Water Geyser Research Articles

Review on Smart Water Heater Power Saver Using Detectors

Since water heating is a basic task of our day- to- day life, it has been turned into efficient technology through water geyser system. Water geyser is used for thermodynamically hotting water above its normal temperature. Its procedure incorporates in bathing, washing, cooking & numerous where. So to corroborate the public demand, the crucial challenge is to make the system more cheap but effective, handy but less incorrect. To hold its performance as well as cost, we need to design such a system that will give us with exactly how we anticipate it to be. Although traditional electric storehouse tank water heaters( ESTWHs) are the most constantly used systems in the world, they're known to be among the loftiest energy consumers, due to their inefficiency in converting electrical energy to thermal energy. These systems have grown decreasingly hostile to consumers, as power prices have raised. thus, the need to reduce energy consumption of hot water product, while maintaining the druggies ’ thermal comfort position, has led to the development of further energy-effective technologies. In this paper, a review of renewable energy water heating systems i.e. solar panel, as well as the background literature of the studies on these systems. In this paper electric heater is safer, affordable, and effective and is the most constantly chosen option. In this paper, we proposed a system, which can give a way to maintain a moderate temperature and save energy. Representing spring heater rather of a rally geyser, we'd set a specific temperature range on it. After switching the system on for the first time, if the temperature of the water went below the preset range, the heater bus- rebooted and took the water into that range of heat. However, the whole system might be turned off regarding the possibilities that no consumption of water was going on, If the heater was on and sat idle for a veritably long time.

Solar water heating based on Bellville weather conditions in winter

Hot water supply is a daily necessity for various purposes ranging from industrial to domestic usage. However, the availability of hot water supply is dependent on reliable energy systems to heat the water. The load shedding plan declared the energy crisis in South Africa. Therefore, exploring alternative energy methods for hot water supply is critical, especially renewable energy resources. The use of natural resources such as solar energy to heat water is highly impacted or limited by the resources and environmental conditions existing at the area of interest. The use of the solar water heating system based on Bellville; South Africa was the undertaken study. This study reports on the experimental investigation that was conducted on a 50 L water geyser, which was solar-based. The test rig that was constructed and tested was an active solar water heating system. It was tested over a period of 10 days under the environmental conditions experienced in mid-winter season of South Africa. A 20 tubed evacuated tube collector unit was used, and it was found that in mid-winter of the highest water temperature that the system could reach was above 65 °C and the lowest was 30 °C. Intriguing outputs were found in the study which revealed that, on the days that yield the highest solar irradiation did not necessarily produce the hottest water temperature. Therefore, scrutinizing the impact of other parameters that contributed to the overall water temperature output was necessary. From the tests it was observed that the wind velocity together with other environmental parameters effectively had an impact on the water temperature yield by an evacuated tube system.

Partial purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus licheniformis isolated from hot water geyser

BackgroundThermo-alkali stable xylanases were purified from the extracellular broth of newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis strain produced in a 5-L stirred-tank bioreactor with wheat bran as a carbon source. ResultsA high degree of purity was achieved using size exclusion chromatography resulting in 16-fold purification and 69% recovery for fraction 5 which had the highest activity. The recovery obtained after pooling fractions 5 and 6 was 99%. The Km value of xylanase was calculated as 0.05 mM, and Vmax was 125 μmol/min/mg protein. ConclusionPurified xylanase had a high thermal and pH stability. Xylanase was found to be suitable for application in the de-inking of paper and for saccharification of lignocellulosic waste biomass.

Experimental performance evaluation of a parabolic dish solar geyser using a generalized approach for decentralized applications

Solar water heating is one of the established technologies with several designs. However, the use of deep parabolic dishes for continuous water heating is limited. This paper explores the use of a stand-alone manually tracked parabolic dish solar water geyser (PDSG) to generate hot water in domestic and small commercial places instantaneously. For this purpose, a solar geyser is tested for its thermal performance using three different flow rates and two configurations of the truncated cone receiver (a hollow coil). Next, optical analysis of a PDSG is performed using the ray-tracing method. Following, a generalized approach/method is suggested for the performance evaluation of a PDSG. The experimental results show that the proposed solar geyser can instantaneously generate hot water of sufficient temperature (~50–60 °C) for immediate consumption. Lastly, to gain insight into the economic aspects of the proposed PDSG, the Levelized cost of heat (LCOH) and water heating (LCWH) are determined and compared. The results reveal that a decrease of ~2.7% and ~1.1% in the LCOH and LCWH, respectively, is possible with the proposed PDSG with an epoxy coated receiver and glass cover compared to the PDSG-non coated receiver for the flow rate of 20 kg/hr, respectively.

Pilot Plant Study to Utilize Waste Brine Generated by Salt Industries

Since early 80s, people of Pakistan have been enjoying good quality of salt known as refined salt. Mechanical salt washing is used in many countries to upgrade salt quality. The counter current washing at multiple stages and dewatering by centrifuge improves salt quality. During this process almost 10 to 15% of salt is converted into saturated brine solution containing high amount of sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sulphate. In the current practice most of the salt processers, this brine waste solution is drained. In the present study, a method is modified to utilize this waste brine solution. Brine was treated with calcium oxide and iron chloride to remove some soluble and insoluble impurities. The treated brine is evaporated in a specially constructed jacketed crystallizer connected with a hot water geyser. Heat is transferred through bottom by counter current flow. The temperature is maintained between 55 to 65oC at pH 3-4. The applied study yield the well shaped pyramidal crystals of salt known as Fluer de sel (flower of salt), that are world famous and used in gourmet foods with a growing market. Fleur de Sel has unique morphology, lower bulk density, large surface area, improved taste and rapid dissolution as compared to the common cubic salt

Production of Thermo-Alkali-Stable Xylanase from Bacillus licheniformis Isolated from Natural Hot Water Geyser.

Context:Xylanase constitutes 20% of world enzyme market. Significantly, they are used in poultry feed, paper pulp, bakery, and textile industries. In view of the increasing demand of the enzyme, it is vital to develop indigenous strains and scalable technologies for the production of industrial enzymes.Aims:The objective of the present paper was to isolate a high-yielding strain of thermo-alkali-stable xylanase-producing bacteria for potential application in paper and pulp and biofuel industry.Methods:Sampling for prospecting of suitable organism was carried out from the places with dead and decaying lignocellulosic waste, and then Congo red screening was employed for the primary isolation of xylanase producers.Results:We report the isolation of 18 different strains of xylanase producer bacteria from natural hot water geyser of Sohna, Haryana, India. Subsequently, two of these isolates were chosen for further studies based on xylanase yield and desirable properties such as thermostability and alkali stability of xylanase produced.Conclusion:Isolate B2 was later identified as Bacillus licheniformis, whereas isolate Y3 was identified as Brevibacillus borstelensis. This strain when cultured at 35°C for 72 h showed xylanase production at 128 U/ml. The molecular weight of xylanase was determined to be 25 kDa. The production was scaled up in a 5-L stirred-tank bioreactor which led to high xylanase concentration of 380 U/ml in the first 48 h of culture.

Taguchi optimization and scale up of xylanase from Bacillus licheniformis isolated from hot water geyser

BackgroundXylanase is one of the widely applied industrial enzymes with diverse applications. Thermostability and alkali tolerance are the two most desirable qualities for industrial applications of xylanase. In this paper, we reveal the statistical Taguchi optimization strategy for maximization of xylanase production. The important process parameters pH, temperature, concentration of wheat bran, and concentration of yeast extract were optimized using the Taguchi L8 orthogonal array where the 4 factors were considered at 2 levels (high and low). ResultsThe optimized conditions given by model were obtained as follows: (i) pH 6, (ii) culture temperature 35 °C, (iii) concentration of xylan 2% w/v, (iv) concentration of wheat bran 2.5% w/v. The production was scaled upto 2.5 L bioreactor using optimized process parameters. A high xylanase titer of 400 U/ml could be achieved in less than 60 h of culture in the reactor. ConclusionOptimization was successful in achieving about threefold increase in the yield of xylanase. The optimized conditions resulted in a successful scale up and enhancement of xylanase production.

Experimental Analysis and Cost Comparison of Evacuated-Tube Solar Water Geyser with Flatbed Solar Water Geyser Fabricated as per Local Conditions of Pakistan

Surging demand for energy and the current energy crisis in the world has forced initiatives to look for alternative and cheaper energy sources and one of them is solar energy. The motivation is to provide a clean pollution free source of energy which is environmentally friendly, renewable and cheaper. A large population around the globe uses open fire for water heating, thus solar water geyser has economic and environmental benefits as well. This study is aimed to explore the possibility of designing and fabricating cheap SWHs, calculating their performance through experimentation and estimating the costs involved, so that cheaper SWHs can be used in developing countries like Pakistan. Once such renewable solutions are available to meet energy demands, it can greatly help lower the consumption of fuels and hence uplifting economy for the betterment.

Der welthöchste Kaltwasser-Geysir bei Andernach – Aspekte der Geologie, Hydrogeologie und Geotouristik (Exkursionen B1 und B2 am 23. und 27. April 2019)

Der welthöchste Kaltwasser-Geysir bei Andernach – Aspekte der Geologie, Hydrogeologie und Geotouristik (Exkursionen B1 und B2 am 23. und 27. April 2019)

Numerical investigation of driving forces in a geyser event using a dynamic multi-phase Navier–Stokes model

ABSTRACTA geyser is an explosive flow of air–water mixture shooting out of a manhole. It has been demonstrated experimentally that the releasing motion of confined air pockets in a dropshaft is the key mechanism to trigger a geyser. Other release events, unassociated with air–water mixtures, can occur, but the intensity is significantly smaller than the air–water geysers. Existing numerical models that simulate vertical air movement in mixed-phase flows typically solve a series of lumped-mass continuity, momentum and energy equations, greatly simplifying the interactions between the water and air phases. Hence, existing models are unsatisfactory in capturing the complex dynamics of a geyser because of the violent interactions between the water and air phases. In this work, a two-phase numerical model solving the Navier–Stokes Equations was applied to investigate the driving forces in an air–water geyser formation in storm sewer system. The simulated dynamics include buoyancy, air compressibility, momentum and pressure. The numerical model revealed the key factor that triggers an air–water geyser, which involves compressed air pockets that are pushed into the dropshaft by pressure surges from the main pipe. The numerical model also captured the two distinctive features of an air–water geyser, which are a violent mixture of water–air and a high-speed jet. This study also revealed how a pressure head in the main pipe, which is much lower than the ground elevation, could lift the water to the ground and push it out of the manhole.

A Trade Union Approach to Climate Justice: The Campaign Strategy of the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa

<p>South Africa is the twelfth highest emitter of carbon emissions in the world. It has an energy intensity and per capita usage of fossil fuel energy that surpasses other countries in the BRICS, it is currently building one the largest coal-fired power stations in the world, and is championing a green neo-liberal approach to the climate change crisis. This article investigates how the National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa (NUMSA) developed an approach to climate justice and is intervening to shape policy around the just transition in South Africa. The article explores the factors that contributed to NUMSA’s embrace of a politics of climate justice, the internal education and policy capacity developed in the union and the campaigns championed to advance climate justice. The article provides insights into how NUMSA has campaigned around energy efficiency and electricity price increases, influenced and monitored the roll out of solar water geysers and has advanced a position on socially owned renewable energy.</p>

Scientific drilling and downhole fluid sampling of a natural CO<sub>2</sub> reservoir, Green River, Utah

Abstract. A scientific borehole, CO2W55, was drilled into an onshore anticline, near the town of Green River, Utah for the purposes of studying a series of natural CO2 reservoirs. The objective of this research project is to recover core and fluids from natural CO2 accumulations in order to study and understand the long-term consequences of exposure of supercritical CO2, CO2-gas and CO2-charged fluids on geological materials. This will improve our ability to predict the security of future geological CO2 storage sites and the behaviour of CO2 during migration through the overburden. The Green River anticline is thought to contain supercritical reservoirs of CO2 in Permian sandstone and Mississippian-Pennsylvanian carbonate and evaporite formations at depths > 800 m. Migration of CO2 and CO2-charged brine from these deep formations, through the damage zone of two major normal faults in the overburden, feeds a stacked series of shallow reservoirs in Jurassic sandstones from 500 m depth to near surface. The drill-hole was spudded into the footwall of the Little Grand Wash normal fault at the apex of the Green River anticline, near the site of Crystal Geyser, a CO2-driven cold water geyser. The hole was drilled using a CS4002 Truck Mounted Core Drill to a total depth of 322 m and DOSECC’s hybrid coring system was used to continuously recover core. CO2-charged fluids were first encountered at ~ 35 m depth, in the basal sandstones of the Entrada Sandstone, which is open to surface, the fluids being effectively sealed by thin siltstone layers within the sandstone unit. The well penetrated a ~ 17 m thick fault zone within the Carmel Formation, the footwall damage zone of which hosted CO2-charged fluids in open fractures. CO2-rich fluids were encountered throughout the thickness of the Navajo Sandstone. The originally red sandstone and siltstone units, where they are in contact with the CO2-charged fluids, have been bleached by dissolution of hematite grain coatings. Fluid samples were collected from the Navajo Sandstone at formation pressures using a positive displacement wireline sampler, and fluid CO2 content and pH were measured at surface using high pressure apparatus. The results from the fluid sampling show that the Navajo Sandstone is being fed by active inflow of CO2-saturated brines through the fault damage zone; that these brines mix with meteoric fluid flowing laterally into the fault zone; and that the downhole fluid sampling whilst drilling successfully captures this dynamic process.

Efficiency and cost analysis of a designed in-line water heating system compared to a conventional water heating system in South Africa

In this paper, the authors compares the efficiency and cost of a designed in-line water heating system with a conventional water heating system (geyser) in South Africa. The paper provides an overview on water heating systems and heating elements and provides the typical water consumption required by an average household in South Africa. A summary on the design of the in-line water heating system together with a system cost analysis is provided. The designed in-line water heating system takes the energy consumption, temperature and pressure into account during operation. The energy consumption and cost of the designed in-line water heating system is compared to a conventional water geyser. A cost analysis on the designed in-line water heating system, heat pumps and solar water heating systems are also provided. The energy consumption results showed that the conventional water geyser on average consumes 2.5% more energy to heat one litre of water from 15 °C to 60 °C, than the designed in-line water heating system to supply one litre of water at 60°C.

Technical Means of Preservation of Renewable Human Energy's

Along its millenary history, man imagined, built and implemented a set of technical means whose operating principle is based on human renewable energy's, storing this energy, given average power renewable source of man. These technical means can have miraculous effects related to human renewable energy storage.A medium force and renewable energy lifetime of the person concerned, that can be quantified as the average power sources of human-specific human and can be taken into account when making studies and research on human. Renewable energy characterizes the medium human renewable energy's and average power renewable sources of man. After solar power, emanating from our planet with water geysers and thermal energy from biomass that after, the vital energy of man can be considered a strong form of renewable for on our planet, still insufficiently known, quantified and evaluated. The study has several models to showcase, respectively, to preserve renewable human energy's sources.

Enceladus Mission Architecture Using Titan Aerogravity Assist for Orbital Capture About Saturn

R ECENTobservations of the Saturn system have generated great interest in the moon Enceladus. Water geysers have been identified in the southern hemisphere and have been found to contain possible organic compounds [1]. These observations strongly support a return to the Saturn system specifically designed to evaluate Enceladus in greater detail and perhaps to return a sample from the geyser’s plume. We previously described an aerogravity assist (AGA) maneuver, in which Titan’s atmosphere and gravitational field are used to decelerate a spacecraft and deflect its trajectory, resulting in a closed orbit about Saturn [2]. A similar concept using wave-rider configurations was described by Randolph and McRonald [3,4] and evaluated using an analytical approach. In contrast, we have numerically simulated AGA trajectories for low and medium lift-todrag (L=D) vehicles. In this paper, we describe Titan AGA maneuvers in greater depth, and evaluate their potential for orbital capture of a Cassini-class vehicle. The targeted Saturn orbit has a periapsis near the radius of Enceladus’s orbit, allowing repeated close passes. This orbit can be achieved by directing the outbound hyperbolic excess speed (V1) with respect to Titan nearly opposite in direction to Titan’s orbital velocity, resulting in a final apoapsis near Titan’s orbital radius. Depending on the interplanetary trajectory and the exact Titan encounter location, the proposed maneuver would provide a velocity increment ( V) in excess of 6 km=s. Titan has a near-circular, equatorial orbit about Saturn at a radius from the planetary center of 1:22 10 km. Its orbital velocity (VT) and period are 5:58 km=s and 15.95 Earth days, respectively. Titan’s orbit lies well outside the ring system, which extends in the equatorial plane to a radius of approximately 480,000 km. Enceladus orbits in nearly the same plane, at a radius of 238,000 km andwith an orbital period of 32.9 h. The mission concept is illustrated in Fig. 1, where the upper diagram shows Titan’s velocity vector and that of the probe before and after the AGA maneuver, and the lower panel illustrates the range of potential directions for the outbound V1, any of which will produce a periapsis at Enceladus’s orbital radius. To achieve this desired periapsis, the probe’s velocity immediately after completion of the Titan AGA should have a magnitude 3:18 km=s with respect to (WRT) Saturn and a flight path angle of 0 deg. The various possible directions for this velocity vector (Fig. 1b) determine the inclination of the final orbit about Saturn. Some variation in the velocity after the AGA from this target value may be acceptable (or even desirable) and would yield a periapsis slightly inside or outside Enceladus’s orbital radius. In addition, the vehicle may have a radial velocity component WRT Saturn after the maneuver, resulting in an apoapsis outside Titan’s orbital radius. For simplicity, the latter scenario is not considered in this preliminary study. Titan is particularly well suited for an AGA maneuver because of its relatively weak gravitational field, coupled with its unique atmospheric structure. Although Titan’s radius is only 2575 km, atmospheric pressure at ground level is approximately 1.6 times that on Earth, and the atmosphere extends to an altitude of approximately 1000 km (compared with approximately 125 km for Earth). These factors combine to yield relatively low atmospheric flight velocities at a given density level for a planetary entry probe, especially when compared with a vehicle entering Saturn’s atmosphere. This makes a Titan AGAmaneuver preferable to direct aerocapture using Saturn’s atmosphere because of the much lower entry speed and the lower aerodynamic heating. The less-severe heating translates directly into weight savings in the vehicle’s thermal protection system (TPS).

The Lethal Hot Water Geyser: An Unexpected Tropical Hazard

The Lethal Hot Water Geyser: An Unexpected Tropical Hazard

THE GAS GEYSER OF WESTERN TURKMENIA AND THE MECHANISM OF ITS ACTIVITY

A gas and water geyser in Turkmenia, formed when an exploratory well for petroleum intersected a fault fissure, is described. Accumulating gas, rather than superheated water, creates the necessary pressure to start geyser activity. No siphoning process is needed to explain geyser action.- — M. Russell