Water Holding Research Articles

Role of Yoghurt Cultures and Incubation Time in Enhancing Sensory Qualities of Yoghurt and Water Holding Capacity of Greek Yoghurt

Aims: The current research study aimed to investigate the impact of varying starter concentration, incubation temperature and temperature individually on sensory characteristics of yoghurt and water holding capacity of Greek yoghurt. Study Design: The study was experimental and was laboratory-based for optimizing the base for Greek yoghurt spread production. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Dairy Technology, Dairy Science College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Between January 2024 and October 2024. Methodology: Yoghurt was prepared by different levels of starter culture concentration (1, 2 and 3%) and incubation period (4, 5 and 6 hours) with optimization based on sensory analysis using 9- point hedonic scale. Water holding capacity was analyzed using the centrifugation method. Results: The Study elucidated that yoghurt prepared with inoculation of 2% starter culture concentration showcased the most favourable sensory characteristics obtaining a high score in flavour (8.4), colour and appearance (8.37), body and texture (8.44) and overall acceptability (8.49) on a 9-point hedonic scale. Among the different incubation hours at 42ºC, a 5-hour duration yielded the most promising results with sensory evaluations achieving 8.46, 8.42, 8.53 and 8.53 for flavour, colour and appearance, body and texture and overall acceptability, respectively. In addition, the combination of a 2% starter culture and 5-hour incubation at 42ºC resulted in highest water holding capacity, quantified as 76.11%. Conclusion: The study showed that the sensory qualities of yoghurt and water-holding capacity of Greek yoghurt are greatly influenced by the optimal yoghurt culture concentration and incubation time, with the most favourable results obtained with a 2% culture addition and a 5-hour incubation period.

Karakteristik Fisik dan Kimia Edible Film Maizena dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia Sappan L.)

The purpose of this research was to obtain the concentration of secang wood extract that produces the best physcochemical characteristics of maizena edible fim. This study used randomized block design (RBN) with one factor and five replications. The factor of this study was the addition of secang wood extract into maizena edible film which consisted of five levels, namely s0 (0%); s1 (1%); s2 (3%); s3 (5%); and s4 (7%). Analysis of physical and chemical characteristics include thickness, solubility, water holding capacity, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoid compound. The best edible film was selected by De Garmo test. The result showed that 7% of secang wood concentration made the best physcochemical characteristics of maizena edible film with 0,154 mm of thickness, 43,253% of solubility, 4,111 (g/g) of Water Holding Capacity (WHC), 96,485% of antioxidant activity, 252,727 mg QE/g extract of total flavonoid compound.

Extraction optimisation and characterisation of Artocarpus integer peel pectin by malonic acid-based deep eutectic solvents using response surface methodology

Traditional pectin extraction methods involve strong acids, which are environmentally harmful. This study explores an innovative approach using Malonic Acid (MA)-based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) to extract pectin from Artocarpus integer Peel (AIPP), optimised through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The extracted AIPP-A and AIPP-B from ChCl-MA and ChDHCit-MA DES, respectively, were characterised for yield, pH, solubility, Degree of Esterification (DE), Water and Oil Holding Capacity (WHC and OHC). The experimental values aligned with RSM model predictions, with low standard deviations: 0.7300 for ChCl-MA and 0.1531 for ChDHCit-MA. Optimal extraction conditions for AIPP-A were 3.27 % ChCl-MA, 1.28 h extraction time, 50.44 °C temperature, and a 1:40 g/mL solid-to-liquid ratio. For AIPP-B, the conditions were 4.95 % ChDHCit-MA, 2.04 h extraction time, 79.65 °C temperature, and a 1:50 g/mL solid-to-liquid ratio. ChCl-MA yielded 30.97 % AIPP, which was higher than that of ChDHCit-MA (27.99 %). Both AIPP demonstrated desirable properties such as low pH, high solubility, and significant DE. AIPP-A exhibited a greater DE (58.40 %) compared to AIPP-B (32.4 %) contributed to its lower WHC and higher OHC. In conclusion, RSM-based optimisation of AIPP extraction with DES is effective in producing pectin that is suitable for use as a gelling agent, preservative, and stabiliser in the food industry.

Influences and Prediction of Compaction Degree and Dry-wet Cycles on the Water Holding Properties of Low Liquid Limit Clay

Influences and Prediction of Compaction Degree and Dry-wet Cycles on the Water Holding Properties of Low Liquid Limit Clay

Effect of Different Approaches of Nutrient Application on Soil Quality Index Under Maize-Wheat Cropping System in Mollisol Region of Uttarakhand

ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, to study the effect of different approaches of nutrient application on soil fertility and soil quality under maize-wheat cropping system. Nine treatment combinations were compared namely, Recommended Doses of Fertilizers (RDF), Soil Test Crop Response (STCR), and various combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers. This paper aims to develop Soil Quality Index (SQI) based on Minimum Data Set (MDS) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Different indicators were employed to formulate the SQI, derived from surface soil layer measurements (0–15 cm). Each MDS indicator was then converted into a dimensionless score using linear scoring function and then integrated into SQI. Results showed that the key soil quality indicators identified as MDS using PCA under maize-wheat cropping system were Water Holding Capacity, organic carbon, available N and dehydrogenase activity. These soil quality indicators were found to be best for monitoring soil health status. After rabi wheat 2019–2020, SQI varied from 1.22 to 2.21 across the treatments whereas, after rabi wheat 2020–2021, SQI varied from 1.13 to 2.23 across the treatments. Among different approaches of nutrient application, STCR-based use of fertilizers along with FYM (T4) helped in maintaining better soil physical, chemical and biological properties and ultimately sustaining soil quality, which was followed by the treatment receiving 75% STCR dose of N (inorganic mode) + full P and K (T5). Integration of organics with inorganic fertilizers maintained soil quality, environmental health and reduced greater dependency on chemical fertilizers.

Modeling hydrogeological conditions of noble gases in water and aqueous electrolyte solutions

Dissolved noble gases in water hold significant potential as tracers and precursors in various hydrogeological and geological applications, particularly in understanding surface water-groundwater interactions. These applications necessitate precise solubility predictions. Employing the fugacity-fugacity approach, our study models the solubilities of Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon in both pure water and electrolyte solutions. Leveraging the Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State, we achieve remarkable accuracy, with average deviations below 2.5 % for vapor pressure, liquid, and vapor-phase densities. Additionally, in water–gas binary systems, deviations in gas solubilities within pure water remain under 5.0 %. Extending our analysis to water–gas-salt ternary systems, our model demonstrates deviations smaller than 5.6 %. Alongside discussing the gas dissolution mechanism, this work emphasizes the adaptability of the model, informed by robust experimental and modeling data. The interpretations derived from modeling hydrogeological conditions are poised to enhance our understanding of hydrological processes, thereby assisting planners and water managers in achieving sustainable development and management of water resources.

Physicochemical Properties and Microstructure of Mixed-species Surimi Made from Decapterus sp. and Priacanthus sp.

The surimi industry plays a substantial role in bolstering Indonesia’s fishing sector. The collapse of the majority of surimi companies can be attributed to the government limitation on trawling, which served as the primary source of demersal fish utilized in surimi processing. This restriction resulted in a significant shortage of raw material for industry. Therefore, it is imperative to explore alternate fish species that can serve as viable raw materials for the production of surimi. Alternative fish species are needed as raw materials for surimi. The objective of this work was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and microstructure of surimi produced from two distinct Indonesian fish species: Decapterus sp., a pelagic species, and Priacanthus sp., a demersal species. Five ratios of Decapterus sp and Priacanthus sp; 1:0 (F1: control 1), 3:1 (F2), 1:1 (F3), 1:3 (F4), and 0:1 (F5: control 2) were tested. The proximate composition showed that the addition of Decapterus sp. to the formula increased the protein and fat content of mixed surimi. The formula F4 showed the highest value for almost all textural profile parameters; there were springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience. The same result also presented in the gel strength, F4 also has the highest value. The Water Holding Capacity value was low, and it showed no difference between all formulas. The whiteness value was in the range of 66-68, and it showed no difference between all formulas. Protein patterns showed no myosin heavy chain in all formulas. Microstructure analysis showed that only F5 (control 2) was compact and denser, but the other formulas (F1, F2, F3, and F4) showed a large number of loose and porous structures. In the microbial analysis, all formulas showed the Total Plate Count value ( 6 x 105 cfu/g) was under the maximum acceptable value (107 cfu/g). The findings of the study indicated that the mixed-surimi, consisting of Decapterus sp and Priacanthus sp at a ratio of 1:3, exhibited the highest level of gel strength. In conclusion, Decapterus sp has the potential to serve as a viable raw material when combined with Priacanthus sp.

Thermoformed products from high-density polyethylene and Softwood kraft pulp.

Plastic recycling, waste minimization such as process outfall valorization promotes a circular economy. Herein, food trays have been produced in the moulded pulp thermoforming process. To this end, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) outfall has been dispersed in water via Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) addition in a Northern Bleached Softwood KraftPulp (NBSKP) slurry. Samples physical and mechanical properties have been evaluated. With an increasing HDPE content, parts air permeability was drastically reduced to a minimum of 2.4±0.8 mL min-1. In addition, water and grease hold out properties have been increased with minimum waterCobb1800 value of 10.9±5.4 gm-2 and oil Cobb1800 value of13.18±6.5 gm-2. Samples with high HDPE content demonstrated hydrophobic surface with water contact angle value above 90°. HDPE melting and binding to wood pulp fibers was monitored by SEM images. Regarding the mechanical properties, HDPE induced plastic deformation with a reduced Young modulus by 17 %. Moreover, the addition of HDPE increased wet strength by 81 %. However, the produced foodtray composites with high HDPE content demonstrated low repulpability index.

Analysis of Soil Samples for its Physicochemical Parameters of Soil in Bawal Block of Haryana

Without a question, the oldest occupation on Earth is agriculture. The soil was virgin in the early stages of evolution, and farming was done very differently than it is now. Growing more food in a less amount of space has made it necessary to plant more crops more frequently and to use omnicides and fertilizers frequently. Excessive use of fertilizers and omnicides negatively impacts soil characteristics, air and water pollution levels. The study of agricultural science or soil science has piqued people's curiosity. An attempt has been made to address the aforementioned issues in this work. The soil in the area being studied has been physicochemical characterized. Key Words: Water Holding Capacity, High-performance Liquid Chromatography, Nutritive index, Fertility index

Intensive ammonium fertilizer addition activates iron and carbon conversion coupled cadmium redistribution in a paddy soil under gradient redox conditions

While over-fertilization and nitrogen deposition can lead to the enrichment of nitrogen in soil, its effects on heavy metal fractions under gradient moisture conditions remains unclear. Here, the effect of intensive ammonium (NH4+) addition on the conversion and interaction of cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and carbon (C) was studied. At relatively low (30–80 %) water hold capacity (WHC) NH4+ application increased the carbonate bound Cd fraction (F2Cd), while at relatively high (80–100 %) WHC NH4+ application increased the organic matter bound Cd fraction (F4Cd). Iron‑manganese oxide bound Cd fractions (F3Cd) and oxalate-Fe decreased, but DCB-Fe increased in NH4+ treatments, indicating that amorphous Fe was the main carrier of F3Cd. The variations in F1Cd and F4Cd observed under the 100–30-100 % WHC treatment were similar to those observed under low moisture conditions (30–60 % WHC). The C=O/C-H ratio of organic matter in soil decreased under the 30–60 % WHC treatment, but increased under the 80–100 % WHC treatment, which was the dominant factor influencing F4Cd changes. The conversion of NH4+ declined with increasing soil moisture content, and the impact on oxalate-Fe was greater at 30–60 % WHC than at 80–100 % WHC. Correspondingly, genetic analysis showed the effect of NH4+ on Fe and C metabolism at 30–60 % WHC was greater than at 80–100 % WHC. Specifically, NH4+ treatment enhanced the expression of genes encoding extracellular Fe complexation (siderophore) at 30–80 % WHC, while inhibiting genes encoding Fe transmembrane transport at 30–60 % WHC, indicating that siderophores simultaneously facilitated Cd detoxification and Fe complexation. Furthermore, biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoid, steroid, butirosin and neomycin was significantly correlated with F4Cd, while glycosaminoglycan degradation metabolism and assimilatory nitrate reduction was significantly correlated with F2Cd. Overall, this study gives a more comprehensive insight into the effect of NH4+ on activated Fe and C conversion on soil Cd redistribution under gradient moisture conditions.

The Effect of Using Different Types of Flour on Water Content, Water Activity, Water Holding Capacity, Fat Content, Cholesterol, and Color of Chicken Liver Meatballs

Meatball is a processed meat products made with a mix of ground meat, flour, and spices. The ingredients for making meatballs can be substituted by using internal organs of livestock, such as chicken liver meatballs. This research objective measured the effect of different types of flour (tapioca flour, sago flour, and maizena flour) in chicken liver meatballs to measure the physical qualities (water content, water activity, water holding capacity, color) and chemical qualities (fat content and cholesterol). The material used in this research were chicken liver, tapioca flour, sago flour, maizena flour, salt, pepper, sugar, fried shallots, garlic, albumin, and ice. The method used in this research was experimental and counted with a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatments and 6 replications. T1: 26 % tapioca flour with 250 g chicken liver, T2: 26 % sago flour with 250 g chicken liver, and T3: 26 % maizena flour with 250 g chicken liver. The variables were fat content, cholesterol, and color. The result showed that average of water content on each flour was T1 61.65±0.49 %, T2 63.18±0.44 %, and T3 60.56±1.15 %. Water activity was T1 0.9427±0.0030, T2 0.9428±0.0070, and T3 0.9375±0.0036. WHC (Water Holding Capacity) was T1 49.38±1.21 %; T2 48.28±1.55 %, and T3 52.68±1.08 %. Fat content was T1 11.54±0.88 %, T2 11.33±0.66 %, and T3 11.01±0.76 %. Cholesterol level was T1 19.16±1.01 mg/100g, T2: 18,54±1.32 mg/100g, and T3 18.10±0.72 mg/100g. Color was T1 46.01±0.65, T2 43.67±1.13, and T3 43.09±2.15. This research concluded that the effect of three types of flour (tapioca, sago, and maizena) addition were highly significanly effect (P<0.01) on water content, water holding capacity, color L*, color a*, color b* and significanly effect (P<0.05) on water activity, but were not significanly effect (P>0.05) on fat content, and cholesterol level. Research can be continued with the use of tapioca flour, sago flour, and maizena flour in meatball products from other livestock livers with different variables

Effect of trehalose treatment on growth, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants under drought stress

The study was to determine the effect of trehalose treatment on growth, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant enzymes in tomato plants growing under drought stress. In an experiment, the seeds were transferred to plastic pots, and the pots were divided into four groups. , the first and second groups without treatment 90%, 20% WHC (Water Holding Capacity)), while the third and fourth groups, 90%, 20% WHC In the presence of 25 mM trehalose (Tre). On day 30, plants were harvested, growth parameters, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and enzymes measured. Drought stress caused significant growth inhibition including fresh and dry weight, root length and shoot height. There was an increase in hydrogen peroxide and also an increase in the activity of some enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and PPO) and a decrease of others (APx, GR, and GHPx) in the roots and stems of drought-stressed plants. Treatment with 25 mM trehalose significantly improved growth parameters compared to drought-stressed plants, and the results in this study showed a decrease in the activity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and an increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, APx, GSHPx, GPx and PPO in the treated plants.

Physical quality of goat milk yogurt with the addition of pineapple and purple sweet potato

It is necessary to eliminate the rancid smell of goat milk by fermentation technology through yogurt-making plus pineapple juice and purple sweet potato juice stabilizer. Adding pineapple juice and purple sweet potato is a food diversification by utilizing agricultural production and maintaining environmental sustainability. The study sought to enhance consumer enthusiasm for ingesting goat milk yoghurt by incorporating pineapple juice and purple sweet potato. This study used a factorial experiment in RAL 3 x 3 with 3 replications. Factor I pineapple juice dose consists of N1 = 5%, N2 = 10%, and N3 =15%. Factor II dose of purple sweet potato juice consisted T1: 0.2% (T1), T2: 0.4% and T3: 0.6%. Control goat milk yogurt without adding pineapple and purple sweet potato juice. The parameters studied consisted of. swell ability and solubility, syneresis, viscosity and WHC (Water Holding Capacity). The results of the study the addition of 15% pineapple juice (N3) and 0.6% purple sweet potato (T3) produced the best physical quality of goat milk yogurt increasing the swelling power, solubility, water holding capacity, viscosity with respective values of 10.73%, 3.08%, 90%, and 352.93% and decreasing syneresis with a value of 15.73%.

The Potential of Weissella confusa K2 Isolated from Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Fruit as High Exopolysaccharide-Producing Strain

Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from various sources has previously been carried out to obtain strains that produce high of exopolysaccharide (EPS). Isolate K2, which was LAB isolated from longan (Dimocarpus longan) fruit, can produce EPS. This study aimed to identify isolate K2, and evaluated the effect of supplementation carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose) and pH of media (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) on EPS production. Isolate K2 was identified as Weissella confusa molecularly based on 16S rDNA, the type of carbon source, and the pH of media had significant effects (P<0.05) on EPS production. W. confusa K2 produced EPS that was highest on media with the supplementation of sucrose as a carbon source and produced the lowest EPS on lactose. The amount of EPS produced by W. confusa K2 under alkaline was higher than under acidic, the highest EPS of 47.703 g/L at pH 8 and the lowest EPS at pH 4 of 1.858 g/L. The physical properties showed EPS has good solubility in water with the solubility and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) at 40.533% and 354% respectively. Based on Surface morphology of EPS with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, the surface structure of EPS was a porous polymer matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) results of EPS showed the presence of absorption bands as characteristic of carbohydrates, such as the presence of O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O-C groups, and glycosidic bonds.

The Effect of Gelatin on Water Holding Capacity, Water Activity, Water Content, and Randement of Chicken-Liver Meatball

Gelatin (C102H151N31) was used as the addition on chicken liver meatballs and had functioned as a binder agent to improve the texture of the liver which crumbles easily by binding the water during heating. The objective of this research was determining the effect of gelatin as the addition in different levels on WHC, Aw, water content, and randement of chicken liver meatball. The materials used for this research were chicken liver meatballs added with different levels of gelatin consisting of 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%. The method of this research used experimental research, counted with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) used 4 treatments and 4 replications. Variables of this research were WHC, Aw, water content, and randement. The result showed that average of WHC on each level are 46.39% ; 47.97% ; 48.73% ; 49.24%, Aw: 0.88; 0.88; 0.88; 0.90, water content: 69.00%; 68.38%; 66.50%; 64.37%, randement: 94.04%; 96.12%; 97.10%; 100.20%. Addition of gelatin did not give significant effect on WHC, Aw, water content, and randement. In conclusion, the addition of gelatin in different levels on chicken liver meatball did not give significant effect on WHC, Aw, water content, and randement

A Simple, Affordable, Do-It-Yourself Method for Measuring Soil Maximum Water Holding Capacity

ABSTRACT There is an increasing need for accessible methods to monitor soil health. Our primary objective was to evaluate an accessible, do-it-yourself method for measuring the maximum water holding capacity – we call this the funnel, filter paper, and drainage (MWHCFFPD) method. First, we compared MWHCFFPD to the water desorption method via pressure cells (WHCPC), routinely used for generating soil water retention curves, using 10 soils from a wide range of textures (4–55% clay). Second, we tested the sensitivity of the MWHCFFPD to methodological variations likely encountered by citizen scientists. The two methods were quite comparable in precision, with mean coefficient of variances of 3.5% and 4.4% for the FFPD and water desorption method, respectively. The MWHCFFPD and WHCPC methods were comparable, with MWHCFFPD best correlating to WHCPC at −2.45 kPa (R2 = 0.98). The MWHCFFPD method is somewhat sensitive to some methodological modifications, most notably variation in water source, but with standardized protocols could be scientifically robust. Overall, MWHCFFPD can be used as a simple and affordable test of sieved soil structure and organic matter, and thus has potential to expand soil health monitoring.

Fee for Reducing Natural Field Retention as an Instrument of Sustainable Public Finance

Theoretical background: Active national fiscal policy is an important determinant of sustainable development. Poland falls below the water security level, which is why natural retention is a particularly important issue, as the poverty of societies begins with a lack of access to water. This also poses a challenge for public finance, which should encourage specific behaviors. As of 1 January 2018, a fee for the reduction of natural land retention is levied in Poland. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to analyze and evaluate the fee for reducing natural field retention as an instrument of sustainable public finance and to assess its fiscal efficiency in terms of its ability to raise public revenue, in particular the revenue of municipalities on the example of cities with county rights in the Silesian Voivodeship. Research methods: The paper draws on literature reviews and the conducted empirical research. Data were collected using the direct method via access to public information. First, an analysis was carried out on the amount of revenue generated from the fee for reducing natural field retention, constituting the income of the State Water Holding – Polish Waters. Subsequently, an analysis was made on the amount of revenue generated from the fee for reducing natural field retention in municipalities with county rights in the Silesian Voivodeship. The study covered the years 2018–2022, i.e. from the introduction of the fee until the last year for which the data are available. Main findings: The fee for reducing natural field retention is a sustainable public finance instrument designed to shape attitudes and influence behavior. Although levying a fee for reducing natural field retention does not solve the problem of insufficient retention, it encourages discussion and implementation of measures to improve it. The mandatory fee is intended to discourage the construction of impervious surfaces and, at the same time, encourage property owners to incorporate retention systems into their construction plans to counteract the lowering of groundwater levels. It is of great importance, not in an economic or fiscal sense (public revenue), but rather in a social sense, by raising public awareness of the problem of natural retention.

Estimation of Soil Density, Porosity, Water Holding Capacity, and Moisture content of Arpa River Based Soil

Soil physics plays a pivotal role in the present scenario. It is directly related to the economic growth of India. An attempt has been made in this paper to research as well as estimate some important physical properties of the Arpa River-based soil of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. For soil analysis, it is required to calculate different Chemical, Physical, and Electrical properties, and Geographical. The physical properties of soil are influenced by the size, arrangement, composition, and properties of soil particles. Six distinct soil samples are taken for the current study from different places in the Arpa River. Many physical properties of these six soil samples are examined, including bulk density, particle density, porosity, water holding capacity, soil moisture content, and so on. which can be determined by different standard methods and mathematical formulas. The bulk density in this study ranges from 1.1332 to 1.466 g/cm3. The range of particle density is 2.0449 to 2.5252 g/cm3. After the determination of Bulk density and particle density, the percentage of solid space and pore space (Porosity) was evaluated. Water holding capacity varies from 8% to 48%. The moisture content of six samples varies from 25.92% to 48.14%. Based on physico-chemical parameters it is easy to find the type and amount of fertilizers for particular crops.

Effect of Water Holding Capacity on Composting Yield of Organic Market Waste

The increasing volume of market waste that continues to occur makes people think negatively of waste, but on the other hand waste can provide positive things by composting. The purpose of this research is to analyze the content of Water Holding Capacity (WHC) in organic compost made from market waste. The composting process uses the Open Windrow method with aerobic Composting Bag container media. Composting was carried out for fifteen days with variations in the addition of bioactivators to accelerate the maturation of different composts are 50 ml, 75 ml, 100 ml, 125 ml, and 150 ml with one control compost. The bioactivator used is a type of local microorganism (MOL) made from market waste. Based on the results of this study, compost with a variation of 150 ml bioactivator addition produced an optimal WHC content of 75%, the best water content of 49.24%, C/N 15.57%, temperature 32.29°C, and pH 7.

Changes in the physical properties of the meat of broiler carcasses using aloe vera oil extracted locally compared to the imported

This study was conducted to demonstrate the changes in the physical properties of broiler carcasses by locally extracted aloe vera oil compared to the imported, from 3/5/2022 to 5/6/2022. 270 unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks, one day old, with 4 treatments were. T1 (control treatment), the locally extracted aloe vera oil treatments were T2 and T3 (water bath), T4 and T5 (oil immersion). The treatments of imported aloe vera oil were T6 and T7 (Pakistani origin), T8 and T9 (Iranian origin). Addition levels were 0.30 and 0.40 ml oil/kg deit. The physical characteristics of the studied broiler carcasses meat were Water Holding Capacity (WHC), Thawing loss, Drip loss and Cooking loss. A significant improvemnt (P≤0.05) for treatments of aloe vera oil extracted locally, especially extracted by the water bath method, in the physical characteristics of the meat of broiler carcasses, represented by each of the water holding capacity, the effluent liquid and the loss when melting and cooking, compared with imported aloe vera oil and control treatment. T3 treatment was the best on other locally extracted aloe vera oil treatments.