Ionic Composition Of Water Research Articles

Distribution pattern of <i>Nitellopsis obtusa</i> (Desv.) J.Groves (<i>Charophyta</i>, <i>Charales</i>) in Ukraine

The article presents the results of the analysis of literature and original data on Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv.) J.Groves (Charophyta, Charales) included in Red Data Book of Ukraine and peculiarities of its distribution in Ukraine. This relict species is also regionally red-listed in its native Eurasian range within temperate and subtropical latitudes from Portugal to Japan but invasive in North America, in the Great Lakes region, because of an accidental introduction in 20th century. In Central and Eastern Europe N. obtusa is a rather common species but it happens everywhere rather sporadically. Its distribution is limited by such factors as a type of water body, total mineralization, ionic composition of water and pH. Totally 26 localities of N. obtusa have been recorded, including historical, lost, and existing ones. A list of localities, and a map of the distribution of this species in Ukraine have been compiled and analyzed. All of them were found within the Pripyat-Desna, Middle Dnieper, Dnieper-Black Sea algofloristic subprovinces. However, the characteristic of their location confirms the trend of distribution of N. obtusa in Ukraine only in the valleys of large rivers, which is most likely due to the absence of large lakes with stable hydrological and hydrochemical regimes, as well as ecological and biological features of the species.

Ultra-high capacity, multifunctional nanoscale sorbents for PFOA and PFOS treatment

Here, we describe surface functionalized, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals (IONCs) for ultra-high PFAS sorption and precise, low energy (magnetic) separation, considering perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). As a function of surface coating, sorption capacities described are considerably higher than previous studies using activated carbon, polymers, and unmodified metal/metal oxides, among others. In particular, positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated IONCs demonstrate extreme sorption capacities for both PFOA and PFOS due to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, along with high polymer grafting densities, while remaining stable in water, thus maintaining available surface area. Further, through a newly developed method using a quart crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), we present real-time, interfacial observations (e.g., sorption kinetics). Through this method, we explore underpinning mechanism(s) for differential PFAS (PFOA vs PFOS) sorption behavior(s), demonstrating that PFAS functional head group strongly influence molecular orientation on/at the sorbent interface. The effects of water chemistry, including pH, ionic composition of water, and natural organic matter on sorption behavior are also evaluated and along with material (treatment) demonstration via bench-scale column studies.

Assessment of the Hydrophysical and Hydrochemical Characteristics of Lake Burabay (Akmola Region, North Kazakhstan)

This paper shows the results of a study on the morphometric, hydrophysical, and hydrochemical indicators of Lake Burabay, North Kazakhstan. The Burabay Protected Area, also known as Burabay National Park or Kokshetau National Park, is a protected natural area located in the north of Kazakhstan. It encompasses a diverse landscape characterized by lakes, forests, and unique rock formations. This analysis includes an eco-toxicological assessment of the hydrochemical composition of waters and benthal deposits by studying the content of metals. The degree of mineralization, ionic composition of water, hydrogen index, pollution index, and water quality class were also determined. Reductions in the area and depth of the lake were identified. The pollution index is 1.5–1.7, which belongs to class 3—moderately polluted. Relatively high concentrations of cadmium, nickel, copper, and arsenic were found in the lake sediments. Therefore, Lake Burabay and its surrounding ecosystem face certain environmental risks and potential water pollution. Although the increase in the number of tourists did not have a significant impact on the water pollution index in Lake Burabay, some of the common threats that impact the area are induced by touristic development, agricultural practices and industrial pollution. Significant efforts should be made to reduce these risks using the environmental indicators as a reference for control environmental quality.

Groundwater quality assessment in the alluvial region of upper yamuna basin, India

The study is undertaken to assess the groundwater quality in the alluvial region of the Yamuna basin, mainly comprising unconsolidated sand, silt and clays. A total of 14 and 13 water samples were collected in pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively, from handpumps, tubewells, ponds and irrigated fields to assess the water quality for human consumption and identify possible sources of contaminants in water. According to the Gibbs diagram, the ionic composition of water is mainly dominated by the rock weathering processes. The major hydrochemical facies is Ca–Mg–HCO3 type. The scatter plots between Ca+Mg:SO4+HCO3 and Na:Cl indicate the occurrence of silicate weathering which is supported by HCO3/HCO3+SO4 ratio <1. Manganese (Mn) concentration in 57% and 54% water samples in pre- and post-monsoon season exceeds the permissible limit i.e. 0.3 mg/L. Further, high iron (Fe) concentration (up to 33.5 mg/L) is also detected mainly in the shallow groundwater. The presence of higher Mn and Fe concentrations in the water samples is generally associated with the regions having low or negative redox values. Additionally, their positive correlation with sulphate and chloride ions indicates their occurrence as sulfates and chlorides. The results signify the role of regional geology in the presence of these ions in water along with the secondary influence of agricultural and anthropogenic activities (human and animal waste) on the quality of shallow groundwater. The Water Quality Index varies greatly, from excellent to unsuitable category in both seasons mainly due to the presence of high Fe and Mn content in shallow handpumps, village pond and a few tubewells located in the agricultural fields. Leaching of fertilizers and fungicides in the agricultural fields may further contribute in deteriorating shallow groundwater quality.

Effects of a realistic pesticide spraying sequence for apple crop on stream communities in mesocosms: negligible or notable?

BackgroundSeveral large-scale studies revealed impacts and risks for aquatic communities of small rural lakes and streams due to pesticides in agricultural landscapes. It appears that pesticide risk assessment based on single products does not offer sufficient protection for non-target organisms, which are exposed repeatedly to pesticide mixtures in the environment. Therefore, a comprehensive stream mesocosm study was conducted in order to investigate the potential effects of a realistic spraying sequence for conventional orchard farmed apples on a stream community using pesticides at their regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs). Eight 74-m-long stream mesocosms were established with water, sand, sediment, macrophytes, plankton and benthic macroinvertebrates. In total, nine fungicidal, four herbicidal and four insecticidal pesticides were applied in four of the eight stream mesocosms on 19 spraying event days in the period from April to July while the remaining four stream mesocosms served as controls. The community composition, the abundance of benthos, periphyton and macrophytes, the emergence of insects, physico-chemical water parameters, and drift measurements of aquatic invertebrates were measured.ResultsThe pesticide spraying sequence induced significant effects on invertebrates, periphyton, and macrophytes as well as on the water ion composition especially in the second half of the experiment. It was not possible to relate the observed effects on the community to specific pesticides applied at certain time points and their associated toxic pressure using the toxic unit approach. The most striking result was the statistically significant increase in variation of population response parameters of some taxa in the treated mesocosms compared to the controls. This inter-individual variation can be seen as a general disturbance measure for the ecosystem.ConclusionsThe pesticide spraying sequence simulated by using RAC values had notable effects on the aquatic stream community in the conducted mesocosm study. The results indicate that the current risk assessment for pesticides may not ensure a sufficient level of protection to the field communities facing multiple pesticide entries due to spraying sequences and other combined stress. Hence, there is still room for improvement regarding the prospective risk assessment of pesticides to further reduce negative effects on the environment.

Mixture design of an electrolyte system for the simultaneous separation of Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, and HCO3- in shrimp-farming water by CZE-UV.

Shrimp is one of the most traded fishery products in the world. The shrimp-farming water ionic composition is fundamental to the growth and survival of these specimens. Therefore, this study is aimed to develop a method for the simultaneous separation of Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, and HCO3- in this sample by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV indirect detection, without any prior sample treatment, besides dilution. The background electrolyte (BGE) was composed of CrO42- (60 mmol L-1), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 2.5 mmol L-1), acetonitrile (0.875% (v/v)), and methanol (2.625% (v/v)). The mixture design optimized the BGE composition. Acetonitrile and methanol changed the degree of solvation of the anions, which decreased the radius, a phenomenon proven by calculating the radius of anions in all the conditions of the mixture design. The optimized and validated method allowed the simultaneous determination of the five above-mentioned anions in 10 min.

The Impact of Partial Deforestation on Solute Fluxes and Stream Water Ionic Composition in a Headwater Catchment

To ensure the good chemical status of surface water across Europe, it is necessary to increase research on the comprehensive impact of land use and land cover changes, i.e., deforestation, on the natural environment. For this reason, we used data from 9-year environmental monitoring in the Wüstebach experimental catchment of the TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories) network to determine the impact of partial deforestation on solute fluxes and stream water ionic composition. In 2013, a partial deforestation experiment was conducted in the study area using a cut-to-length logging method. To this end, two headwater catchments were compared: one partially deforested (22% of the catchment area) and one untreated control catchment. The concentrations of ions in stream water, groundwater, and precipitation were analyzed: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Al3+, Fetot, Mn2+, NO3−, SO4−, and Cl−. Most of the ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, and SO4−) showed decreasing trends in concentrations after deforestation, indicating a dilution effect in stream water due to the reduction of the supply of solutes with precipitation in the open deforested area. The fluxes of these ions decreased by 5–7% in the first year after deforestation, although the stream runoff increased by 5%. In the second year, the decrease in ion fluxes was greater, from 6% to 24%. This finding confirms that only limited soil erosion occurred after the deforestation because the soil was well protected during logging works by covering harvester lanes with branches. Only K+ and NO3− ions showed increasing trends in both concentrations and fluxes in the partially deforested catchment in the first two to three years after deforestation. Spruce die-offs, common in Europe, may decrease the concentration and fluxes of base cations in surface water in a nutrient-limited environment. However, the simultaneous planting of young broad-leaved trees with post-harvesting regrowth could create a nutrient sink that protects the catchment area from nutrient depletion.

CURRENT STATE OF ZOOPLANKTON IN THE LOWER COURSE OF THE UKSUNJOKI RIVER (NORTHERN LADOGA REGION)

The zooplankton community of the lower course of a stream draining to the Lake Ladoga northern coast – the Uksujoki river was studied to estimate its current state as an essential structural and functional element of this lotic ecosystem, to assess the water quality based on zooplankton indicators and to determine what factors influence its development. Surveys in 2011–2016 showed the zooplankton community to include 53 taxa below the genus level, among them Rotifera – 16, Cladocera – 31, Copepoda – 6. During the surveys, 26 species and subspecies of zooplankton were recorded for the first time for this watercourse. Zooplankton quantities in the Uksunjoki were among the lowest among other 20 tributaries of Lake Ladoga during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. The abundance varied from 10 to 2740 ind./m3, biomass from 0.0001 to 0.0330 g/m3. Quantitative indicators reached a maximum in September 2013. The highest season-averaged values of species richness, abundance, and biomass occurred in the summer period. In spring, Copepoda prevailed, represented by the nauplial and copepodite stages of Cyclopoida. In summer and autumn, cladoceran crustaceans from the family Chydoridae featured the largest numbers and biomass in the structure of the zooplankton community. Organisms that forage from the substrate surface (crawling-floating secondary filter feeders) predominated in the trophic structure of the zooplankton community. The development of species was stochastic. The most significant aquatic environment factors for the development of zooplankton in the Uksunjoki appear to be the water ionic composition and water discharge. As indicated by the zooplankton community, the water of the Uksunjoki River can be characterized as relatively clean and suitable for all types of water use.

Yüksek Rakımlı Karstik Bir Mağara Deresinin (Güvercinkaya Mağarası: Çanakkale, Türkiye) Hidrokimyasal ve Bakteriyolojik Durumu ile Sucul Makroomurgasız Bulguları

Caves are laboratories for many disciplines that work in natural sciences including mineralogy, biology, hydrogeology, and archaeology. In this study, bi-monthly samplings were carried out from three sampling locations within and around the Güvercinkaya Cave, a high-altitude cave located in northwestern Turkey, to evaluate the hydrochemical and microbiological properties and the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the cave stream. Some parameters of the water including pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, oxidation-reduction potential, and dissolved oxygen were measured in-situ, while elemental (70 in total) and ionic composition of water were analyzed in the laboratory. Microbiological analyses of the cave stream were examined through analyses of total bacteria, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli. According to the Piper diagram of hydrochemical data, the cave stream had mainly Ca-Mg-HCO3 character, on the other hand, the Schoeller diagram indicated a common water source in Güvercinkaya cave due to the similar components of the main ionic components of the water. As a result of microbiological analysis, fecal contamination was determined, indicating active wildlife in the cave. Additionally, several aquatic macroinvertebrates taxa, Rhynchelmis limosella, Dugesia sp., Gammarus uludagi which have non-troglobiont character were found in the cave stream. Rhynchelmis limosella detected in this study is the first record for the Turkish fauna.

Peculiarities of Pore Water Ionic Composition in the Bottom Sediments and Subsea Permafrost: A Case Study in the Buor-Khaya Bay

This paper emphasises an ionic composition of the pore water of bottom sediments and subsea permafrost as an indicator of salinization of the thawed strata. Based on measurements of concentration of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) cations, chlorides (Cl–) and sulphates (SO42–) in water extracts from bottom sediments and subsea permafrost deposits from three boreholes, a spatial difference in salinization of thawed strata within the Buor-Khaya Bay was shown. The vertical pattern of the macroions in the unfrozen segment was formed under subsea thawing of permafrost. The frozen strata contain fresh pore water and have been evolving under downward penetration of salt and subsequent thawing of subsea permafrost. Based on the analyses of thawed deposits, it was shown that the maximum pore water salinity was observed in the horizons enriched with sand and plant detritus. Over the boundary of subsea permafrost in the Ivashkina Lagoon, the pronounced total ion concentration (up to 50 g/L of Cl–) of pore water was observed. This segment consists of moss debris, which is characterised by high porosity. The moss layer promotes the accumulation of dissolved pore water compounds and subsequent thawing of the frozen sediments.

Hydrochemical regime and ecological condition of the Teteriv river water basin

Today water and ecological situation in Ukraine is close to the crisis. Large cities use mainly river water for water supply. The water quality of the Teteriv River is determined, firstly, by natural complexes withscattered sources of heavy metals, terrigenous andorganic substances, and secondly, by anthropogenicchemical sources of elements localized in cities on the banks of the river and its tributaries.The paper monitors the hydrochemical composition of the water of the Teteriv River, which is one of the most important characteristics that defines both the possibilities of economic use of water and its impact on the formation and changes in the river and within its water intake. Using Kurlov’s formula in the article to identify chemical types of surface water. The water of the river Teteriv by chemical composition belongs to the hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium type, having a slightly alkaline reaction.Among the great variety of methods and techniques for assessing natural recreational resources, environmental assessment as an independent integrated approach occupies an important place. The ecological condition of the Teteriv river basin was assessed. Among the quality indicators of the Teteriv River, which were studied by the authors during 2020, the maximum permissible concentrations were found only for such compounds as total iron and manganese, which are the most common in surface and groundwater. Data from analyzes of the ionic composition of water were depicted graphically on a model map. Monitoring of surface water quality shows that despite the significant decline in industrial production in recent years and the consequent reduction in wastewater discharges into water bodies, there is still a tendency to deteriorate the ecological status of surface sources. Emissions of the last large amount of wastewater in insufficiently treated or simply untreated form has led to the fact that currently all surface water sources in Ukraine in terms of pollutants are close to class III–V. Hydrochemical analysis and the calculation of the purity class — the water pollution index (WPI) — confirmed the negative changes currently taking place in the reservoir. The main factors influencing the change of ingredients of a natural reservoirare also analyzed. Based on the results of microelements research in the basin of the river Teteriv, it is established that the main danger of surface water pollution is associated with anthropogenic organic substances coming from the catchments of tributaries.

Оценка буферной емкости модельных систем и природных вод экспериментальным и расчетным методами

The aim of this work is to teach students to determine the stability of small lakes in relation to acidification processes by calculating the buffer capacity of water. A decrease in the pH of natural waters is caused by the influx of acid-forming oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere and water bodies. An increase in the acidity of water bodies has extremely negative consequences, contributes to the leaching of heavy metals, changes the ionic composition of water, and reduces the ability of natural water bodies to heal themselves. Low salinity waters of small lakes in the northern regions are especially vulnerable to acidification processes. The indicators of acid-neutralizing ability, the content of hydrocarbons, the value of the buffer capacity of natural waters are used as criteria for the stability of natural waters. To calculate the buffer capacity, the following indicators of the chemical composition of waters were used in this work: hydrogen index (pH), the content of organic (Corg) and mineral (Cmin) forms of carbon. Concentrations of conjugated forms of components of natural acid-base systems are calculated based on the concept of acid-base equilibrium in solutions of carbonic acid and humic acids.

Accidental wetlands - A southern African case study from the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, Rustenburg

ABSTRACT Wetlands form part of a diverse range of habitats and play an important role in the ecology and hydrological cycle but are amongst the most threatened ecological systems. It is therefore critical to understand the hydrology of wetlands, and their contributing water sources in particular, to ensure appropriate management of these systems. Land use activities not only alter the runoff characteristics of catchments, but also often result in modified flow regimes in watercourses. Wetlands often develop accidentally in anthropogenic landscapes and are not uncommon. However, these wetlands are poorly documented and researched. An accidental wetland formed in the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, Rustenburg, due to leaking water infrastructure. The aim of this project was to categorise the wetland and confirm its origin, focussing on the role of the leakage. Methods included hydrogeomorphic classification, water ion composition analysis, as well as infield temperature and electrical conductivity measurements. Historical satellite imagery was used to study the evolution of the wetland over time. The electrical conductivity and ionic composition results suggest an unnatural water source, providing support that a leaking pipe caused the wetland to form. Management of accidental wetlands is discussed and the potential for future, related research is contemplated.

Интерпретация результатов геохимических исследований нефти и воды на примере одного месторождения (Республика Казахстан)

46 oil samples were collected at the wellheads of different wells of a particular oil field and “oil fingerprinting” was performed by gas chromatographic analysis on LTM-MD-GC in order to understand the fluid connectivity of the reservoir within the field. This field located in the eastern edge of the Caspian Basin. According to the results of cluster analyzes, it was found that the studied samples of the north-eastern part of the oil field differ from those of the south-western part. Since the oil field has a massive reservoir height, all wells operate with minimum water-cut values, except for the production well. In this regard, the ionic composition of the water and the titration method were used to analyze the ionic composition of water, separated from the oil of producing well, two neighboring injection wells and block cluster pumping station of this field, to determine the ionic composition and identify differences and similarities of waters at the molecular level. According to the results of the analyzes, we came to the conclusion that all the studied formation water samples have common origin. The relatively high NaCl value in producing well water may be due to the high concentration of chloride in the oil.

Ionic composition of drinking water and its influence on the value of its zeta potential (ZP)

The authors demonstrate the dependence of ZP on the value of water ionic composition, characterize test water physical and chemical composition and introduce thorough analysis of the obtained results. In order to reveal a complete picture of water quality, they also define such additional parameters as test water pH, temperature, turbidity and alkalinity in the course of the research. The study proves that all studied water parameters correspond to SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 Standard “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water in centralized drinking water systems. Quality control. Sanitary rules and regulations”. The paper also presents mathematical dependences between the ζ-potential and the content of anions and cations in the test water with the accuracy of approximation R2 not less than 0.83.

Pore-scale study of water salinity effect on thin-film stability for a moving oil droplet

HypothesesThe interfacial dynamics in natural porous media are affected not only by the interplay between viscous and capillary forces but also the solid surface wettability. It has been hypothesized that the wettability alteration induced by changes in the water salinity is primarily caused by electric double-layer force expansion, which strongly affects the multiphase flow dynamics. SimulationsWe investigate the effect of water ionic composition and surface roughness on pore-scale wettability alteration. Multiphase hydrodynamics is numerically captured by a lubrication approximation describing the evolution of thin-films coupled with a multiscale level-set approach. An oil blob mobilized by water within a single pore is considered as a case study. The effect of brine ionic composition is accounted for by an electric double-layer through the water ionic strength and zeta-potential parameters. FindingsWe demonstrate that high-salinity water thin-films collapse to an adsorbed nanometer layer, leading to a large pressure drop during mobilization of the blob induced by the attractive surface forces. However, low-salinity water thin-films are stable due to the repulsive electric double-layer forces, leading to less pressure drop during mobilization of the blob. The novelty of this work lies in efficiently capturing the nanoscale effects of the electric double-layer in pore-scale multiphase flow displacements. Our quantitative investigations provide fundamental insights into the efficiency of low-salinity waterflooding.

Finding a relationship between physicochemical characteristics and ionic composition of River Nworie, Imo State, Nigeria

Water has been described as a universal solvent, and this is perhaps the strength behind its many uses. Despite this unique property, anthropogenic activities along its course and natural factors often determine the composition of water. In the current research, the portion of River Nworie having past Owerri town was sampled in the dry season 2017 to determine its ionic composition at predestinated points and to relate such properties to its physicochemical characteristics. Studies relating physicochemical properties and dissolved toxic ions in water could develop a body of knowledge that could enable detection and quantification of potential risk of ions such as heavy metals from natural water to aquatic ecosystem, animal and human health without actually involving aquatic organism, animal and human. Clean sterile plastic bottles were used for collecting surface water. A total of 30 sub-samples from five points at 300 m apart were sampled in the morning. Physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods and ionic composition of water was determined according methods of APHA. Results revealed that Ca2+ had a mean 23.60 ± 0.67 mg/l and was the highest while K+ with a mean 0.72 ± 0.30 was the least amongst major cations. Amongst the major anions Cl− had mean of 31.58 ± 4.47 mg/l while mean of PO43− was 1.42 ± 0.13 mg/l. The ionic balance calculate as % balance error showed high values for all sampling sites ranging from 30 to 39.42% indicating that there is massive input from anthropogenic activities. The computed relationships for selected heavy metals, cations and anions revealed that R2 values were ranging between ± 0.012 to 1 indicating some form of relationship existing. The water pH weakly correlated with dissolved cations and anions while moderate with pH only, due to the pH level (5.2–6.2). The cations and anions were more influenced by the water temperature than the heavy metals. Therefore, high temperature ranges of 31–32.4 °C will favour more dissolution of cations and anions in natural water. Cations showed stronger relationship with EC while only heavy metals showed no relationship with DO (Dissolved oxygen). Dissolved oxygen relationship with cations and anions was in the order; K+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; Ca2+ &gt; Na+ while anions was SO42− &gt; NO3− &gt; Cl− &gt; PO43−, respectively. Information here could be used to predict the effects of using this water for various purposes including water for agricultural purposes, in the management of ion polluted waters, and also to inform on the mitigation process to be taken.

ВЛИЯНИЕ БИОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ОБСТАНОВКИ ВОДОСБОРНЫХ БАССЕЙНОВ НА МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ ВОД ПРИТОКОВ ТЕЛЕЦКОГО ОЗЕРА

Introduction. The formation of the microelement composition of surface waters in reservoirs and watercourses is determined by the biogeochemical processes in the catchment area. However, the schemes and mechanisms of interaction between watercourses and the soils drained by them have been studied insufficiently. Lake Teletskoye is the largest water reservoir of Altai, one of the deepest lakes in Russia, and its catchment area is 90 times larger than the area of the lake itself. Methods. We collected water samples in Lake Teletskoye tributaries during the summer low water period, in the estuaries of rivers. The ionic composition of waters and water extracts from soils (1:5) was determined using standard methods with a titrimetric finish. The content of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Co, V) in filtered water samples, suspended water matter and water extracts from soils was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using electrothermal atomization on a SOLAAR M6 device. Results. The article presents the results of macro - and microelement composition studies of Lake Teletskoye tributaries’ waters. It is shown that the waters of the studied tributaries are characterized by a low total content of the main salt composition components. A dependence of the content and distribution of trace elements in the “water – suspended matter” system on the catchment landscape and geochemical features was found. Conclusion. The content of the water-soluble forms of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Co, V in Lake Teletskoye tributaries’ waters conforms to environmental and sanitary requirements. It was found that Fe, Zn and Cr migrate mainly as the soluble compounds, while Pb, Mn, Cu migrate mainly in suspension. It was revealed that the different soil cover structure of the eastern and western lake shores determines different conditions for the hydrochemical flow formation of their rivers and, as a result, forms the differences in the physical and chemical composition of the eastern and western tributaries’ waters.

Monitoring of Air and Water Quality in Long-Term and Interplanetary Space Flights

A rationale for the concept and strategy of monitoring of the atmospheric chemical composition and water quality are provided for manned spacecraft to be used for long-term and interplanetary flights. The main risk factors are formulated for a change in atmospheric and water composition during interplanetary space flights. A promising version of the analytical system for operational control of air and water quality in manned spacecraft is described considering these risk factors. Several gas analysis methods are proposed to be used in this system to partially overlap the nomenclature of detected species with respect to particularly important (critical) species. The water quality in the system is monitored by two instruments: one for measuring the total carbon content and the other for analyzing the ionic composition of water.

Ionic Composition of Water in Lake Baikal, Its Tributaries, and the Angara River Source during the Modern Period

The results of long-term routine measurements of the concentration of major ions in the water of the Lake Baikal pelagic zone, the Angara River source, and main tributaries of the lake are analyzed. The average values of ion concentration in the water column of the lake and in the Angara River obtained for the recent decade are presented and compared with the data of previous studies. Long-term trends in the concentration of ions in the main Baikal tributaries are shown. Under low-water conditions, the inflow of ions to Lake Baikal through tributaries decreases despite an increase in their concentration in river water. Changes in the chemical composition of water in the tributaries did not affect the ionic composition of water in the Lake Baikal pelagic zone and in the Angara River source.