Water In Plastic Containers Research Articles

Development of a low-cost copper device for inactivation of microorganism in drinking water for human consumption

Drinking water is a basic necessity for mankind in day-to-day life. Due to several environmental changes in the climate, the problem of water pollution and scarcity increases all over the world, especially in rural and urban areas. To overcome such problems, people are using several alternative techniques for storing drinking water in regular household containers, especially in plastic tubs and plastic buckets, etc. Storing of drinking water in plastic containers increases microbial load with time which leads to various waterborne diseases such as vomiting, nausea diarrhea, dysentery, etc. To address such problems, the present study develop and design a potable water storage device using copper which will able to reduce water-borne pathogens and can easily fit in any storage container. Experimentation of the developed device was done in both spiked deionized water (DI) (Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar. typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and groundwater samples for analyzing its microbial, and physicochemical (pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and copper content) parameters. The results demonstrated that copper devices of 24 and 165 cm2 area can reduce the bacterial population efficiently by 99.99 % in 4 and 8 h in spiked DI and groundwater samples. Copper content was found to be in the range of 0.050–0.095 mg/L (24 cm2) and 0.056–1.75 mg/L (165 cm2) respectively over a period of 0 to 24 h which were characterized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Further, the structural properties of the device were characterized using X-ray Diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Parameters for the Chick model of inactivation were calculated and evaluated, all of which show the goodness of fit and predictability at various contact times. The developed device finds applications for travellers, households, school children, office goers, etc.

Experimental study on the impact of drinking water in plastic container with exposing to summer heat on animal health

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the expected negative effects of using plastic containers in depicting hot weather on animal health by using some criteria for liver enzymes represented by Alinine transaminase ALT, gama glutamate tranaminase (GGT), as well as redox enzymes manuldehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) . The animal house in agriculture college university of Karbala was used for the purpose of housing the animals of this experiment and the experiment lasted from 4/6/2020 to 4/8/2020 . Thirty local male rabbits ,average weight 1100-1400gm and age 4 months were divided into three groups equally : First group G1 served as controls negative (10 animals) were received water in metallic container at room temperature.Second group G2: Control positive (10 animals) were received water in plastic container at room temperature. Third group G3: also (10 animals) were received water in plastic container at 45ºC temperature. Feeding and water offered ad-libtum. the result reviled that animals received water in plastic container with exposited to summer heat45ºC, recorded increased significantly after 45 days in ALT,GGT and monoldihyd (MDA) , as well as glutathione peroxidase recoded decreased significantly was observed .

Histological study for detection impact of plastic materials through drinking water on local male rabbits

The aim of this research was conductedto evaluating the effect of plastic containers in depicting hot weather on animal health through the histological techniques for liver and kidney organs. Laboratory animal used for this purpose, in animal house of agriculture college university of karbala and the experiment appear from 4/6/2020to4/8/2020. Thirty local male rabbits, age 4 months and average weight 1100-1400gm were divided into equal three groups ;First group T1 served as controls negative (10 animals) were received water in metallic container at room temperature. Second groupT2: Control positive (10animals) were received water in plastic container at room temperature, while third group T3: also (10 animals) and received water exposed to 45ºC temperature in plastic container. Feeding and water offered ad-libtum.

Current Status of Indigenous and Highly Productive Chicken Breeds in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, chicken production plays an important role in providing human food consumption, growth of domestic products, and creating employment opportunities. Despite their importance, the production and reproduction performance of chickens in the country is under expectation owing to the gap between low productive indigenous and low adaptive ability of highly productive chicken breeds. By considering this, the present paper aims to deliver, synthesize, and summarize the compiled information on the current status of indigenous and highly productive chicken breeds. Currently, there are several highly productive chicken breeds available in Ethiopia. Among these, Rhode Island Red, Fayoumi, Potchefstroom Koekoek, Sasso, Bovan Brown, Issa Brown, and Leghorn are being kept under various husbandry systems. Besides, indigenous chicken ecotypes such as barley plumage color, red plumage color, white plumage color, and black plumage color have been characterized in the country. However, the average annual egg production of indigenous and highly productive chicken breeds did not exceed 60 and 250 eggs, respectively. On the other hand, the meat production ability of indigenous chickens is limited as cockerels and pullets may reach 1.5 and 1.05 kilogram live weight at 6 months of age, respectively. Concerning the husbandry system, a majority of owners supplied feed to chickens on the ground and water in plastic containers while scavenging is being the common feeding system in most parts of the country. Furthermore, the majority of the owners are using no separate housing system and treat their chickens traditionally. Thus, awareness should be emphasized on enhancing the improvement of chicken husbandry systems for better production and reproduction performance.

Impact of weather variables and season on sporulation of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae

AbstractPhytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae are the causal agents of important needle diseases on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Little is known about the epidemiology of the diseases, making the development of control strategies challenging. To investigate the seasonality and climatic drivers of sporulation, inoculum traps, consisting of pine fascicles floating on water in plastic containers, were exchanged fortnightly at five sites in P. radiata plantations between February 2012 and December 2014. Sections of needle baits were plated onto selective media and growth of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae recorded. To explore the generalizability of these data, they were compared to detection data for both pathogens from the New Zealand Forest Health Database (NZFHDB). Further, equivalent analyses on infection of Rhododendron ponticum by P. kernoviae in Cornwall, UK allowed the comparison of the epidemiology of P. kernoviae across different host systems and environments. In New Zealand, inoculum of P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was detected between January–December and March–November, respectively. Inoculum of both species peaked in abundance in late winter. The probability of detecting P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was greater at lower temperatures, while the probability of detecting P. pluvialis also increased during periods of wet weather. Similar patterns were observed in NZFHDB data. However, the seasonal pattern of infection by P. kernoviae in the UK was the opposite of that seen for sporulation in New Zealand. Phytophthora kernoviae was likely limited by warmer and drier summers in New Zealand, but by colder winter weather in the UK. These results emphasize the importance of considering both environmental drivers and thresholds in improving our understanding of pathogen epidemiology.

Potential Protective Role of Vitamin E in Lung of Adult Male Albino Rat Exposed to Bisphenol A

Abstract Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a worldwide manu-factured chemical in plastic industry. Exposure to BPA through food and drinking water in plastic containers leads to human health problems. Aim of Study: This study intends to explore the possible protective role of vitamin E against BPA induced functional and structural changes in the lungs of adult male albino rats. Material and Method: Twenty four adult male albino rats were divided randomly into 4 equal groups of 6 rats each; Group I (controls) divided into 2 subgroups: Subgroup (A) (negative control group): Fed on regular diet and water for 8 weeks. Subgroup (B) (vehicle control group): Received (1ml of corn oil) by oral gavage/day for 8 weeks. Group II (vitamin E alone) received 200mg Vitamin E/kg/day; Group III (BPA alone) received 500mg BPA/kg/day; Group IV (BPA and vitamin E co-administered) as in groups II and III. The drugs were administered through oral gavage for 8 weeks, at the end of the experiment, heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were estimated for all the animals. Blood samples were withdrawn for chemical examinations, and after sacrifice fresh lung specimens were collected for histological examination. Results: Administration of Vitamin E in cooperation with BPA significantly decreased MDA levels, MPO and Caspase-3 activities. In addition, it increased GSH, CAT and SOD activities significantly in rat lung tissues. Also, plasma levels of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and LDH were significantly decreased. Blood gases analysis showed no significant difference in pH, but showed increase in PaO2 decrease in PaCO2 significantly. Moreover hemodynamics changes in the form of significant decrease in MABP and HR. Vitamin E protected lungs against BPA induced histopathological changes like inflammation, congestion, inter alveolar septum thickening, alveolar damage, collagen fibers percent area and fatty infiltration, also the immunohistochemical changes were altered as depicted by significant decrease in the cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) +ve cell count and decreased expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in immunestained cells of the lung tissue.Conclusion: BPA exposure induced oxidative stress, inflammation and structural lung injury which were signifi-cantly less by coadminstration of vitamin E supplementation.

Effects of storage on borehole water quality stored in plastic containers for prolong periods

Water may become contaminated at any point between collection, storage and usage. This study examined the effects of storage on borehole water quality stored in plastic containers for prolong periods. Three brands of plastic containers filled with borehole water were collected from homes in Ugbowo, Benin city. Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. Total bacterial and coliform counts were determined using the pour plate technique. Conductivity, TDS, Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrate were within the recommended standards while turbidity and total iron were above recommended standards. The isolates identified include: Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp, E. coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Aspergillus flavus , Saccharomyces sp and Aspergillus niger . The total bacterial count in the water samples ranged from 1.4×10 3 cfu/ml to1.8×10 3 cfu/ml at week four while fungal counts was 1.3×10 2 cfu/ml to 1.6×10 2 cfu/ml. Bisphenol A was discovered to leach at detectable levels from the plastic containers as storage increased. The result of the BPA analysis revealed that BPA congeners ranged from 0.023mg/l within days of collection to 0.251ml/l at the fourth week of storage. This study has shown that storage of borehole water in plastic containers for prolonged period affects the bacteriological and chemical properties of the water, hence storage of borehole water in plastic for prolonged periods should be discouraged and discontinued. Keywords: Plastic contaminant, borehole water, bisphenol A

PENGARUH FAKTOR EKSPOSI TERHADAP KUALITAS CITRA RADIOGRAFI

The research on the influence of exposure factor on radiographic image quality has been conducted. This research uses phantom, water in plastic container as human substitute with focus film distance (FFD) 100 cm and broad field of irradiation 15 cm × 15 cm. The exposure conditions are given by exposure factors including variations in tube voltages of 60 kV, 65 kV, 70 kV, 75 kV, 80 kV called standard techniques or routine voltage techniques and the time flow is as big as 20 mAs, 25 mAs and 30 mAs. The results showed that the image quality will decrease with the use of current and time high. Image quality can be seen on gray-level histogram using java Image-J Basics version 1.38 software to get optimum value from exposure factor on image quality.

Diarrhoeal Disease in Relation to Possible Household Risk Factors in South African Villages.

Diarrhoeal disease is a significant contributor to child morbidity and mortality, particularly in the developing world. Poor sanitation, a lack of personal hygiene and inadequate water supplies are known risk factors for diarrhoeal disease. Since risk factors may vary by population or setting, we evaluated the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease at the household level using a questionnaire to better understand household-level risk factors for diarrhoea in selected rural areas in South Africa. In a sub-sample of dwellings, we measured the microbial quality of drinking water. One in five households had at least one case of diarrhoea during the previous summer. The most widespread source of drinking water was a stand-pipe (inside yard) (45%) followed by an indoor tap inside the dwelling (29%). Storage of water was common (97%) with around half of households storing water in plastic containers with an opening large enough to fit a hand through. After adjusting for confounders, the occurrence of diarrhoea was statistically significantly associated with sourcing water from an indoor tap (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.73, 95% CI: 2.73, 1.14–6.56) and storing cooked/perishable food in non-refrigerated conditions (AOR: 2.17, 95% CI: 2.17, 1.44–3.26). The highest total coliform counts were found in water samples from kitchen containers followed by stand-pipes. Escherichia coli were most often detected in samples from stand-pipes and kitchen containers. One in four households were at risk of exposure to contaminated drinking water, increasing the susceptibility of the study participants to episodes of diarrhoea. It is imperative that water quality meets guideline values and routine monitoring of quality of drinking water is done to minimise diarrhoea risk in relevant rural communities. The security of water supply in rural areas should be addressed as a matter of public health urgency to avoid the need for water storage.

Evaluation of bisphenol A, physicochemical properties and microbial characterization of borehole water stored in plastic containers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bisphenol A (BPA), physicochemical properties and microbial characterization of borehole water stored in plastic containers. Three brands of plastic containers filled with borehole water were collected from homes in Ugbowo, Benin city. Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. Total bacterial and coliform counts were determined using the pour plate technique. Conductivity, TDS, Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrate were within the recommended standards while turbidity and total iron were above recommended standards. The isolates identified include: Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces sp and Aspergillus niger . The total bacterial count in the water samples ranged from 1.4×103cfu/ml to1.8×103cfu/ml at week four while fungal counts was 1.3×102cfu/ml to 1.6×102cfu/ml. Bisphenol A (BPA) was discovered to leach at detectable levels from the plastic containers as storage increased. The result of the Bisphenol A analysis revealed that BPA congeners ranged from 0.023mg/l within days of collection to 0.251ml/l at the fourth week of storage. This study has shown that storage of borehole water in plastic containers for prolonged period affects the bacteriological and chemical properties of the water; hence storage of borehole water in plastic for prolonged periods should be discouraged and discontinued. Keywords: Plastic contaminant, physicochemical properties, Borehole water, Bisphenol A, Microbial characterization, Storage period

Fluoride release and recharging ability of new dental sealants.

This in vitro investigation was to evaluate the fluoride release and recharge abilities of three recently introduced dental fissure sealants (FS). Three dental FS were assessed: Teethmate F-1 (Kuraray), Fissurit F (Voco), BeautiSealant (Shofu), and a conventional glass ionomer cement FX-II (Shofu) as a control. Eight cylindrical specimens (7×2mm) of each material were made and immersed individually in 5ml de-ionized water in plastic containers. Fluoride release of the tested materials was evaluated during the experimental period (28days) utilising a fluoride ion-selective electrode. At the end of the test period, the specimens were soaked for 5min in a fluoride solution (0.05% NaF) and fluoride release was evaluated for the next 5days. The data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test and the level of significance was preset at α=0.05. The total fluoride release over the 28-day period for each material was: FX-II (408.6±45.66μg/cm(2))>Teethmate F-1 (89.45±12.32μg/cm(2))>Fissurit F (68.62±8.72μg/cm(2))>BeautiSealant (33.32±4.91μg/cm(2)), (p<0.05). After the re-fluoridation of the specimens with 0.05% NaF solution the cumulative fluoride re-release during the 5-day period for each material was: FX-II (99.53±13.21μg/cm(2))>Teethmate F-1 (9.76±1.62μg/cm(2))>BeautiSealant (5.69±0.89μg/cm(2))>Fissurit F (4.76±0.72μg/cm(2)), (p<0.05). The three tested sealants exhibited different capabilities to release and uptake fluoride ions after re-fluoridation but significantly lower than the glass ionomer tested.

Understanding Water Storage Practices of Urban Residents of an Endemic Dengue Area in Colombia: Perceptions, Rationale and Socio-Demographic Characteristics.

IntroductionThe main preventive measure against dengue virus transmission is often based on actions to control Ae. Aegypti reproduction by targeting water containers of clean and stagnant water. Household water storage has received special attention in prevention strategies but the evidence about the rationale of this human practice is limited. The objective was to identify and describe water storage practices among residents of an urban area in Colombia (Girardot) and its association with reported perceptions, rationales and socio-demographic characteristics with a mixed methods approach.MethodsKnowledge, attitudes and practices and entomological surveys from 1,721 households and 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted among residents of Girardot and technicians of the local vector borne disease program. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify associations between a water storage practice and socio-demographic characteristics, and knowledge, attitudes and practices about dengue and immature forms of the vector, which were then triangulated with qualitative information.ResultsWater storage is a cultural practice in Girardot. There are two main reasons for storage: The scarcity concern based on a long history of shortages of water in the region and the perception of high prices in water rates, contrary to what was reported by the local water company. The practice of water storage was associated with being a housewife (Inverse OR: 2.6, 95% CI 1.5 -4.3). The use of stored water depends on the type of container used, while water stored in alberca (Intra household cement basins) is mainly used for domestic cleaning chores, water in plastic containers is used for cooking.ConclusionsIt is essential to understand social practices that can increase or reduce the number of breeding sites of Ae. Aegypti. Identification of individuals who store water and the rationale of such storage allow a better understanding of the social dynamics that lead to water accumulation.

Addition of a worm leachate as source of humic substances in the drinking water of broiler chickens.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth performance, the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and energy, the retention of nutrients and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) in broiler chickens supplemented with increasing doses of a worm leachate (WL) as a source of humic substances (HS) in the drinking water. In Exp. 1, 140 male broilers were penned individually and assigned to four WL levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) mixed in the drinking water from 21 to 49 days of age. Water was offered in plastic bottles tied to the cage. In Exp. 2, 600 male broilers from 21 to 49 days of age housed in floor pens were assigned to three levels of WL (0%, 10%, and 20%) mixed in the drinking water. The WL was mixed with tap water in plastic containers connected by plastic tubing to bell drinkers. The results of both experiments were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial contrasts. In Exp. 1, the daily water consumption was similar among treatments but the consumption of humic, fulvic, and total humic acids increased linearly (p<0.01) as the WL increased in the drinking water. The feed conversion (p<0.01) and the ileal digestibility of energy, the excretion of dry matter and energy, the retention of dry matter, ash and nitrogen and the AMEn showed quadratic responses (p<0.05) relative to the WL levels in drinking water. In Exp. 2, the increasing level of WL in the drinking water had quadratic effects on the final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). The addition of WL as a source of HS in the drinking water had beneficial effects on the growth performance, ileal digestibility of energy, the retention of nutrients as well on the AMEn in broiler chickens; the best results were observed when the WL was mixed at levels of 20% to 30% in the drinking water.

Evaluation of an experimental product based on Bacillus thuringiensis sorovar. israelensis against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera:Culicidae)

Abstract The larvicidal activity of an experimental formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) against Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated under laboratory and simulated field conditions (SFC). Samples of technical powder (TP) were assayed to establish the LC50 and the potency of the product. The larvicidal activity of the TP and the tablet (T) were evaluated under SFC to assess the efficacy and the residual activity, measured against Ae. aegypti larvae. Either a T or 250 mg of TP were added to 50 L of water in plastic containers. Containers were exposed to sunlight or kept in the shade. Results showed a LC50 of 0.26 mg/L and a potency of 750 ITU/mg. In spite of differences in the toxicity amongst TP and T samples, all of them killed 98–100% of the larvae and the mortality remained high for six months, in the shade. The replacement of 20% or 60% of the water volume did not affect the activity of the product. Seasonal differences influenced the persistence of the product in containers exposed to sunlight. Both formulations showed an excellent performance, especially when kept in the shade. The Bti tablet evaluated in this study is potentially very useful in programs to control dengue vectors.