Water Heat Treatment Research Articles

Multifunctional, efficient, and durable composites of conductive PMIA/Ag membrane

Developing high-efficiency electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite membranes along with additional functionalities to extend the application scenarios is highly desirable for the next generation electronic devices. Here, we report an ultrathin and flexible EMI shielding materials with sensitive Joule heating and outstanding infrared stealth performance was fabricated from poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide (PMIA) and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) through an innovation and simplicity method of electrospinning and electroless plating. Profiting from a continuous three-dimensional (3D) conductive network, the final membrane achieves an outstanding EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 100.51 dB (in X-band), a remarkable Joule heating properties with a fast thermal response and low driving voltage (<0.5 V), and an outstanding infrared stealth with a low infrared emissivity (0.28). Meanwhile, the prepared composite membrane demonstrates stable EMI SE even after water washing, continuous bending, and heating treatment. This work integrates high-performance fiber PMIA, characterized by high heat resistance, flame retardancy, self-extinguishing properties, and chemical resistance, with functions such as EMI shielding, infrared stealth, and autonomous thermal management. It has great development potential if utilized in specialized combat uniforms under harsh conditions.

Superelastic Properties of Aged FeNiCoAlTaB Cold-Rolled Shape Memory Alloys

In the present study, microstructure and cyclic tensile tests were used to measure the superelastic responses of Fe40.95Ni28Co17Al11.5Ta2.5B0.05 (at.%) shape memory alloys after 97% cold rolling. Cold-rolled samples underwent annealing heat treatment (1250 °C/1 h) followed by quenching in water or aging heat treatment (700 °C/6 h and 700 °C/12 h) followed by quenching in water. The microstructure results showed that the average grain size increased from 210 μm to 1570 μm as annealing times increased from 0.5 h to 1 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra for FeNiCoAlTaB (NCATB) showed that in cold-rolled alloys after solution, the strong peak was in the face-centered cubic (γ, FCC) &lt;111&gt; structure. In aged samples, a new peak (γ’, FCC) emerged, the intensity of which increased as aging times rose from 6 to 12 h. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed that the average precipitate size was around 10 nm in 700 °C/6 h specimens and 18 nm in 700 °C/12 h specimens. The precipitate was enriched in Ni, Al, and Ta elements and exhibited an L12 crystal structure. Tensile samples aged at 700 °C for 6 and 12 h exhibited recoverable strains of 1% and 2.6%, respectively, at room temperature. Digital image correlation (DIC) results for the sample aged at 700 °C for 12 h showed that two martensite variants were activated during the superelastic test. Such variants can form corresponding variant pairs (CVPs), which promote tensile deformation. The tensile sample exhibited a gradual cyclic degradation, and a large irrecoverable strain was observed after the test. This irrecoverable strain was the result of residual martensite, which was pinned by dislocations.

Research on oil recovery of oily sludge by subcritical/supercritical hydrothermal upgrading

AbstractBACKGROUNDSub/supercritical hydrothermal treatment is a promising technology for efficient resource utilization and complete harmlessness of oily sludge, which is significant for promoting the green and sustainable development of the petroleum industry. In this paper, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time and oil content on oil recovery and oil quality (composition, desulfurization and denitrification, and heavy metal content) are studied in detail.RESULTSIt was found that the temperature was the most critical parameter, and the optimal process conditions were 350°C, 20 MPa, 60 min and 12 wt% oil content, under which the oil recovery rate could reach 70.46%. The content of N and S in the recovered oil could be as low as 0.87 and 0.536 wt%, and the ratio of H/C was higher than 1.6.CONCLUSIONIt was found that reaction temperature had the most significant effect on oil recovery compared with other reaction parameters. Heavy metals are transferred from the oil phase to the water and solid phases, so the content of heavy metals in the oil phase is up to standard. The experiment shows that supercritical water heat treatment of oily sludge is feasible, which makes possible the commercial application of sub/supercritical water thermal oil collection technology. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Phase purity and evolution in sol–gel derived single component and multicomponent rare‐earth disilicates

AbstractRare‐earth disilicates are a focus of study for use as environmental barrier coatings in gas‐turbine engines. These coatings require thermomechanical and thermochemical stability at elevated temperatures and properties can be tailored through the use of multicomponent rare‐earth disilicates. Producing rare‐earth disilicates via sol–gel is documented in literature, but there are differing procedures with varying phase purities. This work establishes trends that dictate the effects of water content, pH, and heat treatment conditions that determine the final phase purity of Yb, Er, Lu, Sc, and Y disilicate powders made via sol–gel. The phase(s) of the powders were identified and quantified using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to extract weight fractions. In situ XRD during heating from room temperature to 1200°C was used to observe the crystallization and phase evolution of the sol–gel‐based powders, allowing for the identification of a rarely reported low temperature triclinic phase in ytterbium‐, erbium‐, and lutetium‐based disilicate sol–gels that forms prior to transformation into a monoclinic phase. Ex situ XRD allowed for the phase identification of sol–gels processed at 1400°C. These experiments demonstrated that phase‐pure disilicates could be formed under conditions with no intentional water additions, a target pH of 2, and long heat treatment times at high temperatures (e.g., 1400°C). These conditions remain valid for not only single‐cation rare‐earth disilicates of Yb, Er, Lu, Sc, and Y but also a multicomponent disilicate containing equimolar concentrations of all of these cations.

Polyvinyl alcohol solvent-free adhesives for biomass bonding via rapid water activation and heat treatment

Polyvinyl alcohol solvent-free adhesives (PSFAs) possess high bonding strength, simple preparation, high cost-effectiveness, a long storage time, and convenient transportation.

Effect of heat treatment and nitrogen atmosphere during post-curing on mechanical properties of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners.

Three-dimensional (3D)-printed aligners present a promising orthodontic treatment modality, whose clinical success largely depends on the material's mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of resin-made 3D-printed aligners and assess the effect of two different post-curing conditions. Forty dumbbell-shaped specimens and 40 resin aligners were 3D-printed and divided into four equal groups according to post-curing conditions: presence or absence of oxygen during post-curing and water heat treatment at 85°C for 15 s or none. Samples from the central incisor of the aligner (n = 5/group) were studied by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The dumbbell-shaped specimens were loaded up to fracture under tensile mode and yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elastic and plastic strain were calculated. The first mandibular molar area from 3D-printed aligners (n = 10/group) was cut and embedded in acrylic resin and then underwent metallographic grinding and polishing followed by instrumented indentation testing to determine the following mechanical properties: Martens hardness, indentation modulus, elastic index, and indentation relaxation. After descriptive statistics, differences according to each post-curing protocol, as well as their combination, were analyzed with linear regression modeling at a 5% significance level. All groups showed identical ATR-FTIR spectra, while no statistically significant effects were seen for either post-curing protocol (N2 presence and heat treatment) or their combination (P > .05 in all instances). The mechanical properties of 3D-printed resin aligners were not considerably affected either by post-curing in N2 atmosphere or heat treatment.

Acidic water tempering and heat treatment, a hurdle approach to reduce wheat Salmonella load during tempering and its effects on flour quality

The cultivation and processing of wheat render it susceptible to microbial contamination from varied sources. Hence, pathogens such as Salmonella can contaminate wheat grains, which poses a food safety risk in wheat-based products. This risk is displayed by the incidence of foodborne illness outbreaks linked to Salmonella-contaminated wheat flour and flour-based products. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of combining acidic water and heat treatment in reducing the Salmonella load of hard red spring (HRS) wheat grains during tempering. Effective treatments were then evaluated for their effects on wheat flour quality. Tempering with sodium bisulfate (SBS), lactic acid (LA), and citric acid (CA) at 15% w/v alone reduced (p < 0.001) wheat Salmonella load by 3.15, 3.23, and 2.91 log CFU/g, respectively. Heat treatment (55 °C) reduced (p < 0.001) wheat Salmonellaload by 4.1 log CFU/g after 24 h of tempering. Combining both tempering and heat treatments resulted in a greater reduction in Salmonella load as non-detectable levels (<2 log CFU/g) of Salmonella in the wheat grains were obtained after 12 h of tempering with LA (15%) + heat. A similar result were achieved for both SBS (15%) + heat and CA (15%) + heat treatments after 18 h of tempering. Applying the combined treatments in HRS wheat grains resulted in comparable wheat flour baking (volume, texture, and crumb structure) and physicochemical properties (rheology and composition) relative to the control (tempering with water alone). The results from this study has the potential to be utilized for developing more effective methods for improving the food safety of wheat flour against Salmonella contamination.

Passivation of cut edges of crystalline silicon by heat treatment in liquid water

We report on the effective passivation of cut edges of n-type (100) crystalline silicon by forming thin oxide layers achieved by heat treatment in liquid water at 90 °C for 2 h followed by heating in an air atmosphere at 300 °C for 1 h. The mechanical cut with the (110) oriented cleaved edge markedly decreased the photo-induced effective minority carrier lifetime τ eff to 6.9 × 10−4 s, which was 0.22 times the initial value of 3.2 × 10−3 s, and which was maintained by the region 0.5 cm away from the edge. The present passivation treatment resulted in the reduction of τ eff to 0.43, with τ eff values of 4.0 × 10−4 s at the edge and 9.4 × 10−4 s at 0.2 cm from the edge. The analysis with a simple model of carrier diffusion in the lateral direction resulted in the recombination velocity at the cut edge, which was initially higher than 2000 cm s−1, being decreased to 50 cm s−1 by the present treatment, while the recombination velocity at the sample surface was increased from 8 (initial) to 46 cm s−1, probably due to the field-induced depletion effect.

Experimental study on RPC containing zircon sand and sillimanite at elevated temperatures

The main purpose of this project involves investigation of Reactive Powder concrete (RPC), known for its ultra-high strength and improved durability properties and the influence of elevated temperatures compared with that of standard water cured samples in RPC. The process of binding is taken care by high alumina cement. The various material propositions of RPC includes Quartz sand, zircon sand, sillimanite and alccofine were used to achieve low level porosity with dense concrete matrix, thereby eliminating the addition of coarse aggregates. Micro steel fiber were used to improve the tensile property in concrete composite. The workability of concrete is improved based on poly carboxylate based super plasticizer. The experimental investigation comprises of eighteen specimens were cast and its compressive strength was observed. The samples are said to the replacement of cement with that of HAC and Alccofine in a constant ratio. The fine aggregate are being replaced completely by quartz sand, zircon sand and sillimanite with varying ratio. The samples undergone standard water curing and heat treatment at temperatures 150 °C, 300 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C. The comparative results between the standard water curing and heat treatment is observed for varying ratio of fine aggregate along with micro steel fiber and super plasticizer and the results are recorded.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical behavior and scaling resistance of slag impregnated low strength recycled compacted concrete

Recycling concrete waste via high-pressure compaction is a new way of producing recycled concrete, which is developed in 2016. However, it is limited in that the compressive strength of the compacted product is less than 21 MPa. This study focuses on the characterization of recycled compacted concrete (also referred to as compact) quantified according to mechanical behavior, including compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and scaling resistance, quantified based on a salt scaling test. Investigations were conducted to enhance the strength of compact from previous studies by observing the influence of byproducts such as granulated blast furnace slag and base course materials of iron and steel slag (as replacements for natural fine and coarse aggregates) using water immersion and heat treatment. At 100% replacement, heat treatment increased the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths by 1.77, 2.23, and 2.32 times, respectively than that of the untreated specimens. Also, morphological observation through Scanning Electron Microscopy indicated that bond performance of compact is improved by incorporating slag materials. This study experimentally demonstrated the potential of heat treatment in the strength enhancement of compacts after specified water immersion period and thus, rendered heat treatment as a prospective experimental method of increasing the strength of compact.

Environmental factors contributing to the convergence of bacterial community structure during indigo reduction.

Indigo is solubilized through the reducing action of the microbiota that occurs during alkaline fermentation of composted leaves of Polygonum tinctorium L. (sukumo). However, the environmental effects on the microbiota during this treatment, as well as the mechanisms underlying the microbial succession toward stable state remain unknown. In this study, physicochemical analyses and Illumina metagenomic sequencing was used to determine the impact pretreatment conditions on the subsequent initiation of bacterial community transition and their convergence, dyeing capacity and the environmental factors critical for indigo reducing state during aging of sukumo. The initial pretreatment conditions analyzed included 60°C tap water (heat treatment: batch 1), 25°C tap water (control; batch 2), 25°C wood ash extract (high pH; batch 3) and hot wood ash extract (heat and high pH; batch 4), coupled with successive addition of wheat bran from days 5 to 194. High pH had larger impact than heat treatment on the microbiota, producing more rapid transitional changes from days 1 to 2. Although the initial bacterial community composition and dyeing intensity differed during days 2-5, the microbiota appropriately converged to facilitate indigo reduction from day 7 in all the batches, with Alkaliphilus oremalandii, Amphibacillus, Alkalicella caledoniensis, Atopostipes suicloalis and Tissierellaceae core taxa contributing to the improvement of when the dyeing intensity. This convergence is attributed to the continuous maintenance of high pH (day 1 ~) and low redox potential (day 2~), along with the introduction of wheat bran at day 5 (day 5~). PICRUSt2 predictive function profiling revealed the enrichment of phosphotransferease system (PTS) and starch and sucrose metabolism subpathways key toward indigo reduction. Seven NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases KEGG orthologs correlating to the dyeing intensity was also identified, with Alkalihalobacillus macyae, Alkalicella caledoniensis, and Atopostipes suicloalis contributing significantly toward the initiation of indigo reduction in batch 3. During the ripening period, the staining intensity was maintained by continuous addition of wheat bran and the successive emergence of indigo-reducing bacteria that also contributed to material circulation in the system. The above results provide insight into the interaction of microbial system and environmental factors in sukumo fermentation.

To promote catalytic ozonation of toluene by tuning Brönsted acid sites via introducing alkali metals into the OMS-2-SO42-/ZSM-5 catalyst

Although free hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated on OMS-2-based catalysts during the catalytic ozonation process have been shown as important reactive oxygen species (ROSs) for toluene degradation, improvement of surface ·OH formation ability remains challenging. Here, Na, K, Rb, and Cs-OMS-2-SO42-/ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared, characterized and evaluated for catalytic ozonation of toluene. Both characterizations and DFT calculations showed that the appropriate alkali metal introduction made the catalyst possess with appropriate crystalline, reducibility, and acidity, which was favorable for catalytic ozonation of toluene. Characterizations also showed that alkali metal introduction resulted in water molecule adsorption on Brönsted acid sites of the catalysts, which made water molecule activation by ozone to form ·OH more easily. The introduction of K+ content of ∼ 5.9 wt% yielded K-OMS-2-SO42-/ZSM-5 catalyst with the highest Brönsted acid sites and thus formed the most ·OH among the five prepared catalysts. As a result, the catalyst exhibited excellent toluene conversion and COx selectivity for catalytic ozonation of toluene at room temperature and ambient humidity. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of deactivated K-OMS-2-SO42-/ZSM-5 catalyst was recovered after regeneration by a combination of water washing and heat treatment. Finally, a complete mechanism for toluene catalytic ozonation, catalyst deactivation, and regeneration was proposed.

Response of carrot seed germination to heat treatment, the emergency measure to reduce the risk of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ seed transmission

In Europe and the Mediterranean region, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is associated with emerging diseases of Apiaceae crops, mainly carrot. Emergency measures for import of carrot seed were set, requiring seed to be heat-treated at 50°C or tested as Lso-negative by PCR. The germination response to heat treatment was assessed for 24 carrot cultivar and hybrid seed lots. Ten parsley, five fennel, and two celery seed lots were also analysed. Of these 41 seed lots, 21 were Lso-infected. Water heat treatment significantly decreased germinability compared to dry heat treatment, indicating that dry heat treatment is a cheaper and less detrimental procedure. However, the dry heat treatment significantly decreased seed germination compared to untreated controls in four of 24 seed lots of carrot, four of ten parsley seed lots, three of five fennel seed lots, and one of two celery seed lots. For parsley, the heat treatment reduced germinability to a lesser extent in Lso-infected than Lso-free seed lots. These data show that heat treatment can affect the germination of Apiaceae seeds to varying degrees, depending on species or variety, the type of heat treatment, and the sanitary status of the seeds.

Highly conductive ZIF-67 derived La-doped hollow structure for H2S detection

ZIF-67 and its derived materials have large specific surface areas, high porosity, and high stability; therefore, they are widely used in sensors and other detection methods. However, their electrical conductivity is seriously affected due to their organic framework during the sensing process, limiting their practical applications. In this study, La-ZIF materials are successfully synthesized by a simple water bath method and heat treatment using La-doped Co-MOF as a precursor. The material which has lamella-lapped thin shell structure and resistance reduced by an order of magnitude was successfully synthesized. The systematic gas sensitivity test shows the material's promising response to H2S gas with high gas selectivity. The response value of La-ZIF5 to 50 ppm H2S is increased by one order of magnitude. The gas-sensitive and conductive mechanisms are analyzed with XPS and UPS results.

Heating temperature and water activity of alfalfa seeds affect thermal inactivation of Salmonella and maintaining seed viability

Sprouts have been involved in many outbreaks of salmonellosis where seeds were identified as the likely source of contamination. This study aimed to develop an effective heat treatment that could achieve a >5-log reduction of Salmonella inoculated on alfalfa seeds while maintaining seed viability and vigor. Effects of seeds' water activity (aw) and heat treatment temperature on Salmonella inactivation and seed viability were determined. Alfalfa seeds were dip-inoculated with a four-strain Salmonella cocktail and dried to aw of 0.05–0.20. The inoculated seeds were then placed in sealed glass tubes and heated at 65.9, 71.0, and 76.6 °C for up to 180 h. Increasing aw of seeds greatly improved thermal inactivation of Salmonella. For example, to achieve a >5-log reduction of Salmonella on seeds, treatment times of 140 and 60 h at 71.0 °C were required for aw of 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. Treatment temperature also greatly affected inactivation of Salmonella on alfalfa seeds. For example, to achieve a >5-log reduction of Salmonella on seeds with aw of 0.2, treatment times of 180 and 60 h were required for temperatures of 65.9 and 71.0 °C, respectively. Seeds' aw was critical for preserving seed viability. When seeds were treated at 71.0 °C for 60 h, increasing aw from 0.1 to 0.2 decreased the sprout yield ratio from 103.9 % to 73.7 %. Treatment of seeds with aw of 0.1 at 71.0 °C was found to be optimum for achieving a desirable Salmonella inactivation level while maintaining seed viability, resulting in 4.2 and 6.0 log reductions of Salmonella and yield ratios of 100.7 % and 96.1 % after 100- and 140-h treatments, respectively. This optimum heat treatment was compared with the traditional 20,000-ppm chlorine wash in terms of Salmonella inactivation and preservation of seed viability and found to be a far superior disinfection method. The chlorine treatment achieved 1.8 and 2.0 log reductions of Salmonella and yield ratios of 70.9 % and 65.1 % after 15- and 20-min treatments, respectively.

Improving electromagnetic field exposure regimes in the production of flattened spelt groats

The modes to produce flattened spelt groats using an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency have been scientifically substantiated. The influence of the duration of irradiation by the field of ultrahigh frequency and water heat treatment on the temperature, yield, and duration of flattened spelt groats cooking was investigated. When irradiated with a field of ultrahigh frequency from 20 to 180 s, the minimum temperature of the product is 27–128 °C, and the maximum temperature is 43–159 °C. Treatment with a field of ultrahigh frequency from 20 to 100 s does not significantly affect the total yield of groats from spelt. The total yield, in this case, is 94–97 %. At the irradiation with a field of ultrahigh frequency from 120 to 180 s, the total yield of groats is significantly reduced to 83–90 %. Treating with a field of ultrahigh frequency for 100–180 s significantly reduces the duration of flattened groats cooking. The duration of cooking groats, in this case, is 14.0–15.8 minutes. It should be noted that water-heat treatment reliably reduces the duration of cooking flattened groats compared to the option without moistening. The peculiarity of the technology to produce flattened groats from spelt wheat using the field of ultrahigh frequency is that whole groats must be irradiated for 60–80 s with moistening by 1.0–1.5 %. Under this mode, the total yield of groats is 94–97 %, and the duration of cooking groats is 14.3–15.9 minutes. Subject to the production of flattened groats of the highest grade, it is necessary to irradiate with a field of ultrahigh frequency for 80 s without water-heat treatment. Under such a mode, the yield of flattened groats of the highest grade is 80 %, and that of the first grade is 13 %. The duration of cooking such groats is 16.8 minutes. The recommendations from this study could be used by small-scale grain processing enterprises in order to produce flattened groats.

Intensification of ethyl alcohol technology due to multienzyme composition

The effect of the complex enzyme preparation Bruzaym BGX on the viscosity of rye kneading was studied. The dynamics of glucose accumulation in the wort is shown, as well as the possibility of reducing the dosage of glucoamylase when using a multi-enzyme complex at the stage of water-heat treatment. The effect of the enzyme complex on the fermentation kinetics of rye wort was studied. It was found that the use of a multienzyme complex at the stage of water-heat treatment allows one to increase the glucose content in the wort by 34.7 %, compared with the control. This increases the yield of alcohol by 1.4 decalitres/t of conditional starch, reduces the duration of fermentation to 50 – 52 hours and reduces the total content of impurities in the mature brew by 10%.

Low-cost preparation of durable, transparent, superhydrophobic coatings with excellent environmental stability and self-cleaning function

Transparent nanoparticle-based superhydrophobic coatings can be utilized in a variety of real-word applications. However, one major challenge that limits the practical applications in large-scale manufacturing is their poor durability or complicated fabrication procedures. Herein, we develop a simple and low-cost technique based on spin-coating to prepare double-layer structured superhydrophobic surfaces, where modified nanoparticles are attached to a semi-cured rough nanoparticle-epoxy layer. The average optical transmittance of the prepared coatings was 97.6% with pristine glass or PET as the substrates. The resultant water-repellent surfaces yield a static water contact angle of 153.4°±1.7° and sliding angle of 5.1°±1.1°. The nanocomposite surfaces also retain water repellency after tape-peeling, water jet impact, mechanical bending, heat treatment, HCl immersing, and UV irradiation, which makes the prepared surfaces sustainable in the case of outdoor situations. Further, the outstanding superhydrophobicity and durability of the coatings enable their excellent self-cleaning function. We envisage a combination of these attractive properties may provide a practical route for potential transparent applications.

Inactivation of mixed Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms on lettuce by bacteriophage in combination with slightly acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW) and mild heat treatment

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that can persist in leafy green vegetables and subsequently produce biofilms. Biofilm formation is an ongoing concern in the food industry as biofilms are relatively resistant to a variety of antimicrobial treatments. In the present study, we evaluated the combined effects of phage FP43 and mild-heated slightly acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW) in reducing established biofilms on lettuce. Prior to the sequential treatments involving phage-SAHW and SAHW-phage for long-term storage, equal inoculum densities of E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli O91:H- were added on iceberg lettuce surfaces and the lettuce samples were stored at 10 °C for 48 h to allow biofilm formation. The sequential treatment with phage FP43 and SAHW significantly decreased the number of adhered cells, especially the combination of phage FP43 at 25 °C for 2 h and mild-heated SAHW, which considerably eliminated E. coli viable biofilm cells to undetectable levels (>3 log CFU/piece). However, the biofilms were not completely removed, as evidenced via SEM observation. Additionally, sequential treatment with SAHW and phage caused continuous reductions in viable counts, decreasing the viability of E. coli O157:H7 and total E. coli to the lower limit of detection after incubation for 5 d. Meanwhile, bacterial regrowth was observed after treatment with SAHW alone. These results indicated that the combination of phage and SAHW could be considered as a promising strategy to control the formation of E. coli O157:H7 biofilms on lettuce.

Любич В. В., Желєзна В. В. МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВОДОТЕПЛОВОГО ОБРОБЛЕННЯ ЗЕРНА ПШЕНИЦІ СПЕЛЬТИ

Spelt wheat is a promising crop which is characterized by high cereal and nutritional properties, namely: protein content (up to 25 %), vitamins (beta-carotene, vitamin B1 , vitamin B2 , vitamin B5 , vitamin B6 , vitamin B9 , vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin PP), macronutrients (magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus) and micronutrients (zinc, copper, manganese, selenium), carbohydrates (50–70 %) and fats (1.5–2.5 %). For spelt wheat, carbohydrates are the main component and make up 50–70 % of grain, and sugar content is 2–3 %. The organic substances contained in spelt have a high level of solubility, so they are easily and quickly absorbed by human body. The article presents the mathematical modeling results of water-heat treatment of spelt wheat grain using Statistika 10 program by the method of multifactor experiment with an orthogonal composite design of the second order. The main estimation criteria of the efficiency of spelt wheat groats № 1 production were: the yield of groats and fodder meal, improvement parameters – the duration of husking and softening and moisture content. It was found that to increase the competitiveness of a new cereal product, it is advisable to husk spelt wheat grain for 120–140 s which corresponds to the husking index of 11–13 %, moisturize to a moisture content of 15–16 % and soften for 30 minutes. Mathematical description of the corresponding processes according to the orthogonal composite design of the second order and the obtained quadratic regression equations confirm the correctness of the selected technological modes.