Water Distribution Scheme Research Articles

Artificial neural network-based water distribution scheme in real-time in long-distance water supply systems

ABSTRACT Hydraulic models of long-distance water supply systems are usually used to regulate valves and pumps to realize the expected water distribution. Establishing and calibrating the hydraulic model is time-consuming and requires many engineering parameters, which are usually uncertain. This paper proposes a metamodel based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) to replace the computationally costly hydraulic model. The metamodel is designed to bypass the modeling and calibration processes of the hydraulic model and directly estimate the target state of valves and pumps to realize real-time water distribution. The proposed approach uses the water levels of reservoirs and the flow demands of water plants as input data to the ANN. The metamodel's output prescribes the opening of regulating valves and the speed of pumps. A realistic case study is presented to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the approach. The results show that ANN is feasible as a state predictor to realize real-time water distribution in practical water supply projects.

Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Canal Systems Based on the Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm

Xinjiang is located in the arid region of northwestern China, and agriculture accounts for an absolute share of total water use. Resource-based, engineering, structural, and managed water shortages coexist. Therefore, it is of great significance to vigorously develop water conservation technology and improve the efficiency of water transmission and distribution in canal systems. This research aims at addressing the problems of difficult manual regulation and the overall optimization of the final canal system, low-water-resource utilization efficiency, and management efficiency. Taking the branch-double two-stage canal system of Dongfeng branch canal in Mangxiang, Jinghe irrigation district, as a case study, and the rotation irrigation group and irrigation duration as decision variables, canal distribution is modeled with the goal of minimizing seepage losses. The improved grey wolf algorithm combined with particle swarm optimization is used for the first time and compared with the traditional grey wolf algorithm, genetic particle swarm optimization fusion algorithm, and northern goshawk algorithm. The results show that (1) on the basis of meeting the water discharge capacity and water demand requirements of the canal system, the diversion time of the water distribution scheme obtained by using the improved grey wolf algorithm is shortened from 11 d to 8.91 d compared with the traditional empirical water distribution scheme. (2) The improved grey wolf algorithm converges to the optimal value within 10 generations compared to the remaining methods, and the total water leakage is reduced from 16.15 × 104 m3 to 11.75 × 104 m3. (3) The number of gate adjustments is reduced, and the canal gates are opened and closed at the same time within each rotational irrigation group. The grey wolf algorithm improved by its combination with particle swarm has stronger optimization ability and convergence, which can better meet the requirements of efficient water resource allocation in irrigation canal systems, as well as a high application value.

Study on the method and model of water balance allocation of the Yellow River with overall fairness and efficiency

Abstract Under the changing environment, the problems of the water cycle and water resources in the basin become extremely complex, and the coordination of water use efficiency and fairness is extremely difficult. This paper takes the Yellow River Basin as the key research area and creates a balanced allocation method and model of water resources that take into account the fairness and efficiency of water use. The dynamic equilibrium allocation of water resources increment brought by new water source projects and regulation projects is realized, and the fine-tuning optimization of the water distribution scheme is realized. The results show that the optimal adjustment strategy of the water diversion scheme is to increase the upstream water allocation, and the adjustment range is 2.13%. The water allocation in the middle reaches was slightly increased by 0.25% to reduce the downstream and Hebei Province, Tianjin water allocation, and the adjustment range is −3.81%. The optimization scheme reflects the principle of ecological priority, guarantees the basic ecological environment water use in the Yellow River, balances the fairness and efficiency of economic and social water use outside the river, and provides technical support for water resources security in water-shortage basins.

Water resource management based on wireless virtualization in wastewater reclamation and utilization in dryland botanical garden

Abstract The research on the management and distribution of renewable water resources mostly adopts the method of combining the intelligent optimization algorithm and the target planning model. In this paper, four water distribution users are used as categories, and the problem of renewable water resources allocation is transformed into a classification problem, which is included in the category of wireless virtualization processing problems, and wireless virtualization is selected to support the allocation of renewable water resources. Experiments show that the water shortage of the water distribution scheme obtained by the method in this paper is lower than that of the optimal water distribution scheme of the traditional intelligent optimization algorithm. It can also be seen from the water distribution cost and water shortage of a single user that the water distribution effect of the method in this paper is better than that of the traditional intelligent optimization algorithm (P<0.05). It shows that the research on the management and distribution method of renewable water resources based on wireless virtualization not only provides new ideas for dealing with configuration problems but also has important significance for alleviating the shortage of water resources in our country and the management and utilization of renewable water resources.

Water distribution and scheduling model of an irrigation canal system

A complete water distribution scheme should include the scheduling of the check gates and turn out gates. This study aims to resolve the water distribution problem in irrigation districts based on channel hydrodynamic simulation and using the hydraulic factor of water level increase in backwater areas. The supply-decided water distribution and scheduling model(SD-WDSM), the demand-decided water distribution and scheduling model(dd-WDSM) were established respectively. The model was applied to the Bojili irrigation district to verify it’s applicability. The results show that the SD-WDSM can adjust the length of the backwater area through the operation of the check gate, ensuring a large flow rate at the turn out gate. The dd-WDSM was established to group the water diversion canals by rotation irrigation, and the turn out gate in the same group could open and close simultaneously, which is convenient for the administrator to operate. The two models also ensure that the water is diverted as early as possible, and the operation numbers of the check gates and the turn out gates are less. The model obtains the complete scheduling scheme of the check gates and the turn out gates in the water distribution system. This model can improve agricultural water use efficiency and promote sustainable agricultural development. The proposed model is universal and can be applied to other irrigation districts.

Optimizing Water Distribution in Transboundary Rivers Based on a Synthesis–Dynamic–Harmonious Approach: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin, China

It has been difficult to revise and adjust the water distribution of the Yellow River in 1987 (1987 water distribution scheme). By gathering data and studies from previous literature, this paper summarized some water distribution ideas, principles and rules in transboundary rivers. We proposed the “synthesis–dynamic–harmonious” water distribution method (SDH), and applied it to the actual conditions of the Yellow River basin. Through the SDH method, we calculated a new scheme for water distribution in the Yellow River and analyzed the results. The key findings of this study are summarized below. Firstly, the water distribution of transboundary rivers required the establishment of advanced water distribution ideas. Secondly, the proposed water distribution method took into account a variety of factors: with the change in distributable water volume, the same ratio changes and meets the minimum water demand and water efficiency constraints. Thirdly, the 1987, the water distribution scheme needed some adjustment. Fourthly, under the new Yellow River basin water distribution scheme (“19ZQT” water distribution scheme), Shandong, Inner Mongolia, and Henan account for 50% of the total water distribution. Sichuan accounts for only 0.3% of the total. Compared with the 1987 water distribution scheme, Hebei and Tianjin reduced the amount of water allocated by 51.2%, while Shaanxi increased it by 24.89%. In this paper, considering the changes in the total distributable water volume, the new Yellow River water distribution scheme (“19ZQT” water distribution scheme) assumed water distribution of 37 billion m3 and 30 billion m3, upon which calculations were performed. This study should provide a scientific and reasonable scheme for water distribution of transboundary rivers, and rational utilization of water resources. It should lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of the Yellow River basin.

Canal water distribution optimization model based on water supply conditions

The optimization of canal water distribution is vital in irrigation areas because a reasonable distribution is required to improve the water distribution efficiency and maximize the benefits of water resources. In this paper, under the condition that the total volume and flow rate of water supply in the primary canal have been determined, the water supply is compared with crop water demand, and three optimal models of canal water distribution are established. In situation 1, the total volume of water supply is sufficient to meet the crop water demand during the growing period. In situation 2, the water supply is insufficient to meet crop water demand during their growth period; however, this problem is resolved by extending the water supply period. In situation 3, the water supply cannot meet the crop water demands during the growth period, even after adjusting the water supply period. Because the proposed water distribution optimization model is based on water supply conditions in irrigation areas, the irrigation area managers can easily develop their operation water distribution schemes. The model was validated using the Bojili irrigation area. Results showed that the model’s calculated variation trend of the main-canal flow rate was similar to the actual flow rate, and irrigation area managers could meet the model requirements with a small adjustment in the actual flow rate. The model also considered canal leakage loss, timely water distribution, water distribution fairness, and other goals, potentially improving agricultural water efficiency and water distribution satisfaction as well as promoting sustainable agricultural development. The model presented here is universal and can be used in other irrigation areas.

Solutions to Difficult Problems Caused by the Complexity of Human–Water Relationship in the Yellow River Basin: Based on the Perspective of Human–Water Relationship Discipline

The human–water relationship in the Yellow River Basin is extremely complex, and the human–water relationship discipline is a powerful tool to solve difficult problems caused by the complexity. This study firstly analyzes the historical evolution of the human–water relationship in the Yellow River Basin. Secondly, we summarize some representative problems in dealing with the human–water relationship. Then, on the basis of discussing the main contents of the human–water relationship discipline, the possible solutions to the difficult problems are discussed. Taking the Yellow River water distribution dilemma as an example, we carry out a detailed application. Finally, the possibility of applying human–water relationship discipline to complex basin research is analyzed, and the future research prospects of the discipline are put forward. Results reveal that: (1) River diversion and unreasonable human activities are the main driving factors for the ecological evolution of the Yellow River Basin. In addition, the basin is currently in the “Protective coordination stage”. (2) The complexity of the human–water relationship is the root of many difficult problems, and forming a sound disciplinary system of human–water relationship discipline is the key to breaking through these difficult problems. (3) The Yellow River water distribution scheme based on human–water relationship discipline is consistent with the current water use pattern of the basin. (4) The theory and method system of human–water relationship discipline is also feasible and universal for other complex basins.

Water demand forecasting and countermeasures across the Yellow River basin: Analysis from the perspective of water resources carrying capacity

Study regionThe Yellow River Basin plays a crucial role in China's socio-economic development and ecological security. Study focusThe growing trend of water consumption driven by anthropogenic activities has posed an increasing number of challenges for the sustainable development of the Yellow River basin. Water demand prediction plays a central part in facilitating water conservation by developing water allocation strategies. Hence, the water demand prediction model based on the concept of water resources carrying capacity was built to predict water demand with different future scenarios and provide reference strategies for water allocation. New hydrological insights for the regionWith all changing scenarios under consideration, the future demand for water resources will significantly increase compared with the current conditions. The range of water demand by each province along the Yellow River basin is exhibited in this study. Two scenarios with different economic development conditions and cascading water use efficiency are investigated. In addition, solutions for improving water use efficiency and increasing the available quantity of water are put forward to ameliorate water stress. Specifically, water distribution schemes with a medium level of water use efficiency in different economic growth scenarios are proposed based on the available water resources from the Yellow River basin and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. This work will benefit local planners and decision-makers.

Research on Hydropower Allocation Based on Multi-Objective Optimization and Bankruptcy Game Theory

In recent decades, droughts have become more frequent and severe due to global warming, and the amount of water in dams and reservoirs has decreased in many regions. To alleviate the water shortage problem, we modeled the water allocation in dams to achieve the optimal combination of water and electricity. A multi-objective optimization model for water allocation in dams was developed. A grid method was used to rasterize the dams and calculate the reservoir capacity of the dams. The multi-objective optimization model was used to improve water distribution schemes in five states based on the collection of water and electricity consumption data from five states in recent years. The consumption time for water transport and power generation, as well as the amount of water supplied, is minimized while meeting the water supply and power demand and providing surplus water for Mexico. In the next step, game theory was used to solve the conflict problem of allocating water among the four uses and to transform the problem into a utility non-transferable game model. Considering the differences in water use by state, the states were typed into three categories: hydro, industrial and non-industrial states. Different weights were assigned to the four types of water use in different types of states, taking into account the different importance attached to different water use in different regions. The allocation results for the different states were obtained.

Numerical study on water distribution of natural draft wet cooling towers under crosswind

In order to improve the thermal performance of natural draft wet cooling tower under crosswind, a three-dimensional numerical model for heat and mass transfer of cooling towers was established. The comparison with the design parameters of the cooling tower shows that this model satisfies the requirements of the thermal performance computation of cooling tower. According to the numerical calculation of the cooling tower and the analysis of the temperature, humidity and velocity field under various crosswinds velocities, a scheme of partition water distribution of cooling tower was proposed to deal with the effect of crosswind. Using this scheme, the influence of various spray water density ratio k on the thermal performance of cooling tower were researched, and the results show that the heat transfer performance of the cooling tower can be effectively improved under a certain comparing with uniform water distribution. When the cross wind speed is in the range of 2-6 m/s and this partition water distribution scheme is applied, maximum reduction of the outlet water temperature will reach 1.01K comparing with uniform water distribution.

Neuro-genetic approach for optimization of the water flowrates distribution on a hydrogen sulphide cooling system

Efficient utilities usage and enhanced heat transfer are imperative in todays’ industrial and technological processes. However, there are several facilities in the nickel industry not upgraded yet. This research studied a hydrogen sulphide production plant with limited heat exchange capacity. Within this context, a neuro-genetic procedure was proposed for optimization of the water flowrates distribution on a hydrogen sulphide gas coolers system. It relied on Genetic Algorithms, combined with an improved ɛ-NTU model for simulation of jacketed shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Artificial Neural Networks were furtherly applied to correlate the optimum water flowrates to predictive variables. The heat transfer incremental was estimated from 3695 to 10514 W, while reduction of the gas exit temperature was projected between 2.9 and 9.8 K. Calculated heat recovery averaged 12.44 %. The optimized water distribution scheme have improved the system energy performance. Applied concept of fixed network and unvaried overall feed water flowrate avoided the additional costs related to topology modifications. A technological solution was provided, consisting on installation of automatic valves and programmable flow control-loops linked to a PLC.

A Systematic Review of Ontology-Based River Streamflow and Flood Data Management Challenges

The management of the riverine water has always remained an open challenge. The variation of water flow creates hurdles to determine the exact time and the quantity of water flow caused by the spatio-temporal complex streamflow and flood risk reduction domain. From a management perspective, irregular flow patterns generate various challenges and the development of irrigation water distribution schemes without contextual knowledge integration adversely affect the relevant community. The river streamflow and flood mitigation domains are interdisciplinary that require coordination from the various stakeholders. Coordination limiting factors includes native data acquisition methodology of each stakeholder for their specific needs, the complexity of the domain involving a heterogeneous group of managers, spatio-temporal context, region-specific terminologies, data sharing, and reusability support. Earlier proposed research and developed ontologies by the esteemed researchers focused to address these challenges in a domain-specific context. In this research, we review the challenges of a large scale spatio-temporal system for streamflow of watersheds and flood disaster management based on the ontological semantic models. This research also examines the proposed ontological models for streamflow and/or flood domain, and how they address such challenges. Furthermore, a systematic review of the last two decades’ research articles is conducted and the findings are presented to assess the mappings of the challenges to proposed solutions through ontological modeling for streamflow and flood domain.

Incremento de la termotransferencia en un sistema de enfriadores enchaquetados, optimizando los flujos de agua

En esta investigación se propuso un esquema optimizado de distribución de agua para incrementar la termotransferencia, en un sistema de enfriadores de sulfuro de hidrógeno. La instalación está compuesta por dos intercambiadores de calor de tubos y coraza enchaquetados, instalados en un arreglo serie-paralelo. Cada equipo opera con tres fluidos y posee dos vías principales de intercambio térmico. La optimización de los flujos de agua se realizó mediante algoritmos genéticos, utilizando un modelo con base en el método ɛ-NUT para la simulación de los intercambiadores de calor. Se estimó un incremento del calor transferido entre 3695 y 10514 W, así como una disminución de la temperatura del gas a la salida del sistema entre 2.9 y 9.8 K. La recuperación termoenergética calculada osciló entre 3.90 y 22.16 %, con 12.44 % como promedio. Mediante regresión lineal múltiple se determinaron las funciones para solución tecnológica del problema investigado.

An Optimization Control Method for Heat Transfer Model during Slab Continuous Casting

Solidification of continuous casting slab is a complex process including a series of phenomena such as heat transfer, mass transfer and flow. The secondary cooling process plays an important role in the production quality of continuous casting slab. In this paper, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm has been proposed. The simulation results show that the optimized slab temperatures have more reasonable and uniform distribution. The purpose of slab quality improving is achieved and the feasibility of secondary cooling water distribution scheme is verified.

PRE-PAID SMART WATER OVER CLOUD COMPUTING AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Water is one of the most vulnerable non-renewable energy which needs immediate from all the sectors of society like an academy, research and from the industry. The deep literature study concludes that 70% of the earth is covered with water bodies that infect the human body made of 75% of water. Water is an integral part of everyone's daily life. Hence these water resources have to be invested wary consciously so that the upcoming generation could survive. The report produced by the World Health Organization (WHO) on India says that the inadequate water management system is a root cause for water scare city though India is well occupied with water bodies. Hence, in this paper, we motivate to propose an efficient water management system (WMS) based on wireless sensor networks and cloud computing. Here, we propose a Prepaid Water Distribution Scheme (PWDS) for the efficient utilization of water resources within the domestic environment. Implementation and validation show promising paradigm towards efficient water utilization. KEYWORDS: World Health Organization (WHO), Water Management System (WMS), Prepaid Water Distribution scheme (PWDS)

Thermal characteristics of dry cooling tower reconstructed from obsolete natural draft wet cooling tower and the relevant thermal system coupling optimization

Natural draft dry cooling tower is attractive in recent decades with its superiority of zero water loss. Some old thermal power plants are under high pressure of waste water reducing emission, thus the natural draft wet cooling tower is obsoleted. Reconstructing natural draft wet cooling tower into natural draft dry cooling tower is attractive for the saving of capital expenditure. But it has not been researched before, this study aims to fill this gap. Based on an actual reconstruction case, the operation mode of reconstructed dry cooling system is established and relevant MATLAB programming is realized, which is validated by literature data. The reconstructed system consists of two reconstructed natural draft dry cooling towers, a usual natural draft dry cooling tower and two 660 MW power units. The cooling capacity of reconstructed natural draft dry cooling tower is lower through thermal characteristic comparison with the usual natural draft dry cooling tower. In order to realize the optimal operation, different water distribution schemes are presented and several operation parameters are analyzed. Under the optimized reconstruction design, the annual water saving and annual cost are discussed. The annual water saving is about14.49 million metric tons that is about 8.86 million dollars and the minimum annual cost is about 181.47 million dollars, which brings great economic and environmental benefits.

Study on Unsteady Flow Based on Optimized Water Distribution Model in Irrigation District

The canal delivery system is the main infrastructure of agricultural irrigation. The efficiency of water use in agriculture can be achieved by mastering the dynamic process of unsteady flow in the channel. In this study, an unsteady flow model for the calculation of the water flow transition information of the river channel during the water distribution process was established, based on the water distribution scheme given by the backtracking-search algorithm (BSA). This model was more suitable for areas with inefficient channel systems. The research areas included the main irrigation channels in Xiying City, which is one of the typical agricultural areas in northwestern China. The scheme obtained by optimal solution proposed for Xiying Irrigation District was feasible. According to the results of the flow simulations, the sluice gate calculation correlation could determine the change process of the gate opening of each channel, which provided a basis to realize the modernization of the irrigation area.

Multi-objective model of irrigation water distribution based on particle swarm optimization

Developing the high-efficiency agriculture is the strategy of agricultural sustainable development, and rational allocation of irrigation water resources is an important way in improving the efficiency of agricultural resources utilization. In this paper, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the irrigation water distribution schedule. This model focuses on decreasing the leakage loss and increasing allocation efficiency of irrigation water distribution. The transition process verified the rationality of the water distribution scheme and effectively satisfied the actual demand.

Agricultural Multi-Water Source Allocation Model Based on Interval Two-Stage Stochastic Robust Programming under Uncertainty

Numerous uncertainties and complexities exist in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system, that must be considered in the optimization of water resources allocation. In this paper, an agricultural multi-water source allocation model, consisting of stochastic robust programming and two-stage random programming and introducing interval numbers and random variables to represent the uncertainties, was proposed for the optimization of irrigation water allocation in Jiamusi City of Heilongjiang Province, China. The model could optimize the water allocaton to different crops of groundwater and surface water. Then, the optimal target value and the optimal water allocation of different water sources distributed to different crops could be obtained. The model optimized the economic benefits and stability of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system via the introduction of a the penalty cost variable measurement to the objective function. The results revealed that the total water shortage changed from [18.6, 32.3] × 108 m3 to [15.7, 26.2] × 108 m3 at a risk level ω from zero to five, indicating that the water shortage decreased and the reliability improved in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system. Additionally, the net economic benefits of irrigation changed from [287.21, 357.86] × 108 yuan to [253.23, 301.32] × 108 yuan, indicating that the economic benefit difference was reduced. Therefore, the model can be used by decision makers to develop appropriate water distribution schemes based on the rational consideration of the economic benefit, stability and risk of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system.