traversing velocity (cutting speed) and higher water pressure led to removal of higher amount of concrete. Higher temperature loading caused decrease of concrete strength and thus easier removal of surface layers by water jet. Concrete mixtures with basalt aggregate demonstrate higher resistance against water jet penetration regardless thermal loading compared to mixture with standard granodiorite aggregate. Presence of polypropylene fibres has substantial influence on concrete strength properties, however only marginal impact on resistance against water jet penetration.

The Research of a Drill Bit for Underground Casing Drilling in Radial Water Jet Penetration Perforation

The drill bit for underground casing drilling was taken as object of study, and systemic research have been done for N80 casing drilling in Radial water jet deep penetration perforation. A new drill bit was designed after researched the actual drilling conditions, the characteristic of current commonly used drill bits and the property of blades edge materials. The reasonable original-edge angle, cutting parameters have been obtained for the new drill bit. We choose some other commonly used drill bit, and then contrast experiments result have been done by the new drill bit. The test results show that the new drill bit have the advantages of centering reliable, drilling smooth and sub-chip completely, and it can meet the requirements of the down hole casing drilling.

Experimental investigation of liquid jet injection into Mach 6 hypersonic crossflow

The injection of a liquid jet into a crossing Mach 6 air flow is investigated. Experiments were conducted on a sharp leading edge flat plate with flush mounted injectors. Water jets were introduced through different nozzle shapes at relevant jet-to-air momentum-flux ratios. Sufficient temporal resolution to capture small scale effects was obtained by high-speed recording, while directional illumination allowed variation in field of view. Shock pattern and flow topology were visualized by Schlieren-technique. Correlations are proposed on relating water jet penetration height and lateral extension with the injection ratio and orifice diameter for circular injector jets. Penetration height and lateral extension are compared for different injector shapes at relevant jet-to-air momentum-flux ratios showing that penetration height and lateral extension decrease and increase, respectively, with injector's aspect ratio. Probability density function analysis has shown that the mixing of the jet with the crossflow is completed at a distance of x/d (j) similar to 40, independent of the momentum-flux ratio. Mean velocity profiles related with the liquid jet have been extracted by means of an ensemble correlation PIV algorithm. Finally, frequency analyses of the jet breakup and fluctuating shock pattern are performed using a Fast Fourier algorithm and characteristic Strouhal numbers of St = 0.18 for the liquid jet breakup and of St = 0.011 for the separation shock fluctuation are obtained

Waterjet penetration simulation by hybrid code of SPH and FEA

The creativity of this work is combining finite element analysis (FEA) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) methods to simulate the waterjet (WJ) penetration process. In WJ penetration, the waterjet undergoing extremely large deformation will introduce the distortion of mesh in FEA. To overcome this difficulty, the coupled method of SPH and FEA was developed, in which the waterjet was modeled by SPH particles and the target material was modeled by finite elements. The two parts interacted by contact algorithm of “nodes-to-surface”. Utilizing this hybrid model, waterjet with high velocity penetrating the target materials was calculated and the mechanism of erosion was depicted. The computation result gives the relationship between the jet velocity and the erosion capacity, including the depth of penetration and mass removal, which was compared with the experimental data.

Initial investigation on the use of waterjets to place amendments in the subsurface

Quasi-passive in situ remediation technologies, such as the use of permeable reactive barriers to treat contaminated groundwater or applications of granular activated carbon to treat polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated, near-surface sediments, are proven or promising technologies that may be limited in application due to the traditional construction techniques normally used for placement in the environment. High-pressure waterjets have traditionally been used to excavate material during mining operations or to cut rock or other durable material. Waterjets have the potential to place amendments in the subsurface at depths greater than those that can be obtained using traditional construction techniques. Likewise, waterjets may have less negative impact on near-surface utilities and/or sensitive ecological systems. Laboratory experiments were performed to characterize the placement of two solid amendments in a simulated saturated aquifer. A second set of experiments was performed to characterize the effectiveness of waterjets for placing a third amendment in simulated intertidal sediments. The laboratory work focused on characterizing the nature of the waterjet penetration of the aquifer matrix and the saturated sediments, as well as the corresponding waterjet parameters of pressure, nozzle size, and injection time. The laboratory results suggest that field trials may be appropriate for future investigations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effects of Long Standoff Distance and Material Temperature on Water Jet Penetration to Hot Refractory Material.

An experiment was carried out to find out the influence of long standoff distance, X, and target material temperature, θ, on water jet penetration depth, Q, by striking room temperature water jet with a velocity of about 126m/s at the nozzle exit (diameter, Do=0. 7mm) against a refractry material during10s in both ranges of θ from17°C to1000°C and of X/Do from 20 to 800. The experimental results indicated that the Q generally became maximum at θ between 400°C and 800°C at the specified X/Do, and became maximum at X/Do between 100 and 400 at the specified θ.

Monitoring the depth of abrasive waterjet penetration

In order to control the uniformity of the abrasive waterjet penetration into the workpiece, it is necessary to devise a monitoring methodology that can indirectly monitor the depth of abrasive waterjet penetration. It was shown that the workpiece normal force generated by an abrasive waterjet could be used as the indicator of the depth of jet penetration, and that a force-feedback control holds promise as an effective way to regulate the depth of jet penetration. The effects of different abrasive waterjet process variables on both the depth of cut and the workpiece normal force are discussed.

Water-jet penetration test — A field test of loess erodibility : Harrison, S P A; Hill, J K Proc 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Wellington, 12–16 May 1980, V1, P163–164. Publ Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980

Water-jet penetration test — A field test of loess erodibility : Harrison, S P A; Hill, J K Proc 3rd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Wellington, 12–16 May 1980, V1, P163–164. Publ Wellington: New Zealand Institution of Engineers, 1980