Water Distribution Monitoring Research Articles

Monitoring of water distribution in meat upon freezing with X-ray computed tomography

The freezing speed influences the growth and spatial distribution of ice inf frozen meat. The formation of ice crystals dehydrates the fibres and can damage the cell structure. This influences the drip loss after thawing and reduces tenderness, which is an important eating characteristic of red meat. A better understanding of ice formation and an efficient method for analysing ice distribution can lead to improved freezing processes in food production. This work demonstrates X-ray computed tomography as a novel method suitable for determining and visualising the ice volume fraction in frozen meat, which is important because ice formation has consequences for meat quality (drip loss on thawing, loss of juiciness and tenderness after cooking). The results obtained are in agreement with the phenomenological predictions of the literature and extend the known microscopy methods with a non-destructive and time efficient analysis technique that provides information about the amount of ice formed and its spatial distribution in frozen meat.

Water crisis of Shimla Town: Past and present scenario

In the present manuscript, the effort is made to understand the gravity of the water crisis of Shimla in the year 2018 and how remedial measures have been adopted by state-level authorities to overcome it. Shimla, being one of the most sought-after tourist designations in India has witnessed water scarcity in the summer months for several decades and this situation aggravated to a full-blown crisis in the year 2018. Taps ran dry for weeks and this grave situation became a nationwide headline. The summer of 2017 was dry and data points towards the fact that even the winter that year witnessed scanty snowfall. Climate change triggered long dry spells and extensive heavy rainfall in short spans leading to an acute water crisis. The government authorities had to immediately resort to counteractive measures to overcome it. The century-old water storage and distribution network which was built by the British were completely refurbished. This storage and distribution network was leading to an excess of water leakage. Water restoration initiatives have been planned and implemented to great scales. The authorities have also sought the help of the world- bank to start water collection from new resources. Initiatives were also taken for improving the water quality, which was one of the major concerns amongst the residents. Water distribution monitoring is now been done at regular intervals. These schemes have solved the water crisis of Shimla to a certain extent but haphazard development of the city, increasing population and high tourist influx is a definite cause of concern which could further provoke water scarcity.

Study and design of a retrofitted smart water meter solution with energy harvesting integration

The reduction of water resources due to climate change and the increasing demand associated with population growth is a renewed concern. Water distribution monitoring and smart metering are essential tools to improve distribution efficiency. This paper reports on the study, design, and implementation of a smart water meter (SWM) prototype, designed for mechanical water meters that need to undergo a retrofitting process to enable automatic metering readings. Metering data is transmitted through innovative narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) technology with low power, long-range, and effective penetration. A flexible power management design allows the introduction of an energy harvester that recovers energy from the surrounding environment and charges the internal battery. The energy harvesting feasibility was demonstrated with two proof-of-concept configurations, light and water-turbine based. The details on the performance of the proposed solution are presented, including the output voltages and harvested power. Although the energy harvesting technologies have not been integrated yet in commercial SWM applications, the results show that the integration is feasible and, once employed in a controlled environment, it can create business advantages by reducing the size and capacity of the internal batteries, enabling one to reduce the operation cost and mitigate long-term ecological problems associated with the use and disposal of batteries.

Water leakage detection monitoring and controlling system using IOT

The Water is the most valuable because it is a basic need of all humans, in these days water supply department are facing problem because of less amount of water due to less rainfall, lowering of ground water in spite of all these problems water leakage from pipelines while supplying and also no monitoring of water distribution and controlling. With increment in population, neighborhoods have expanded as a result of this reason water has turned into a major issue which influences in distribution, conservation, consumption and also the quality so, to overcome all these problems and create system economical there’s want of correct observance and dominant system. In this paper, we are proposing a system which can detect the leakages, monitoring and controlling if water supply in pipelines. Sensors places in the tank which continuously informs the water level of water in the tank. The motor functioning will be automatically turn on and when tank is about to fill up it will cut off.

Terahertz imaging: applications and perspectives

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, and especially THz imaging, holds large potential in the field of nondestructive, contact-free testing. The ongoing advances in the development of THz systems, as well as the appearance of the first related commercial products, indicate that large-scale market introduction of THz systems is rapidly approaching. We review selected industrial applications for THz systems, comprising inline monitoring of compounding processes, plastic weld joint inspection, birefringence analysis of fiber-reinforced components, water distribution monitoring in polymers and plants, as well as quality inspection of food products employing both continuous wave and pulsed THz systems.

Management strategy of emergencies and events in the monitoring of water distribution in Paris

For water distributors, management of emergencies and the follow-up of events in real time represent an essential aspect of their work. Proper management of this information makes for optimization of its use and enables one to avoid a large number of problems regarding water supply thanks to improved reactivity and more precisely-focused action. Since 1992, Sagep (Société Anonyme de Gestion de l’Eau de Paris) to whom the City of Paris has entrusted responsibility for its water supply, has equipped itself with a computerized real-time monitoring system. Initially, this system processed 5,000 pieces of real-time information, which permitted monitoring of the 1,600 km of drinking water pipes and made possible distribution of the 650,000 m3 of drinking water consumed daily by Parisians. In 1996, given the enormous progress achieved with regard to information systems and measuring devices installed in the pipe networks, the Scada at Sagep was modernized. This made possible the integration of the fresh information necessitated by developments in the supply system of the City of Paris, plant renovation, new sensors, the traceability of events and water quality follow-up. These developments led to the integration and management of 17,500 pieces of real-time information, over three-quarters of which are made up of emergencies or events. It seems clear that it is impossible to manage such a mass of real-time information in the absence of a rigorous processing strategy. To exploit this set of data in optimal fashion, Sagep has developed a system of management of emergencies based on three thrusts: identification, qualification and processing.