Water Filtration Devices Research Articles

Estimation of recycled bamboo availability and investigation of its potential utilization after value-addition through dual fuel cookstoves

Residual bamboo (RB) is abundantly available at the end life of kutcha houses which make up about 10.5 % of Indian households. RB is conventionally burntordecomposed; however, it can be converted to biochar for value-addition. In the present study, biochar was produced from household scale pyrolysis cookstove (PC) at 500–600 °C.Biochar yield was recorded as 27, 24 and 23 % at residence time 30, 40, and 60 min respectively. Biochar calorific value was about 47 % more than RB and carbon content in biochar was determined appropriate for energy generation. Characterization analyses such as SEM, BET, FTIR, and XRD were conducted to evaluatepotential applications of biochar. Honeycomb-like pores withcrystalline structure were observed atbiochar surface which confirmed its suitability for soil amendment and adsorption media. Surface functional properties, andhydrophobic nature of biochar suggests its suitability for water filtration and energy storage devices. Techno-economicstudy indicated that biochar production through this route is economically feasible and yearly PC biochar output capacity per household was 373 kg/year and 0.88-year payback period. Results of the present study could provide alternative prospects on the value addition of RB in bamboo-producing regions including South and South-East Asian countries.

Karakterisasi Alat Filtrasi Air Portable Berdasarkan Variasi Jumlah Absorber Karbon Aktif Limbah Tongkol Jagung

Sumbawa Regency is an area with soil water content containing lime. There was even lime blockage in the pipe holes used. So this research aims to create a portable filtration device that is cheap and efficient. The aim of this research is to characterize a portable water filtration device with an innovative absorber from corncob waste. The way this research works is the process of carbonizing corn cob waste and then activating it using 0.5 M NaOH for 24 hours. The absorber is then filled into a portable filter with dimensions of 50 cm in length and 4 inches in diameter. Filtration is carried out by flowing the collected well water into the water reservoir through a filter. Tests are carried out on water that has not been passed through a filter. After that, characterization was also carried out on the water that had passed through the filter. This characterization consists of Total Dispended Solid (TDS), Temperature, pH, Ca levels, and turbidity. The TDS value obtained decreases with the increasing number of absorbers used, namely from 203, 163, to 123 ppm. In addition, the temperature of the test water has almost no change. The resulting results were temperatures of 32, 33, and 32oC. The resulting pH value shows a decrease with an increase in the number of absorbers used, namely from 8.3; 7.7; 7.3. For turbidity, there was a decrease in the turbidity rate with an increase in the number of absorbers used, namely from 0.29 NTU to 0.3 NTU, and 0.28 NTU. In addition, CaCO3 levels decreased with an increase in the number of absorbers used, namely from 330 mg/l, 290 mg/l, and 240 mg/l. This value has met the threshold set by PMK No. 32 of 2017.

Evidence for long-term efficacy of a membrane filtration device in rural villages in Ghana

Drinking water contaminated by pathogenic micro-organisms increases the risk of infectious gastrointestinal disease which could potentially lead to acute kidney injury and even death, particularly amongst the young and the elderly. Earlier studies have shown a substantial reduction in the incidence of diarrheal disease over a period of one year using a polysulfone membrane water gravity-powered water filtration device. The current report is a continuation of these studies to assess the long-term effects of the innovative method on diarrheal incidence rates over a 4-year follow-up period. This follow-up study monitored the trend of self-reported diarrheal events in all households in the previously studied villages for 5 months, in the last half of each study year, using the same questionnaire utilized in the earlier study. Three villages that had no device yet installed served as controls. We computed monthly diarrheal incidence rates for all study years (standardized to per 100 person-months) and compared these to the pre-device incidence rate in 2018 and in the control group, using the Wilcoxon rank sum exact test. The average diarrheal incidence rates of 1.5 p100pm in 2019, 2.19 p100pm in 2021, and 0.54p100pm in 2022 were significantly different from an earlier study that reported 17.8 p100pm rates before the devices were installed in 2018, (all p-values < 0.05). Concomitantly, self-reported diarrheal infections were substantially higher in the “control villages” not yet having the filtration device installed (80.9, 77.6, and 21.5 per 100 pm). The consistent and large reduction in diarrhea incidence documents the long-term efficacy of the use of the membrane filtration device. This simple water purification method using gravity flow improves public health in remote regions with limited resources.

Sosialisasi Filtrasi Air Sederhana Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Sadar Sanitasi di SDN Lemahkembar

Providing access to clean water and proper sanitation is important in ensuring good health and well-being for individuals and communities. SDN Weakkembar is an elementary school located in an area that does not yet have adequate access to clean water sources. Therefore, socialization about simple water filtration is an important step to increase sanitation awareness in this school. This socialization aims to explain the importance of clean water and good sanitation, as well as to introduce and socialize simple water filtration methods to students at SDN Lemahkembar. This simple water filtration method involves using inexpensive and readily available materials, such as sand, gravel, cotton wool, tissues, used bottles, and dacron to rid the water of impurities and contaminants. The socialization was carried out through a series of educational activities, including presentations, group discussions, and practical demonstrations on how to make and use a simple water filtration device. Apart from that, sanitation awareness campaigns were also carried out, which involved putting up posters, distributing brochures about the importance of personal and environmental hygiene. The results of this activity show that the socialization of simple water filtration has succeeded in increasing sanitation awareness at SDN Weakkembar. School students become more aware of the importance of using clean water and good sanitation to maintain their health. They are also skilled in building and using simple water filtration devices, which can help them gain access to safer, clean water. With this socialization, it is hoped that sanitation awareness at SDN Lemahkembar will continue to increase and become a habit that is maintained. This can have a positive impact on the health of students and school girls and encourage sustainable behavior changes related to sanitation in the surrounding community.

A Review of Intercalation of Rare Gas Solids on Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Intercalation has recently emerged as a powerful tool due to its unique capability of modifying the properties of materials without breaking their chemical bonds. The ultrathin lattice structure of two‐dimensional (2D) materials with strong in‐plane covalent bonding and weak out‐of‐plane bonding between neighboring layers allow for the successful utilization of this powerful technique. The physics and chemistry of intercalated foreign species in 2D host materials, especially graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), are the focus of this review article. Among many foreign species, special attention is given to rare gas solids that introduce unprecedented physical and chemical properties in the targeted host materials. The historical background of intercalation is briefly discussed, and a comprehensive review of the very recent progress in the intercalation of rare gas solids in graphene and h‐BN is then provided. Different technologies used for the growth of the host materials and for the intercalation of rare gas species are also described. The remarkable potential of the resulting hybrid materials is outlined for diverse applications, including sensing, water filtration, and nanoelectromechanical devices.

Hydraulic calculation of filtration system in drip irrigation

It is known that water filtration devices are used to increase the efficiency of the drip irrigation system on a large scale. Currently, there are various types of filtering devices, the main purpose of which is to reduce the amount of turbidity in water. In Uzbekistan, vertical and horizontal filters made according to Turkish and Chinese technologies are used. When designing drip irrigation systems, it is necessary to perform a hydraulic calculation. At when performing a hydraulic calculation, it is necessary to calculate the pressure loss in the filtration system and base the pumping unit on this basis. This article presents the results of studies of a vertical filtration device manufactured using Turkish technology. The studies were carried out in natural field conditions, in a filtration system installed in the field of the farm of Ashurov Azizbek Ganievich, located in the Kasbi district of the Kashkadarya region. The filtration system consists of 4 parts and describes studies to determine the coefficient of resistance hydraulic calculation. The studies were conducted in 3 variants. It has been established that the magnitude of pressure losses in the filtration system varies from 2.7 m to 9m. It has been established that the resistance coefficient of the filtration system varies from 61.9 to 247.1 in option 1, from 32.1 to 229.5 in option 2 and from 32.5 to 218.5 in option 3. As a result of the research, a method was developed for determining the resistance coefficient required for the hydraulic calculation of this filter system. A formula for calculating the pressure loss in the filtration room is recommended system.

Using Project-Based Learning to Assess the Effectiveness of Water Filtration Devices in Removing Chemical Analytes in an Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry Laboratory

Using Project-Based Learning to Assess the Effectiveness of Water Filtration Devices in Removing Chemical Analytes in an Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry Laboratory

Filtrasi Air dengan Menggunakan Alat Sederhana untuk Menghasilkan Air Bersih bagi Warga Desa Cikurutug Kecamatan Cireunghas

Cikurutug Village, Cireunghas District, Sukabumi Regency, to be precise in RW 1, has problems related to the availability of clean water. The water in the reservoir used by the residents comes from a small river. The water flow is not directly from the mountains or springs but results from soil seepage due to the extensive loosening of the land around the river, resulting in turbid water. This is undoubtedly very dangerous for the health of residents, because of course, it will invite diseases such as dysentery, typhus, and so on. To solve this problem, water filtration is carried out using simple tools that have been designed and then assisted by a water filtration device. The filtration results resulted in an increase in water quality, which would then continue to be used by residents. This filtration device must be maintained to keep the water quality still good.

A novel cross-linked PVA-Chitosan composite membrane for heavy metal filtration applications

A novel glutaraldehyde cross-linked Chitosan-PVA (GCP) polymer composite membrane is used to create a water filtration device. The GCP polymer membrane is synthesised using the solution casting process. GCP membranes are characterised using different techniques. The results showed that this filtration unit developed using GCP membrane is effective in reducing the Lead, Cadmium, Sodium and Iron content by 99.32%, 98.1, 88.21% and 78.9% respectively. The creation of nano-pores in GCP membrane, the adsorbent property of GCP and the thermal and chemical stability of GCP are the key factors leading to high performance filtration of major metal contaminants in ground water.

Special Issue on Planning, Designing and Managing Decentralized Drinking Water Supply System—Editorial

The growing demands for affordable and applicable technologies for decentralized safe drinking water provision have instigated technical innovations in the water filtration industry. Adsorptive filtration appears to be the most affordable, resilient, and socially acceptable solution for households and small communities worldwide. However, water filtration devices have not yet been widely implemented due to lack of awareness for the efficiency of such systems using locally available materials. Water filtration has the potential to secure universal access to safe drinking water by 2030. This special issue has elucidated the applicability, benefits, constraints, effectiveness, and limitations of metallic iron as filter material for safe drinking water provision. Tools to make rainwater a primary water source are also presented together with ways to transform existing centralized water management systems into decentralized ones (sectorization). The knowledge is applicable to a wide variety of situations on a global scale.

Migration of ions near charged surface.

Detailed understanding of ionic behavior in the region near a charged surface is important for the enhancement of water filtration mechanisms. In this study, a highly charged membrane is hypothesized to form an ion depletion zone (IDZ) without an external power supply. The formation of IDZ was experimentally investigated using membranes with varying surface zeta potential (SZP) values to confirm the hypothesis. The surface zeta potential of the charged membrane was controlled by layer-by-layer deposition method. Our results indicate that indicated that the fluorescent intensity near the charged surface becomes weaker with an increased absolute magnitude of SZP. Ionic surfactants enhance the formation of IDZ by increasing SZP magnitude, and by forming a secondary filtration layer. These findings provide information that is helpful in understanding the ionic behavior near the highly charged surface. In addition, the information provided by the findings would be helpful in fabricating a small-scale water filtration device.

Engineering and characterization of gymnosperm sapwood toward enabling the design of water filtration devices

Naturally-occurring membranes in the xylem tissue of gymnosperm sapwood enable its use as an abundantly-available material to construct filters, with potential to facilitate access to safe drinking water in resource-constrained settings. However, the material’s behavior as a filter is poorly understood, and challenges such as short shelf life have not been addressed. Here, we characterize the operational attributes of xylem filters and show that the material exhibits a highly non-linear dependence of flow resistance on thickness upon drying, and a tendency for self-blocking. We develop guidelines for the design and fabrication of xylem filters, demonstrate gravity-operated filters with shelf life >2 years, and show that the filters can provide >3 log removal of E. coli, MS-2 phage, and rotavirus from synthetic test waters and coliform bacteria from contaminated spring, tap, and ground waters. Through interviews and workshops in India, we use a user-centric approach to design a prototype filtration device with daily- to weekly-replaceable xylem filters, and uncover indicators of social acceptance of xylem as a natural water filter. Our work enhances the understanding of xylem as a filtration material, and opens opportunities for engineering a diverse range of low-cost, biodegradable xylem-based filtration products on a global scale.

Preparation, characterization and application of geopolymer-based tubular inorganic membrane

Inorganic membrane (IM) has been widely concerned in the fields of water filtration and gas treatment. Compared to ceramic and organic membrane, geopolymer inorganic membrane (Geo-IM) has a good application prospect in many fields due to their low cost and excellent properties. In this paper, a green, environmental-friendly, fine performance and controllable pore structure tubular inorganic membrane prepared by using cheap slag reinforced metakaolin based geopolymer can be used for water filtration and flue-gas treatment. The experimental results show that the compressive strength and flexural strength of the sodium based Geo-IM are increasing from 7 MPa and 1.37 MPa to 14 MPa and 2.12 MPa respectively. In other word, the compressive strength and flexural strength of potassium based Geo-IM were increased by 100% and 54.74% respectively compared with that of sodium based Geo-IM, it is helpful for the inorganic membrane to withstand certain pressure. The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that the potassium based Geo-IM has good thermal stability. By measuring the compressive strength of the IM at 0–1000 °C, it can be seen that the potassium-based inorganic membrane (K-WG-IM) can withstand the temperature of 800 °C. The specific surface area of K-WG-IM is about 77 m2·g−1, the porosity is about 70%, and the water flux is 100–8000 kg·m−2·h−1 (25 °C, 1 MPa). The filtration performance of the Geo-IM was characterized by the self-made water filtration and flue-gas treatment device in the laboratory. It is found that the Geo-IM could capture particulate matter (PM) with particle size greater than 1.67 μm in carbon black aqueous solution, and the removal rate of PM2.5 in flue-gas was as high as 97%, and the removal rate was still above 90% when the flue-gas temperature reached 600 °C. In a word, the tubular Geo-IM with low-cost, high-efficient and green properties has considerable potential in the practical applications.

Evaluation Urban Utility Of Water System In Merauke City

In the existing utility services in the Merauke district in the form of clean water sanitation, optimally take place notes. The Lack of Management, Service and Maintenance of Government Affected Municipal Utilities in Merauke. Not to the optimal creation of utility Merauke City is also a problem of clean water utility grid systems in the town of Merauke. On rainy season in Merauke city residents rely on rainwater as a source of clean water. If the dry season is often difficult to get clean water. This study evaluates pre-existing conditions, then analyze and make plan water networks. It aims to improve the conditions and quality of service provision of clean water for city dwellers. The results of this study (1) Networks clean water, has not been even distributed and not yet implemented the maximum care. (2) Before the clean water distribution lines, maintenance on the water network pipes and water filtration devices that are eligible for immediate drinking. (3) Before the location of water sources, water treatment plans, reservoir and pipeline supply networks (see Figure 10), which occur in the even distribution of the optimal distribution.

Development and Design of Hot Spring Filter and Sterilization Device

Hot springs are not easy to generate, how to deal with the used hot spring water and make it recycled has become a very important topic in this industry. The purpose of this study was to develop a hot spring filtration and sterilization device, to provide hot spring industry in hot spring water quality management has good results. The problem to be solved in this research and design was to use Titanium dioxide nano silver Antibacterial cloth for antibacterial dyeing and finishing powder the filter sterilization device was made of filter material structure, aiming at the spring quality of Carbonated spring or Sodium bicarbonate spring), The hot spring pool water is filtered and sterilized and re-introduced, so that the hot spring water could be reused without the doubt of hygienic safety. In order to solve the above problems, this research and development designed department discloses a hot spring pool water filtration and sterilization device, applicable to carbonated spring or sodium bicarbonate spring Its structure included: 1. barrel 2. central filter 3. filter material structure.

Catalytic Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatment of Biomass for Enhanced Activated Carbon: A Review

Biomass for activated carbon production has had been gaining interest in a wide variety of applications such as water filtration, gas adsorption, and electrochemical devices as a renewable carbon source while meeting desired porosity, surface area, conductivity, and stability requirements. Activated carbon production has been extensively investigated, proving to provide high performance in applications including electrochemical devices. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has shown potential as a pretreatment method for activated carbon production, especially when surface functionalization is desired. However, research into catalytic HTC is still limited. In this review, the processing methods used to convert biomass waste products into high value activated carbon are briefly reviewed, with a focus on recent progress in catalytic HTC as a pretreatment method to activated carbon. Areas of interest for catalytic HTC for activated carbon production are identified. Recent studies have found that the use of catalysts enhances the degree of carbonization, surface modification, and introduction of key heteroatoms significantly augmenting the performance of activated carbon. With further development of catalytic HTC technology, more competent carbon material for electrochemical devices can be produced cost-effectively and move towards meeting the ever-increasing demands of activated carbons for high-performance electrochemical devices.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gravitational Filter Based on Origami Concept (G-Filtro) Acted as Water Filtration Device in Water Tank

Water is the most demanding resource in the world especially in the era of the rapid growth of population and development. Therefore, delivering good quality water to consumers is important for their security of lives. Gravitational Filter Based on Origami Concept (G-Filtro) is a water filtration device that will be placed in a water tank at the residential area before people consumed it for everyday used. The specialty of this device, it does not necessarily attach to any power source. The objective of this project is to design and develop 3D G-Filtro using 3D CAD software and CFD analysis is used to determine the efficiency of the G-Filtro by simulating and model the pressure, velocity and streamline. Based on the result, the maximum water velocity for simulation without the filter is 0.266 m/s and the maximum velocity for first and second designed filter are 0.254 m/s and 0.243 m/s respectively. From the CFD simulation, the G-Filtro can remove the contaminants in water tank efficiently. Hence, it is proven that G-Filtro can be added as a new water filtration device.

Dynamic osmosis is demonstrated as an alternative water filtration system

Harnessing dynamic osmosis through active membranes might lead to a new category of water filtration devices.

Reverse osmotic characteristics and mechanism of hydrogenated porous graphene

Graphene-based materials have aroused great interest for their potential applications in water desalination and purification membranes attributed to their ultrathin thickness, high mechanical strength, and anti-foiling properties. Reverse osmosis (RO) technology is currently the most progressive, energy-saving and efficient separation technology by membranes, therefore the new materials with high strength, strong pollution resistance and excellent performance are urgently needed. The ability of porous graphene to serve as a kind of novel advanced RO membrane is due to two major potential strengths of this atomically thin two-dimensional material, i.e., ultrahigh permeability and super selectivity. Thus, the reverse osmotic properties of the porous graphene membranes should be further investigated theoretically. In this paper, classical molecular dynamics method is used to investigate the reverse osmosis characteristics of brine in hydrogenated porous graphene reverse osmosis membrane. The results show that the water permeation rate increases with the driving force, pore size and temperature increasing, for the pore diameter larger than the hydration radius. The ion rejection rate decreases with the driving force and temperature increasing. Interestingly, as the porous graphene moves in the tangential direction to perform a shearing process, the interception rate of the salt ions can be effectively improved and the concentration difference polarization phenomenon can be reduced with the tangential velocity increasing, although the water flux decreases slightly. The influence mechanism of each parameter on permeability and on water flux are explored by analyzing the hydrogen bond distribution, the ionic hydration in feed solution, and the energy barrier of the water molecules in penetrating process. In order to further evaluate the effects of various parameter changes on the benefits of reverse osmosis membranes, both the selectivity and permeability are calculated to evaluate the tradeoff between permeability and selectivity, indicating that the increase of the pore diameter can obtain both high permeability and selectivity under the shearing circumstance of the membrane. The research results in this paper will provide a theoretical understanding of porous graphene-based desalination membrane and also may be helpful in designing the shearing graphene-based water filtration devices.

Nanomechanical, Mechanical Responses and Characterization of Piezoelectric Nanoparticle-Modified Electrospun PVDF Nanofibrous Films

Limitless implementations of nanofibrous membrane show the importance of understanding the nanomechanical responses for water purification and piezoelectric nanogenerator applications. Here, the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) electrospun nanofibrous films doped by 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 wt% of ZnO nanoparticles were prepared in the method of electrospinning. Characterizations of PVDF nanocomposite fibrous films were inspected using field emission scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, water contact angle, uniaxial tensile test and nanoindentation technique. The influence of minimal concentration of piezoelectric nanoparticles on the morphological, water contact angle, dynamic water contact angle, piezoelectric, thermal and mechanical stabilities of nanocomposite fibrous films was examined. The nanoscale mechanical properties of the PVDF/ZnO nanofibrous films were performed by nanoindentation technique at different spots of nanofibrous mat to examine the elastic–plastic behavior of membranes. The eventual ZnO nanoparticle-modified nanofibrous membranes have been shown nano-level fibers, considerable hydrophilicity and preferable thermal, mechanical and piezoelectric properties. The doping of polymer by 0.1 wt% of ZnO nanoparticles exposed significant enhancement of thermal, mechanical and nanomechanical responses of the melting temperature 2% (170– $$173\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ ), tensile strength 20% (2.418 MPa), elastic modulus 18% (2.418 GPa) and hardness 60% (235 MPa) and piezoelectric coefficient 13.42 pC/N of the nanofibrous films. These understandings of nanoscale properties are highly promising in the development of sensor and actuators, biomedical, energy harvesting and water filtration devices.