Water In Man Research Articles

Community-based water tenure in equitable and transformative drought resilience

In the search for promising pathways for equitable and transformative climate adaptation in low-income rural areas, the present study focuses on resilience to more variable and less predictable availability of precipitation and water resources. Equitable water governance is conceptualized as formal and informal polycentric decision-making that narrows infrastructure inequities and ensures equitable water resources allocation. Focusing on recognitional and procedural equity, vulnerable women's and men's community-based water tenure is starting point. Partnering with government in Zambia and with the Water Integrity Network in Kenya, field research in three communities in rural Zambia and in rural communities and a small town sharing several schemes in Kenya is conducted. These studies recognized horizontal polycentricity of community-based water tenure by identifying common features: communities' age-old drought resilience coping strategies to meet daily domestic water needs and daily or seasonal small-scale productive water needs, by tapping water from surface- and groundwater sources through multi-purpose infrastructure, both self-financed and publicly supported, and by ‘sharing’ water ‘in’ within the community and ‘sharing out’ with neighbouring communities and powerful third parties. Procedural equity implies inclusive, locally-led planning, design and implementation in polycentric vertical governance with governments and other support agencies from local to national level and vice versa. The four interventions studied were the installation of a a solar-powered borehole for multiple uses and local government's institutional framework for potential replication in Zambia, and post-construction support of small water systems and a planned megadam in Kenya. Further research on similar transformative approaches elsewhere is recommended.

Relationship between cardiac autonomic activity following upper body exercise and total body water in men of different ages

هدف: حفظ آهنگ ضربان و انقباض قلب به‌ویژه حین و متعاقب فعالیت‌های ورزشی از جمله چالش‌هایی است که دانشمندان علم ورزش با آن مواجه‌اند. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطة بین فعالیت خودکار قلبی پس از فعالیت بالاتنه با مقدار آب کل بدن در مردان با سنین مختلف انجام گرفت. روش‌ها: تعداد ۲۴ نفر از مردان فعال پس از تشریح اهداف و مراحل انجام تحقیق داوطلبانه در تحقیق شرکت کردند و به دو گروه 12 نفره (میانسال و سالمند) تقسیم شدند. به‌منظور اندازه‌گیری تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب از نرم‌افزار اندازه‌گیری تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب کوبیوس استفاده شد. تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب در حال استراحت، حین، 5 و 10 دقیقه پس از فعالیت روی کارسنج دستی اندازه‌گیری شد. برای تعیین مقدار آب کل بدن افراد از دستگاه تجزیه‌وتحلیل‌کنندة ترکیب بدن استفاده شد. برای بررسی تغییرات و رابطة بین متغیرهای تحقیق به‌ترتیب از آزمون آماری تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری‌های مکرر و آزمون همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو گروه میانسال و سالمند، مقادیر تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب در حین و بلافاصله بعد از تمرین در مقایسه با حالت استراحت کاهش معنادار (05/0P <) و در 5 و 10 دقیقه از زمان بازیافت در مقایسه با بلافاصله بعد از تمرین افزایش معنادار داشته است (05/0P <). همچنین رابطة معناداری بین متغیرهای تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب و مقدار آب کل بدن در هر در گروه میانسال و سالمند وجود دارد (05/0P <). نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع یافته‌ها نشان داد که تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب در افراد میانسال و سالمند در هنگام و پس از فعالیت ورزشی بالاتنه با مقدار آب کل بدن رابطه دارد. بنابراین، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که تغییرات در دستگاه خودکار به نوع فعالیت و سن آزمودنی‌ها و مقدار آب کل بدن بستگی دارد.

The impact of prior upper-extremity surgery on orthopedic injury and surgery in collegiate athletes

The influence of prior upper-extremity (UE) surgery on a collegiate athletic career is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of prior UE surgery on participation, injury, and surgery rates in collegiate athletes. Division I athletes who commenced collegiate athletics from 2003-2009 were retrospectively identified. Pre-participation evaluation forms were queried for the history of pre-collegiate UE surgery. Data on sport played, seasons played, injuries, days missed, and orthopedic imaging and surgical procedures were collected through athletic and medical records and compared with those of athletes without prior UE surgery. Subgroup analysis was performed for shoulder surgery, elbow surgery, and wrist and/or hand surgery. Between 2003 and 2009, 1145 athletes completed pre-participation evaluations. Of these athletes, 77 (6.7%) underwent at least 1 pre-collegiate UE surgical procedure. Prior UE surgery was most common in men's water polo (15.0%), baseball (14.9%), and football (12.6%). The UE surgery group had a higher rate of collegiate UE injury (hazard ratio, 4.127; P < .01) and missed more days per season because of UE injury (16.5 days vs. 6.7 days, P = .03) than controls. Athletes with prior shoulder surgery (n = 20) also experienced more UE injuries compared with controls (hazard ratio, 15,083; P = .02). They missed more days per season (77.5 days vs. 29.8 days, P < .01), underwent more magnetic resonance imaging scans (0.96 vs. 0.40, P < .01), and underwent more orthopedic surgical procedures per season (0.23 vs. 0.08, P < .01). The elbow subgroup and wrist and/or hand subgroup were comparable with controls on all measures. Collegiate athletes with prior shoulder surgery missed more days and underwent more magnetic resonance imaging scans and surgical procedures in college, whereas those with prior elbow surgical procedures and wrist and/or hand surgical procedures were comparable with controls.

An analysis of the diet of members of the Russian national men's water polo team during the sports training camps

Increasing the adaptive capacity of professional athletes depends on proper nutrition, especially in training and competitions' period. In this regard, it is relevant to study the actual nutrition and assess its compliance with the energy expenditure of athletes. The aim - to study the actual nutrition and energy expenditure of athletes from male water polo national team of the Russian Federation in the competitive period. Material and methods. In March 2018, 15 highly skilled sportsmen-men engaged in water polo were examined; qualification - 11 masters of sports, 4 candidates for the master of sports; Slavic ethnos. The average age was 23.1±0.6 years. The actual nutrition was studied by a 24-hour food record method and by the frequency method. The anthropometric examination was carried out according to a unified method using standard medical scales, a medical height meter and a rubberized measuring tape. Measurement of energy expenditure and heart rate at rest and under load was performed on a bicycle ergometer using an wireless ergospirometer and a chest pulse meter. Results and discussion. The determination of daily energy expenditure in athletes of the men's Russian national water polo team showed that the average value was 4350±129 kcal. А peculiar feature of the diet of water polo players is its high caloric value (5165±539 kcal/day), caused by energy expenditure during physical exertion and additional thermogenesis in conditions of long training in water. Excessive (1.5 times in comparison with the recommended values) consumption of fats, including saturated fatty acids by 1.3 times, added sugar and added salt is a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of digestive organs, endocrine system, including type 2 diabetes. Low values of consumption of vegetables and fruits, dairy products, fish products and high levels of sugar and confectionery have been established. Conclusion. The imbalance of diets on two basic nutrients (fats, carbohydrates) has been revealed. The data obtained were the basis for the formation of individual recommendations on nutrition for each athlete, taking into account athletes' metabolic parameters and the level of physical activity. It is necessary to continue studies of anthropometric indices in dynamics for the most adequate assessment of the compliance of actual nutrition with energy consumption, and further correction of the diet in order to improve athletes' performance.

Comparative characteristics of bioimpedanceometry indices dynamics in young men with normal and insufficient body weight in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia

The component composition of the body of men with normal body weight and insufficient body weight in the age from 18 to 44, patients with community-acquired pneumonia of non-severe course, was studied. Its changes at various periods of treatment are revealed. These changes were expressed in the statistically significant dynamics of indicators of total water content, total muscle mass with water and total fat content in men with normal body weight, as well as significant changes in the total water content and total muscle mass with water in men with insufficient body weight. At the same time, all examinees showed slight changes in body mass, body mass index and stability of the total defat-dehydrated bone mass. At the same time, the total water content and total muscle mass with water were lower at the 3rd, 7th and 15th days of treatment compared to the day of hospitalization. The lowest values of these parameters were recorded on the 3rd day of treatment. In addition, in men with normal body weight, significant changes in the total fat content on the 3rd and 15th days of treatment were noted, compared with 1 day of treatment. It was found that the total water content of men with insufficient body weight was not normal even by the 15th day of treatment. This fact indicates the need for medical rehabilitation after completion of treatment in order to normalize the body composition and prevent recurrence of the disease.

Effects of Rule Changes on Game-Related Statistics in Men's Water Polo Matches.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rule changes on game-related statistics in men’s water polo matches. A total of 856 men’s matches played in all Olympic Games and World Championship since 1936 was analysed. The game-related statistics considered were: total goals, winners’ goals, losers’ goals, goals per minute, goals difference, relationship difference goals and total goals, and relationship difference goals and winners’ goals. The rule changes were grouped by structural (game and period) and functional changes (possession time, exclusion time, timing, minimum distance to take a direct shot). Differences between rule changes were determined using a one-way ANOVA. In general, the changes in water polo rules were shown to have an effect on the final result of the matches. There were differences in each rule change of duration (increased total goals and winners’ goals), period (increased total goals and winners’ goals), possession time (increased losers’ goals), timing (increased total, winners’, losers’, and decreased % goals and total goals) and fouls (increased total goals and losers’ goals). The analysis in game-related statistics through the rule changes could be used to evaluate their effects and/or justify future modifications.

Effects of Game Location, Quality of Opposition, and Starting Quarter Score in the Outcome of Elite Water Polo Quarters.

The notational analysis is used to investigate teams' performance in water polo, especially focused on the determinants of success. Recently, a new topic has emerged "the situational variables," which includes the game conditions that may influence the performance at a behavioral level. The aim of this study was to identify the interactive effects of starting quarter score (SQS) (i.e., score difference at the beginning of each quarter and at the final score) and game location (GL) (i.e., home and away teams) in relation to quality of opposition (i.e., positions of difference between opposing teams at the end-of-season rankings) in elite men's water polo games. Data comprised 528 games (n = 2,112 quarters) from the first Spanish water polo division. A linear regression analysis was applied to show the impact of SQS and GL in relation to quality of opposition (unbalanced and balanced) for quarter (all quarters, and second, third, and fourth quarters). Results showed that SQS has an important effect for all quarters (0.16) and for the second (0.14) and third (0.14) quarters in balanced games (whereas the fourth quarter has an unpredictable outcome), and for each quarter (all quarters: 0.33; second quarter: 0.55; third quarter: 0.44; fourth quarter: 0.26) in unbalanced games. In addition, GL effects emerged for balanced (0.31) and unbalanced (0.45) games for all quarters and specifically for the second quarter of the unbalanced games. Therefore, this study showed that the elite water polo game dynamics, indirectly providing a reference for coaches (i.e., effective tactical approach) and physical trainers (i.e., high performance intensities), plans to improve their players' performance.

Water compartmentalization and hydration state of patients attending to a cardiac rehabilitation program.

Introduction: Alterations in cardiovascular functions can change body water distribution. Therefore it would be interesting to include the control of this parameter in programs of cardiac rehabilitation (PCR) so as to keep body water in a healthy range. Objective: To evaluate the effects of PCR on patients’ hydration. Method: Study was performed in two groups of patients suffering from a cardiovascular event: 1) PCR: 135 patients attending to a PCR (105 men, 30 women); 2) NOPCR: 70 patients not attending to a PCR (50 men, 20 women). Body water and phase angle were measured by bioelectrical impedance (TANITA MC-980MA multifrequency). Results: In PCR group, total water in men was higher (43.77±0.63 vs. 40.44±0.72 kg) (p<0.05) than NOPCR group, and as for women, total water (37.13±1.49vs. 32.54±1.52 Kg) and intracellular water also increased with regard to NOPCR group (20.39±0.94 vs. 17.02±0.81 kg) (p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively). In addition, a major phase angle exists in left body (4.98±0.23 vs. 6.11±0.18 kg in men and 3.87±0.17 vs. 5.15±0.33 kg in women) and both legs in the PCR group (4.89±0.21 vs. 6.05±0.19 kg in men and 4.02±0.29 vs. 5.21±0.31 kg) (p<0.05). Conclusions: Subjects attending PCR showed a higher amount of total and intracellular water and higher phase angle, revealing a better state of hydration, and also a better integrity of the cell membrane and distribution of water between compartments.

The Impact of Prior Upper Extremity Surgery on Orthopaedic Injury and Surgery in Collegiate Athletes

Objectives:Upper extremity injuries are common in youth, collegiate, and professional athletics, and may require operative management. The influence of a prior upper extremity surgery on subsequent athletic participation, injury, and surgery in college is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of prior upper extremity surgery in Division I collegiate athletes on participation, injury rates, and surgery rates in college.Methods:Division I athletes who began participation in collegiate athletics from 2003 - 2009 were retrospectively identified. These athletes represented 21 sports teams at a single institution. Athletes with prior upper extremity orthopaedic surgery, including shoulder, elbow, and wrist/hand surgery, were identified through preparticipation evaluation forms. Sport, seasons played, injuries sustained during college, days missed, and college orthopaedic surgeries and diagnostic imaging were collected through sports archives, medical records, and the Sports Injury Monitoring System (SIMS) and compared to athletes with no prior history of upper extremity surgery. Subgroup analysis was performed for athletes with a history of shoulder, elbow, and wrist/hand surgeries.Results:Between 2003 and 2009, 1,145 athletes completed pre-participation evaluation forms. In total, 77 athletes (6.7%) had a history of one or more upper extremity surgeries prior to collegiate athletics. History of upper extremity surgery was most common in incoming men's water polo (15.0%), baseball (14.9%), and football (12.6%) athletes. Athletes with a prior upper extremity surgery had a higher rate of upper extremity injury in college compared to controls (Hazard Ratio = 4.127, p <0.01), and missed more days for upper extremity injuries per season (16.5 days vs. 6.7 days, p = 0.03). Athletes with a prior shoulder surgery (n=20) also had a higher rate of upper extremity injury in college compared to controls (Hazard Ratio= 15,083, p=0.02). They missed more total athletic days per season (77.5 days vs. 29.8 days, p <0.01), had more MRIs (0.96 vs. 0.40, p <0.01), and underwent more total orthopaedic surgeries per season in college compared to controls (0.23 vs. 0.08, p <0.01). Career length was not significantly different between athletes with a history of upper extremity surgery and control athletes.Conclusion:Collegiate athletes who had an upper extremity surgery prior to college had increased rates of upper extremity injury and missed more days due to upper extremity injury in college. Those with prior shoulder surgery additionally had more diagnostic imaging and orthopaedic surgery in college. Careful consideration of these athletes, particularly those who have had prior shoulder surgery, may be beneficial in the recruitment process. Moreover, athletes and athletic trainers should be made aware of the increased injury rates in this population, so that appropriate counseling and rehabilitation may be provided.

Cold-induced vasodilation during single digit immersion in 0°C and 8°C water in men and women.

The present study compared the thermal responses of the finger to 0 and 8°C water immersion, two commonly used temperatures for cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) research. On two separate and counterbalanced occasions 15 male and 15 female participants immersed their index finger in 20°C water for 5 min followed by either 0 or 8°C water for 30 min. Skin temperature, cardiovascular and perceptual data were recorded. Secondary analyses were performed between sexes and comparing 0.5, 1 and 4°C CIVD amplitude thresholds. With a 0.5°C threshold, CIVD waves were more prevalent in 8°C (2 (1 – 3) than in 0°C (1.5 (0 – 3)), but the amplitude was lower (4.0 ± 2.3 v 9.2 ± 4.0°C). Mean, minimum and maximum finger temperatures were lower in 0°C during the 30 min immersion, and CIVD onset and peak time occurred later in 0°C. Thermal sensation was lower and pain sensation was higher in 0°C. There were no differences between males and females in any of the physiological or CIVD data with the exception of SBP, which was higher in males. Females reported feeling higher thermal sensations in 8°C and lower pain sensations in 0°C and 8°C compared to males. Fewer CIVD responses were observed when using a 4°C (1 (0 – 3)) threshold to quantify a CIVD wave compared to using a 1°C (2 (0 – 3)) or 0.5°C (2 (0 – 3)) amplitude. In conclusion, both 0 and 8 °C can elicit CIVD but 8°C may be more suitable when looking to optimise the number of CIVD waves while minimising participant discomfort. The CIVD response to water immersion does not appear to be influenced by sex. Researchers should consider the amplitude threshold that was used to determine a CIVD wave when interpreting previous data.

Variability in bioelectrical impedance assessment of body composition depending on measurement conditions: influence of fast and rest

Bioelectrical Impedance Assessment (BIA) is one of the main tools to measure body composition. BIA is recommended in fasting and after 60 minutes of rest; however, this cannot always be guaranteed in healthcare practice. To establish the reliability of the body composition parameters assessed with BIA under different physiological conditions: fast + rest, fast + no-rest and no-fast + no-rest in healthy volunteers. Transversal study including 25 healthy volunteers aged 18-34 (12 men, 13 women). A BIA was performed under three different conditions: 1) fast + 60 minute rest in cubito supino (gold standard), 2) fast + no rest and 3) no fast + no rest. The collected parameters were: lean mass and fat mass (Kg) and body water (in liters and as body weight percentage). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was applied for the assessment of concordance within the different measurements. Compared to the gold standard, the difference in lean mass means in the condition of fast + no-rest, was -0.15 (DE 1.44) in men and 0.98 (DE 1.36) in women; fat mass decreased in 0.06 (DE 1.55) in men and 0.82 (DE 1.5) in women; ICC ranged between 0.826-0.995 in all comparisons. In the condition of no-fast + no rest, lean mass decreased an average of 0.05 (DE 0.33) in men and it increased 0.62 (DE 0.46) in women; fat mass decreased 0.57 (DE 0.82) in men and 0.46 (DE 0.60) in women; ad ICC ranged between 0.942 and 0.999, except in body water in men, where it was 0.340. Although relevant, the differences observed in parameters from BIA when comparing the gold standard condition (fast + rest) with the other conditions (fast + no-rest and no-fast + no-rest) are of little magnitude. In clinical practice, the assessment of body composition allows to take decisions when planning treatment for patients with a poor physical condition. The reliability of the parameters acquired via BIA within different physiological conditions of fast and rest is excellent (CCI >0.75) in healthy adults aged 19-34. Although general recommendations on the use of BIA devices must be kept in place, the conditions of the performance could be modified according to the context and assuming a small difference of little clinical relevance.

Geochemical modeling to evaluate the mangrove forest water

The knowledge about genetic origin of the chemi- cal elements is important for the evaluation of hydro- geochemistry of aquatic ecosystem. In the present study, pre- and post-monsoon samples were collected to identify the role of rain and seawater in the hydro-geochemical processes. Geochemical model and multivariate statistical methods of data analysis were jointly used to define the variations and the genetic origin of chemical parameters of water in man- grove ecosystem. The geochemical model, WATEQ4F, was executed to compute the saturation indices of the minerals with respect to surface water. The interpretation of the satura- tion indices for minerals shows that the majority of samples fall inthe categoryof under saturationstate exceptfor fluorite. An increase in the concentration of various nutrients, namely, nitrate and phosphate, was observed. Suitability of water was checked on the basis of chemical categorisationby Aquachem software. Grouping of waters on the Piper diagram suggested a common composition and origins. Further results showed that pre- and post-monsoon samples mainly consist of Na-Cl and Ca-Cl water type indicating a significant contribution of cations and anions from terrestrial and marine inputs in the mangrove ecosystem.

Resistance training promotes increase in intracellular hydration in men and women

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 16 weeks of resistance training (RT) on body water in men and women. Thirty men (22.7 ± 4.4 years, 68.4 ± 9.0 kg and 174.5 ± 6.6 cm) and 34 women (22.7 ± 4.1 years, 58.8 ± 11.9 kg and 162.6 ± 6.2 cm) underwent progressive RT for 16 weeks (2 phases, 8 weeks each), 3 times per week, that consisted of 10–12 whole body exercises with 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions maximum. Total body water, TBW (intracellular water, ICW and extracellular water, ECW compartments) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were assessed using a spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron 4200 Bioimpedance Spectrum Analyzer). TBW, ICW compartment and SMM increased significantly (P < 0.05) over time in men (+7.5%, +8.2% and +4.2%, respectively) and women (+7.6%, +11.0% +3.9%, respectively), with no sex by time interaction (P > 0.05). We conclude that progressive RT promotes an increase in body water, principally by intracellular content; however, the hydration status is not influenced by sex.

Indians, Alcohol, and the Roads to Taos and Santa Fe by William E. Unrau (review)

Indians, Alcohol, and the Roads to Taos and Santa Fe. By William E. Unrau. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013. Pp. 192. Cloth, $29.95.)Reviewed by M. J. MorganAs Emeritus Distinguished Professor of History at Wichita State University and author or coauthor of ten books about Indians, William E. Unrau is a consummate scholar in an important field. His earlier study, White Man's Wicked Water: The Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802-1892 (Lawrence, KS, 1996), is the precursor to his new work on alcohol distribution in the Trans-Mississippi and Mountain West. Earlier, Unrau argued that federal policies and private capital merged as a force in Indian dispossession, and that the cession of Indian lands was both a result of an increased dependency on alcohol and the means by which Indian alcoholism was exacerbated.Unrau's gift is the careful probing of complex and concomitant sociopolitical events; he establishes big-picture processes for readers. In the new book, he focuses on how it came to pass that distilled alcohol . . . was in fact easily obtainable by so many resident and transient (2). Thus, his narrative concerns interlocking processes: ambitious westward expansion via trails and trade routes to the Southwest; evolving federal policies regulating land cessions and alcohol sales in Indian country; Indian mobility both as removed emigrant tribes and as Great Plains bison hunters; and finally, the devastating consequences of Indian presence along routes moving prodigious quantities of alcohol.Unrau's scope of study is tight: the years 1821-1846 in the land penetrated and impacted by the Santa Fe Trail. This land stretched from the Missouri River to Colorado and northern New Mexico, and included reservations of Indians removed from eastern states, such as the Shawnee and the Miami. The trail also passed through ancestral lands of Kansa Indians and cut across traditional hunting territories of Plains equestrian tribes: Southern Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Sioux. These three Indian groups, each with differing trade behaviors, histories of interaction with whites, and use of natural resources, have too often been discussed as s single population. Unrau understands that the Santa Fe Trail drove the establishment of settlement nuclei where alcohol could be stored, sold, and disseminated to ready buyers; and this process played out from Westport (Kansas City) to Taos. Bent's Fort in Colorado was by far the most important of these sites. Native Americans became magnetized to the trail as a conduit of market economy forces. Unrau traces the hot core of those market forces to the enormous profits . . . traders could obtain from Indians so long as they were agreeable to alcohol as the preferred payment for bison robes 119). He also examines federal annuity payments to Indians in eastern and central Kansas. Annuities, usually included as part of land cession treaties, simply provided the means to purchase rather than trade for alcohol.Seen as an argument recognizing western trails as a causal factor in Indian alcoholism, this short study is powerful. Historical literature is rife with observations by European and American travelers and military personnel, who all stated that Indians at trading posts were frequently drunk, violent, unpredictable, and loathsome. Unrau adroitly shows such observations as evidence of the impact of alcohol dissemination and unregulated policies, rather than evidence of Indian weakness. …

Gender and body mass index modify the effect of increasing amounts of caffeinated coffee on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations; a randomized, controlled, clinical trial

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of different coffee amounts on blood glucose and insulin concentrations of healthy volunteers, and to assess potential effect modification by sex and body mass index category. Materials/MethodsThirty-three volunteers [16♀/17♂, 16 normal-weight and 17 overweight/obese, 27.3±7.2 (19–44) y] took part in this randomized, crossover study. Ιn the morning of each experimental day volunteers received a standardized meal along with 200mL of water or instant coffee containing either 3 or 6mg of caffeine/kg body weight. Blood samples were obtained and analyzed for glucose and insulin concentrations in the fasting state, immediately after meal/drink consumption and at standard time points for the next 3h thereafter. ResultsCoffee delayed the rise of insulin in response to the standardized meal and the fall of glucose concentrations from its maximum levels in the entire study sample. Glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was significantly different between interventions (P=.009) with both coffee amounts inducing a greater area compared to water. Secondary, subgroup analysis at the nominal level showed that this might be more evident among females (PIAUC=.05) and overweight/obese participants (PIAUC=.03). Furthermore, coffee, mainly the 6mg dose, could be lowering insulin concentrations the first 30min after its consumption compared to water in men and overweight/obese participants. ConclusionsCoffee exerts an acute effect on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. This effect may be modified by sex and overweight/obese status. Future research is necessary to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

23 Na Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Determined Tissue Sodium in Healthy Subjects and Hypertensive Patients

High dietary salt intake is associated with hypertension; the prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension increases with age. We hypothesized that tissue Na(+) might accumulate in hypertensive patients and that aging might be accompanied by Na(+) deposition in tissue. We implemented (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging to measure Na(+) content of soft tissues in vivo earlier, but had not studied essential hypertension. We report on a cohort of 56 healthy control men and women, and 57 men and women with essential hypertension. The ages ranged from 22 to 90 years. (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging measurements were made at the level of the calf. We observed age-dependent increases in Na(+) content in muscle in men, whereas muscle Na(+) content did not change with age in women. We estimated water content with conventional MRI and found no age-related increases in muscle water in men, despite remarkable Na(+) accumulation, indicating water-free Na(+) storage in muscle. With increasing age, there was Na(+) deposition in the skin in both women and men; however, skin Na(+) content remained lower in women. Similarly, this sex difference was found in skin water content, which was lower in women than in men. In contrast to muscle, increasing Na(+) content was paralleled with increasing skin water content. When controlled for age, we found that patients with refractory hypertension had increased tissue Na(+) content, compared with normotensive controls. These observations suggest that (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging could have utility in assessing the role of tissue Na(+) storage for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in longitudinal studies.

Gender differences in the satiety effects of sugar-containing drinks

Findings concerning the satiety effects of sugar-containing drinks are somewhat inconsistent, perhaps in part due to variations in study design and novelty of the drinks tested. In a parallel groups, preload-test meal study, healthy female (n = 54) and male (n = 54) participants (mean age 28 years, BMI 24 kg/m2 and DEBQ restraint 2.1) received 300 ml of either a blackcurrant drink sweetened with sucrose (670 kJ), the same amount of sucrose in water, or plain water. Twenty minutes later an ad libitum meal of sandwiches and creamy-yogurt dessert was served. Results showed a mean reduction (not significant) in meal energy intake following the blackcurrant drink versus water in men (−662 kJ), but not for women (+386 kJ) (preload by gender interaction, p = 0.07). Corresponding mean results for the sugar in water drink versus plain water were −431 and +441 kJ, respectively. Preferences for the test meal foods assessed before the study day, baseline (pre-drink) appetite ratings, BMI, dietary restraint, and eating disinhibition all failed to account significantly for variance in test meal intake. Although a parallel groups design avoids carry-over effects, because of large individual differences in meal energy intake this is not an efficient method for preload test-meal studies. The current findings of energy compensation in men but not women support previous studies that have shown gender differences in satiety following sugar-containing drinks and are worthy of further investigation. This research was partly funded by Sugar Nutrition UK.

Effects of competition level on the centre forward role of men's water polo

This study aimed to compare specific technical and tactical indicators of the team and centre forward role of Euro League, and Italian Serie A1, Serie A2, and Serie B men's water polo club competitions. A notational analysis was performed on 21 water polo matches to evaluate the occurrence of technical and tactical team and centre forward indicators, highlighting differences among championships according to chi-square analyses. Differences emerged for Counterattack (P < 0.001) and Power-Play (P < 0.001) possessions, Even (P < 0.001; Euro League: 3 ± 1, Serie A1: 3 ± 2, Serie A2: 3 ± 2, Serie B: 6 ± 4) and Power-Play (P = 0.001) goals, and exclusions and penalties (P = 0.008) of the team during Even possessions. Relatively to the role analyses, effects emerged for perimeter players playing events (P = 0.049), as well as for centre forwards' goals (P = 0.007) and exclusions and penalties (P < 0.001; Euro League: 8 ± 1, Serie A1: 6 ± 2, Serie A2: 6 ± 2, Serie B: 3 ± 2) occurring at the end of Even possessions. Therefore, in Euro League, and Italian Serie A1 and Serie A2, teams perform a high occurrence of Power-Play possessions following up an exclusion, especially achieved by the centre forward during Even possessions, while, in Italian Serie B, goals were mostly scored during Even possessions, with a relevant contribution from the centre forward role.

White man's water: the politics of sobriety in a Native American community

In recent years, efforts to recognize and accommodate cultural diversity have gained some traction in the politics of US health care. But to date, anthropological perspectives have figured unevenly in efforts to define and address mental health problems. Particularly challenging are examinations of Native peoples experiences with alcohol. Erica Prussing the first in-depth assessment of the politics of Native sobriety by focusing on the Northern Cheyenne community in southeastern Montana, where for many decades the federally funded health care system has relied on the Twelve Step program of Alcoholics Anonymous. Man s Water provides a thoughtful and careful analysis of Cheyenne views of sobriety and the politics that surround the selective appeal of Twelve Step approaches despite wide-ranging local critiques. Narratives from participants in these programs debunk long-standing stereotypes about Indian drinking and offer insight into the diversity of experiences with alcohol that actually occur among Native North Americans. This critical ethnography employs vivid accounts of the Northern Cheyenne people to depict how problems with alcohol are culturally constructed, showing how differences in age, gender, and other social features can affect involvement with both drinking and These testimonies reveal the key role that gender plays in how Twelve Step program participants engage in a selective and creative process of appropriation at Northern Cheyenne, adapting the program to accommodate local cultural priorities and spiritual resources. The testimonies also illuminate community reactions to these adaptations, inspiring deeper inquiry into how federally funded health services are provided on the reservation. This book will appeal to readers with an interest in Native studies, ethnography, women s studies, and medical anthropology. With its critical consideration of how cultural context shapes drinking and sobriety, White Man s Water offers a multivocal perspective on alcohol s impact on health and the cultural complexities of sobriety.

Science of breeding and heredity from ancient Persia to modern Iran

About 1700 years BC, the prophet Zoroaster declared equal right for women and men to choose their “own ways.” There is much evidence that ancient Persians believed in the equal contribution of women and men toward producing a child, and all its hereditary characteristics.Even more surprising are the phrases in Vandidad book, which were gathered by Mobedans in the Mad dynasty about egg extraction (gametes) from animal reproductive organs (gonads) and their storage for future conception.Centuries later, Western philosopher beliefs in regard to reproduction were contrary to Persian knowledge. The Greek philosophers believed that man's water (semen) contains all human characteristics, and the female uterus is only responsible for nurturing and development of fetus. After detection of the ovum (de Graaf 2nd half 17 century) Malpigy proposed the preformation theory (ovist) which means there is a miniature human inside ovum, that grows after Semen has entered the uterus and grow into a well-developed fetus. This hypothesis was later delegated to spermatozoa. These contradictory and inappropriate beliefs were subject to discussions and dispute, until C.E. Wolf demonstrated that the embryo is a product of the fertilization of ovum by spermatozoa.800 years prior this the sage Ferdowsi “The Great Iranian Poet” explains nicely the equal participation of man and woman in the production of the fetus and transmission of characters.After the renaissance and especially in recent years, tremendous achievements have been made in unraveling biological secrets of reproduction. There was no work o n genetics in Iran until 1936, when a genetic course was added to the biology curriculum in related colleges and universities; Iranian Genetics Society was founded in 1966, initiating a steady movement in this field.Although there was an inevitable gap during the revolution and war in our country, now there is great effort by researchers to eliminate the gap and bring us into the mainstream of world science, and development in biomedical sciences in the third millennium.