Water Drip Research Articles

Phosphorus Supply Under Micro-Nano Bubble Water Drip Irrigation Enhances Maize Yield and Phosphorus Use Efficiency

This study aimed to explore the combined effects of micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation and different phosphorus (P) application rates (P0: 0 kg·hm−2; P1: 86 kg·hm−2; P2: 172 kg·hm−2; P3: 258 kg·hm−2) on maize growth, soil phosphorus dynamics, and phosphorus use efficiency to optimize irrigation and P fertilizer use efficiency. Through a field column experiment, the impact of micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation on maize plant height, stem diameter, leaf SPAD values, biomass, and yield was evaluated. The results showed that (1) irrigation methods significantly affected maize growth indicators such as plant height, stem diameter, and root dry weight. Micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation consistently promoted growth during all growth stages, especially under higher P application. (2) P application significantly increased the dry weight and P concentration in maize roots, stems, leaves, ears, and grains. Under micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation, the P concentrations in roots and grains increased by 59.28% to 92.59%. (3) Micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation significantly enhanced P uptake efficiency, partial factor productivity of P, and agronomic P use efficiency. Particularly under P1 and P2 treatments, the increases were 134.91% and 45.42%, respectively. Although the effect on apparent P recovery efficiency was relatively small, micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation still improved P utilization under moderate P levels. (4) Structural equation modeling indicated that P supply under micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation primarily regulated alkaline protease and alkaline phosphatase, enhancing soil P availability, which in turn promoted maize P accumulation and increased yield. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the combination of micro-nano bubble water drip irrigation and appropriate P application can effectively promote maize growth and nutrient utilization, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing irrigation and fertilization strategies in maize production.

Magnetized Saline Water Drip Irrigation Alters Soil Water-Salt Infiltration and Redistribution Characteristics

Magnetization constitutes an efficacious physical treatment technique applicable to saline water. The new spiral flow magnetizer, in conjunction with the cyclic magnetization process, has the effect of maximizing effective magnetization time and thereby achieving the optimal magnetization results. Based on this, saline water (0.27, 3, 6, and 10 g L−1) was treated with different levels of magnetization (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 T), and the effects of magnetized saline water (MSW) drip irrigation on loamy-sand soil moisture, soluble salt infiltration, and redistribution characteristics were studied through a vertical soil column simulation experiment. The results showed that the wetting front migration in MSW drip irrigation experiments exhibited minimal variation during soil water infiltration, and a notable change during redistribution with the experimental duration of 0.27 and 3g L−1 saline water treatments being significantly different (p < 0.05). Treating saline water with different mineralization levels with magnetization demonstrated water retention (0.27 g L−1 excluded) and salt drainage characteristics; calculated soil water storage increased by 1.58–14.19% and salt storage decreased by 0.22–7.66%. The optimal magnetization intensity for low-mineralization (0.27 and 3 g L−1) saline water was 0.2 T and for high-mineralization (6 and 10 g L−1) it was 0.6 T. The adsorption and exchange of cations (19.58–32.12%) by the optimum MSW treatments was greater than that of anions (9.46–14.15%); specifically, the relative exchange capacity of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in cations was more than K+ and Na+, while HCO3− and SO42− in anions was more than Cl−. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the irrigation of farmland with poor-quality water, as well as for the development of magnetized water irrigation technology.

Green solutions for desalinated water drip irrigation systems: Organic acids outperform inorganic acids in fouling control

Desalinated saline water (DSW) has been widely applied in many fields due to global water scarcity. However, fouling formation in desalinated saline water distribution systems (DSWDS) raises serious technical concerns. The conventional approaches (e.g., inorganic acids) for DSWDS fouling control is not only ineffective sometimes but also lead to serious environmental and health risks. Accordingly, this study introduces a greener method utilizing organic acids for antifouling in DSWDS. The performances and influences of three types of inorganic acids (hydrochloric acid (HCl), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and hydrofluoric acid (HF)) and three types of organic acids (citric acid (C6H8O7), formic acid (CH2O2) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4)) on DSWDS fouling control were investigated and compared. The obtained results indicated that in general, organic acids exhibited higher antifouling capacities than inorganic acids. Among the selected six acids, CH2O2 was the most effective, followed by H2C2O4, H3PO4, C6H8O7, HCl, and HF. In comparison with the most commonly used inorganic HCl, the fouling dry weights in the samples treated with C6H8O7, CH2O2, and H2C2O4 reduced by an average of 8.9 %, 45.3 %, and 33.2 %, respectively. Despite the higher acidity of inorganic acid solutions compared to organic acids, the latter exhibited a stronger chelating capacity for cations (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+) in DSW, showing a lower tendency to form precipitation in their treated groups. Moreover, organic acids could increase the crystal cell volume and change the chemical bond length of chemical precipitation, resulting in lattice distortions. Furthermore, organic acids can slow down the flocculation and settling of suspended particulate matter, thereby alleviating the formation of particulate fouling. Overall, these findings suggest that the application of organic acids is a more effective and environmental-friendly approach for fouling control compared to inorganic acids, which provides qualitative and quantitative insights into developing greener antifouling protocol for DSW delivery in actual field practices.

Using industrial computed tomography to determine the spatial distribution of clogging substances in drip irrigation emitter flow channels

AbstractDrip irrigation using poor‐quality water is effective for addressing agricultural water shortages, but it can lead to emitter clogging. However, little is known about the formation behaviour of clogging substances inside emitters when using reclaimed effluent. This study used industrial computed tomography (ICT) to determine the spatial distribution of clogging substances within emitter flow channels. The results showed that 21%–27% of the clogging substances were on the top face, and 20%–26% were on the substrate face, with less than 20% on the downstream and root faces. Clogging substances concentrated at the front of flow channels accounted for 38%–61% of the first structural unit. As the flow channel length increased, there was a significant fluctuation in the volume of clogging substances on the upstream and downstream faces, while changes on the upstream face, downstream face and root face exhibited relatively minor fluctuations. It is recommended to focus on controlling clogging substances on the top and substrate faces, as well as at the front of the emitter flow channel. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the spatial distribution of clogging substances in emitter flow channels, which is crucial for the development of anti‐clogging emitters and the promotion of poor‐quality water drip irrigation technology.

Changes in meat quality and volatile flavor compounds profile in beef loin during dry-aging

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dry-aging on beef meat quality changes and flavor compound developments during dry-aging periods. The results showed increased pH and weight loss (P < 0.01), while decreased water content, drip loss, centrifugation loss, and cooking loss (P < 0.01) with dry-aging. The extension of dry-aging significantly improved shear force and myofibrillar protein fragmentation (P < 0.05) of beef loins. However, longer-term dry-aged (28 d) meat exhibited much lower a* values, and higher 2-thiobarbituric reactive substances and carbonyl content (P < 0.01) at the end of dry-aging and even subsequent display. A total of 62 volatile flavor compounds were detected with whole dry-aging periods, and aldehydes were the major potential contributors to cooked beef meat flavor. Principal component analysis indicated the difference in flavor compounds profiles between unaged and dry-aged beef. The content of Strecker aldehydes (2-methyl-butanal and 3-methyl-butanal), some acids, heterocyclic compounds, and ethyl acetate increased with the prolongation of dry-aging time. By combining partial least squares discrimination analysis, 34 compounds with variable importance projection (VIP) > 1 were screened as important aroma compounds changed during the dry-aging processing of beef.

Microbial Organic Fertilizer Combined with Magnetically Treated Water Drip Irrigation Promoted the Stability of Desert Soil Aggregates and Improved the Yield and Quality of Jujubes.

In the southern Xinjiang region of China, developing efficient irrigation and fertilization strategies to enhance resource utilization and prevent desertification is of critical importance. This study focuses on jujubes in Xinjiang, China, and involves a three-year field experiment aimed at exploring the optimal application strategy of magnetically treated water combined with microbial organic fertilizer to provide scientific support for high-quality jujube production. The experiment included a control group (using only fresh water, denoted as CK) and combinations of magnetically treated water drip irrigation with varying amounts of microbial organic fertilizer: in 2021, treatments included M0 (only irrigating with magnetically treated water), M6 (0.6 t/ha), M12 (1.2 t/ha), M18 (1.8 t/ha), and M24 (2.4 t/ha); in 2022 and 2023, treatments included M0, M6 (0.6 t/ha), M12 (1.2 t/ha), M24 (2.4 t/ha), and M48 (4.8 t/ha). This study investigated the effects of magnetically treated water drip irrigation combined with microbial organic fertilizer on soil physical properties, hydraulic parameters, enzyme activity, aggregate stability, and jujube yield and quality. The application of microbial organic fertilizer significantly reduced the soil bulk density by 3.07% to 11.04% and increased soil porosity by 1.97% to 14.75%. Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity gradually decreased with the increasing amount of microbial organic fertilizer, with a reduction range of 5.95% to 13.69%, while the water-holding capacity significantly improved (from 0.217 cm3/cm3 to 0.264 cm3/cm3). Additionally, microbial organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the activities of urease, catalase, and sucrase in the soil and significantly increased the proportion of large soil aggregates. Jujube yield increased by 3.66% to 21.38%, and the quality significantly improved, as evidenced by the increase in soluble sugar and flavonoid content. The Gauss model calculation results recommended 3.09 t·hm2 as the optimal amount of microbial organic fertilizer for comprehensively improving jujube yield and quality. These findings indicate that magnetically treated water drip irrigation combined with high amounts of microbial organic fertilizer significantly improved soil physical properties, hydraulic parameters, enzyme activity, aggregate stability, and jujube yield and quality, providing scientific evidence for desert soil improvement and agricultural production.

Water consumption and drip irrigation regimes of seedlings of fruit and berry crops in the central Non-Chernozem region

Water consumption and drip irrigation regimes of seedlings of fruit and berry crops in the central Non-Chernozem region

Effects of Biochar and Straw Return on Soil Microbial Community Characteristics and Functional Differences in Saline Water Drip Irrigation Cotton Fields

In arid areas, fresh water resources are insufficient, and agricultural water mainly depends on shallow saline groundwater. However, long-term saline irrigation will cause soil salt accumulation and soil environment deterioration, which is not conducive to crop growth. In this study, based on the long-term irrigation of fresh water (0.35 dS·m-1, FW) and saline water (8.04 dS·m-1, SW), biochar (3.7 t·hm-2, BC) and straw (6 t·hm-2, ST) were added to the soil by an equal-carbon design. The aim was to clarify the effects of biochar and straw returning on the physical and chemical properties and microbial community structure of salinized soil. The results showed that saline irrigation significantly increased soil water content, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, and total carbon content but significantly decreased pH value and available potassium content. The contents of available phosphorus, available potassium, and total carbon in soil were significantly increased by biochar and straw returning, but the conductivity value of soil irrigated with saline water was significantly decreased. The dominant bacteria in each treatment were Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes, Acidobacteria, Chloromycetes, and Blastomonas. Saline water irrigation significantly increased the relative abundance of Blastomonas and Proteobacteria but significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. Under the condition of fresh water irrigation, the relative abundance of Chlorocurvula was significantly reduced by the return of biochar. Straw returning significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria but significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinomyces, Chloromyces, and Blastomonas. Under saline irrigation, the relative abundance of Chlorocurvula and Blastomonas were significantly reduced by biochar return to field. Straw returning significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria but significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinomyces, Chloromyces, and Blastomonas. LEfSe analysis showed that saline irrigation decreased the potential markers and functional numbers of soil microorganisms.Under saline irrigation, biochar returning increased the number of potential markers and functions of soil microorganisms. Straw returning to field increases the number of potential markers of soil microorganisms. RDA results showed that soil microbial community and functional structure were significantly correlated with EC1:5, SWC, and pH. Saline water irrigation will deteriorate the soil environment, which is not conducive to agricultural production, among which EC1:5, SWC, and pH are important factors driving changes in soil microbial community and functional structure. Using biochar and straw to return to the field can reduce the harm of salt to soil and crops, laying a foundation for improving agricultural productivity.

Establishment of critical non-depositing velocity prediction model for sediment in drip irrigation laterals based on PSO-SVM

Accurately determining the critical non-depositing velocity for sediment (CNDVS) in drip irrigation laterals is essential to address issues of sediment deposition and clogging in drip irrigation pipes caused by the use of muddy water. This paper focuses on three main factors: the percentage of intermediate-sized sediment particles (P), pipe diameter (D), and sediment concentration (S), all of which significantly influence the CNDVS in drip irrigation laterals. To predict the CNDVS, a comprehensive gradient test was developed and the Particle Swarm Optimization-Support Vector Machine (PSO-SVM) algorithm was applied to establish a response surface for predicting the CNDVS. Additionally, the PSO algorithm optimized the penalty parameter (C), loss parameter (ε), and kernel parameter (δ) in the SVM, resulting in a prediction model for the CNDVS. The proposed model was trained and tested using experimental data, and its prediction performance and accuracy were compared with the regression fitting model. The results indicate that within a specific range, the CNDVS increases with higher values of the three factors. The PSO-SVM model, with optimal parameters combination values of C = 486.37, ε = 0.04, and δ = 68.49, provided the most prediction accurate. Compared with the regression fitting model, the PSO-SVM model has the smaller values of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = 0.0049, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.0057, and Percent Bias (PBIAS) = 0.0004, and the larger value of Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) = 0.9874, Willmott index (WI) = 0.9401, and Coefficient of Determination (R2) = 0.9875. These results demonstrate that the PSO-SVM model established in this study exhibits high prediction performance and accuracy. The findings of this research can serve as a foundation for developing optimal operating and flushing flow velocity within the laterals in muddy water drip irrigation systems.

Effects of saline water drip irrigation on growth and yield of protected tomato under yellow sand cultivation model

Effects of saline water drip irrigation on growth and yield of protected tomato under yellow sand cultivation model

Responses of underground air and drip water geochemistry to meteorological factors: A multi-parameter approach in the Rull Cave (Spain)

Our research aims to assess the complex interactions between the elements that constitute and influence a cave system through the analysis of an extensive dataset of climatic and environmental parameters (222Rn, CO2, drip rates, chemical composition, and environmental isotopes) measured in air, water, and solid in the Rull Cave (southeastern Spain). Of particular importance is understanding the effect of rainfall and temperature on water and gas transport through the epikarst and the involved processes. Our results show that the cave gaseous concentration patterns do not only depend on the temperature-caused movement of air masses, but they can also be affected by abundant rainfall. The δ18O and δD composition of cave water also relies on such precipitations for the effective transfer of the rainfall signal into the cave, which can take between 3 and 7 days. The elemental ratios (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) show high responsiveness to the water drip rate, hinting that enhanced prior calcite precipitation (PCP) occurs at slower drip rates. Despite this, and regardless of drip rates, calcite saturation indices follow a seasonal variation pattern inversely proportional to the cave air CO2 concentration, while δ13C-DIC is proportional. Our results show how the interlinkage between these multiple components defines the dynamics of the atmosphere-soil-cave system. Cave monitoring is then essential to understand the karstic vadose zone, which is highly sensitive to climatic influence and its changes.

Evaluating Soil Water–Salt Dynamics under Brackish Water Drip Irrigation in Greenhouses Subjected to Localized Topsoil Compaction

Evaluating Soil Water–Salt Dynamics under Brackish Water Drip Irrigation in Greenhouses Subjected to Localized Topsoil Compaction

Sources and transport of CO2 in the karst system of Jiguan Cave, Funiu Mountains, China

Conveyance and modification of carbon-isotope signals within the karst system remain difficult to constrain, due to the complexity of interactions between multiple components, including precipitation, bedrock, soil, atmosphere, and biota. Cave monitoring is thus critical to understanding both their transport in the karst system and dependence on local hydroclimatic conditions. Jiguan Cave, located in Funiu Mountain in central China, is representative of karst tourist caves with relatively thin epikarst zone. We conducted a comprehensive monitoring program of cave climate from 2018 to 2021 and measured δ13C during 2021 in monthly and heavy-rainfall samples of soil CO2, cave CO2, cave water (drip water and underground river), and underground river outlet. Our results demonstrate synchronous variations between CO2 concentration and δ13CCO2 in both soil and cave air on seasonal time scales. Cave pCO2 and carbon-isotope composition further exhibited a high sensitivity to human respiration with fluctuations of ~2000–3000 ppm within 4 days during the cave closure period in July 2021 without tourists. 13C-depleted isotopic signal of cave air in summer is the mixture of human respiration and soil CO2 which varies as a function of regional hydrological conditions of the summer monsoon during the rainy season with high temperatures and humidity. However, respired CO2 from the overlying soil was expected to be the only principal source of the cave CO2 when the anthropogenic CO2 source was removed. The high seasonal amplitude of cave air δ13CCO2 reflects ventilation dynamics, which leads to a prominent contribution from the external atmosphere during winter. Intriguingly, although the δ13C signal reflects complex vertical processes in the vertical karst profile, a heavy summer rainfall event was related to anomalously high δ13C values of cave water that can be utilized to interpret rainfall intensity and regional hydroclimate.

Smart Drip Irrigation System Based on IoT Using Fuzzy Logic

The absence of a water drip rate control system in drip irrigation systems has impacted water use efficiency and normalization of soil moisture. Therefore, this research aims to develop an intelligent system using the fuzzy logic method to control the rate of water droplets in a drip irrigation system and maintain soil moisture in normal conditions. The DHT22 sensor is used to obtain temperature and humidity values, which are then used as input data and processed by the ESP32 microcontroller, which includes a fuzzy system. The Internet of Things (IoT) is also used to send data from the microcontroller to the Thingspek web server. The Blynk application is used to make it easier to monitor temperature, humidity, and water droplet rate values. The results of this research show that the temperature accuracy values produced using the MSE evaluation were 6.66667 and RMSE were 2.58199, while for temperature, the values for MSE were 0.128333 and RMSE were 0.358236. The average value of soil moisture produced in the planting medium is 44.46%; this value is within normal conditions for chili plants, where normal soil moisture conditions range between 40% - 60%

Dry mass accumulation of cotton under drip and furrow irrigation in Uzbekistan

Past investigate set up application of wrinkle water system to create growth-stage-specific water system planning for upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Uzbekistan. The paper presents encourage examination of water system planning for two cotton assortments and its impact on seed-lint abdicate and water system trim water efficiency beneath wrinkle and trickle water system innovation. Field experiments were conducted in silt loam soils of Samarkand province, Uzbekistan, in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The development stages of germination to blooming, blossoming to boll arrangement, and development were considered for the improvement of water system planning Fc with regard to field capacity (Fc). The best growth, development and seed-lint yield for the C-8286 cotton variety were achieved in drip irrigation with irrigation scheduling of 75-75-70% of Fc, wetting front layer of 50-70-50 cm where the seed-lint yield totaled 4.99 t ha-1. The highest seed-lint yield (4.74 t ha-1) obtained in irrigation scheduling of 70-70-60% Fc regarding Bukhara-102 variety. Irrigation scheduling of 75-75-70% Fc for cotton variety C-8286 and 70-70-60% Fc for Bukhara-102 variety and drip irrigation should be considered applicable practices for both aforementioned cotton varieties on silt loam soils of Samarkand province and for similar soil-climatic conditions of Central Asia.

Influence and selection of nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizers on emitter clogging using brackish water in drip irrigation systems

Emitter clogging is a major obstacle to the application of brackish water in drip irrigation systems, which can be aggravated with inappropriate fertilizer application. Among the major element fertilizers, nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) trigger a higher risk of clogging. However, the effect and selection of different types of NP compound fertilizers on emitter clogging remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of no fertilizer (CK), two types of industrial grade monoammonium phosphate (I_MAP) and diammonium phosphate (I_DAP), two types of agricultural grade monoammonium phosphate (A_MAP) and diammonium phosphate (A_DAP), and two types of new urea phosphate (UP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the clogging of three types of emitters. The results showed that the application of agricultural grade A_MAP and A_DAP fertilizers exacerbated emitter clogging compared to industrial grade fertilizers, decreasing the Christiansen of Uniformity (CU) by an average of 18.5%−22.8% and 21.4%−25.6%, respectively, mainly due to an increase in the content of insoluble particulate matter in the clogging material. Application of new UP and APP fertilizers reduced emitter clogging, increasing CU by 29.9%−37.1% and 10.2%−16.4%, respectively, compared to industrial grade fertilizers, mainly by decreasing the chemical precipitate content in the fouling material. Overall, the safe operation time of agricultural grade fertilizer system is about 1.2 years within the safe operation life (CU≥80%) of drip irrigation system, while the safe operation life of industrial grade and new NP compound fertilizers is about 1.6–3.4 times of that of agricultural grade fertilizers on average. It is suggested that in drip irrigation systems using brackish water, A_MAP fertilizer can be applied to annual crops whereas in perennial crops industrial and UP and APP should be applied. This study is of great significance for the application and promotion of brackish water drip fertigation technology.

Predicting Temperature and Humidity in Roadway with Water Trickling Using Principal Component Analysis-Long Short-Term Memory-Genetic Algorithm Method

The heat dissipated from high geo-temperature underground surrounding rocks is the main heat source of working faces, while thermal water upwelling and trickling into the roadway will notably deteriorate the mine’s climate and thermal comfort. Predicting airflow temperature and relative humidity (RH) is conductive to intelligent control of air conditioning cooling and ventilation regulation. To accommodate this issue, an intelligent technique was proposed, integrating a genetic algorithm (GA) and long short-term memory (LSTM) based on rock temperature, inlet air temperature, water temperature, water flow rate, RH, and ventilation time. A total of 21 input features including over 200 pieces of data were collected from an independently developed modeling roadway to construct a dataset. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to reduce features, and GA was used to tune the LSTM and PCA-LSTM architectures for best performance. The following research results were yielded. The proposed PCA-LSTM-GA model is more reliable and efficient than the single LSTM model or hybrid LSTM-GA model in predicting the air temperature Tfout and humidity RHout at the end of the water trickling roadway. The importance scores (ISs) indicate that Tfout is mainly influenced by the surrounding rock temperature (IS 0.661) and the inlet air temperature (IS 0.264). While RHout is primarily influenced by the rock temperature in the water trickling section (IS 0.577), the inlet air temperature (IS 0.187), and the trickling water temperature and flow rate (total IS 0.136), and it has an evident time effect. In addition, we developed relevant equipment and provided engineering practice methods to use the machine learning model. The proposed model, which can predict the mine microclimate, serves to facilitate coal and geothermal resource co-mining as well as thermal hazard control.

Experimental timing of pyrite oxidation under various leaching conditions: consequences for rates of weathering in geological profiles

Pyrite (FeS2) is one of the most abundant sulfides on Earth and has already been studied in numerous ways for decades because of its rapid oxidation and the associated environmental impacts. This study proposes a new experimental physico-chemical approach (air, tridistilled water and water drip exposure) to determine the oxidation rate of pyrite using surface and depth data via XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) analyses. Our experimental study of almost pure pyrite reveals a maximum oxidation rate of 11.7 ± 1.8 nm day−1 for drip exposure with precipitation of sulfates or Fe-oxides depending on the experimental condition. The oxidation rates obtained under various experimental conditions may be extrapolated to weathering rates of different zones of supergene profiles/ores (leached zone, saprolite and cementation zone). The extrapolation suggests a maximum rate of 4.3 ± 0.6 m Ma−1, which is consistent with data obtained by isotope dating of weathering profiles. Under geological conditions however, the oxidation rate of pyrite may be influenced by additional parameters, such as the nature of the host rock, its porosity/permeability, the climate, the influence of an oxidizing environment, and the mineralization of secondary minerals.

A meta-analysis of labyrinth channel emitter clogging characteristics under Yellow River water drip tape irrigation

Emitter clogging restricts the promotion and application of drip irrigation technology for Yellow River water. The influence degree of water quality, flow path structure, and operation time on emitter clogging varies. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the impact of sediment concentration, sediment particle size, flow path structure [including length (L), width (W), depth (D), minimum cross-sectional size (min (W, D)), and cross-sectional area (A) of flow path], rated flow rate (Q), and operation time on emitter clogging in drip irrigation using Yellow River water to identify viable strategies for alleviating emitter clogging in Yellow River water drip irrigation. The results showed that using drip irrigation with Yellow River water is feasible, and it is important to vigorously develop efficient agricultural irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation in the Yellow River basin. Sediment concentration is the main factor affecting emitter clogging in the Yellow River water drip irrigation. For sediment concentrations below 0.5 g/L, effective operation could be maintained for up to 450 h. The sediment concentration of Yellow River water drip irrigation should not exceed 1.3 g/L to prevent severe clogging. In addition, irrigation methods should involve short single irrigation times and high frequencies, with increased lateral flushing measures. The traditional assumption that a larger W, D, min (W, D), A, or Q leads to superior anti-clogging performance did not hold universally. Across different sediment concentration and operation time combinations, the emitter’s anti-clogging ability first increased and then decreased with increasing min (W, D), and anti-clogging ability gradually decreased with increasing L. The high anti-clogging min (W, D) is 0.64 mm, and L should be 30–50 mm to reduce the clogging risk while playing a role in energy dissipation. These research findings offer valuable insights for selecting emitters and developing anti-clogging strategies specific to Yellow River water drip irrigation, serving as a solid theoretical basis for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of high sediment-laden water drip irrigation systems worldwide.

Changes in the physical properties of the meat of broiler carcasses using aloe vera oil extracted locally compared to the imported

This study was conducted to demonstrate the changes in the physical properties of broiler carcasses by locally extracted aloe vera oil compared to the imported, from 3/5/2022 to 5/6/2022. 270 unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks, one day old, with 4 treatments were. T1 (control treatment), the locally extracted aloe vera oil treatments were T2 and T3 (water bath), T4 and T5 (oil immersion). The treatments of imported aloe vera oil were T6 and T7 (Pakistani origin), T8 and T9 (Iranian origin). Addition levels were 0.30 and 0.40 ml oil/kg deit. The physical characteristics of the studied broiler carcasses meat were Water Holding Capacity (WHC), Thawing loss, Drip loss and Cooking loss. A significant improvemnt (P≤0.05) for treatments of aloe vera oil extracted locally, especially extracted by the water bath method, in the physical characteristics of the meat of broiler carcasses, represented by each of the water holding capacity, the effluent liquid and the loss when melting and cooking, compared with imported aloe vera oil and control treatment. T3 treatment was the best on other locally extracted aloe vera oil treatments.