Water Dispersion Research Articles

High dispersibility ratiometric fluorescence sensor designed by functionalized mesoporous silica nanopraticles for sensing and imaging of hydrogen peroxide

Herein, a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) based ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor (MSN-BA-SiCD) with improved performance was designed for monitoring hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Specifically, H2O2 response molecule (BA) with AIE feature was synthesized and encapsulated into MSN channel as the fluoresent recognition site. Afterwards, silane-modified carbon dot (SiCD) was covalently connected to the MSN surface which can effectively prevent the leakage of BA and improve the water dispersibility of the nanosensor. The presence of H2O2 could result in a “turn-on” fluorescence of BA as well as concurrent variation in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) signal between SiCD and BA. MSN-BA-SiCD displays a specific blue-to-green resolved emission change in response to H2O2 and the detection limit can be as low as 4.78 × 10−6 M. In addition, the nanosensor exhibited enhanced photostability due to the protection of the material framework. Moreover, the nanosensing system was successfully applied to detect H2O2 in beer, orange juice and living cells. The excellent water dispersibility and photostability of the nanosensor, together with high specificity and biocompatibility, constituted an advanced set of characteristics among existing MSNs, which was expected to further promote the development of H2O2 sensors in the environmental and biological fields.

Aerial visual data-driven approach for berthing capacity estimation in restricted waters

Coastal ship berth planning and management necessitate accurate identification of ship position and size, yet this is complicated by the presence of diverse ship types and mixed distribution patterns. Traditional survey-based and position-tracking ship monitoring methods have limitations in reflecting the precise spatial information of coastal ships and their surroundings. This paper introduces a novel aerial visual data-driven methodology to estimate the berthing capacity of sheltered space for stationary ships in geographically dispersed water areas. To measure the berthing capacity, image data from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) survey is collected to reflect the spatial information of all types of ships. A deep learning-based computer vision algorithm is used to automatically detect, identify, and classify ships in sample images. Additionally, we introduce the occupancy factor to empirically quantify the spatial proportional correlation between the ship size and the requisite berthing capacity. A validation test of the proposed method is conducted across all sheltered spaces in Hong Kong, and the UAV survey yields over 7,000 informative images of all types of local ships. The ship identification algorithm achieves an average identification rate of 98.6%, demonstrating higher accuracy and reduced labor and time consumption than observational survey and manual counting methods. Findings indicate that the suggested sheltered space for individual ships is 7.75 times the ship size. The approach provides greater flexibility in estimating berthing capacity for mixed berthing forms in extensive or geographically dispersed water bodies, thereby having the potential to support the design of berths, anchorage areas, and typhoon shelter facilities in coastal regions.

Metal-organic framework nanoparticles hitchhiking on T cells for protein delivery to boost anticancer immunotherapy

Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) limits the response to immunotherapy based on programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blockade. Here, pH-sensitive metal-organic framework nanoparticles (MOF NPs) which efficiently co-encapsulate hemoglobin (Hb) and catalase (CAT) and preserve their activities in physiological conditions are fabricated, embedded in liposome to improve water dispersity, and conjugated with PD-1 antibody (aPD-1) for binding PD-1+ T cells. The nanodrug (C&H@MOF/PL-A) thus prepared hitchhikes on circulating PD-1+ T cells for efficient protein delivery to tumor sites. The tumor weak acidity may detach the functionalized MOF from T cells while still leaving aPD-1 to bind T cells for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Finally, the MOF NPs release CAT and Hb which catalyzes oxygen production and stores oxygen in situ, respectively, for a long-term hypoxia relief. Consequently, the immunosuppression in TME is reversed to boost an ICB-based immunotherapy against colorectal carcinoma.

Assessing the impact of artisanal gold mining on the environmental sustainability of groundwater resource for water security in southwestern Ghana

The increase in illegal gold mining (galamsey) activities that harm the environment by polluting water sources necessitates the need to take meaningful steps towards protecting the environment.The Jacobu water system in the Amansie Central district was selected as a case study. The purpose of the work is to assess the environmental sustainability of groundwater resource and whether surface water pollution has seeped into the water table to pollute groundwater resource. Methodologically, the study employed groundwater sustainability assessment framework, involving both linear and non-linear sustainability index functions, as well as analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Four groundwater sustainability aspects of quantity, quality, ecosystem and management were assessed. Also, thirteen groundwater sustainability indicators were created for the study. Using the linear sustainability index function, the environmental sustainability index was 0.845, which indicates an excellent level. For the assessment to properly reflect the reality in the study area, the combined linear and non-linear sustainability index function revealed a good level, 0.765, showing an environmentally good overview of Jacobu groundwater resource. This, therefore, suggests the need to ensure continuous protection of groundwater resource. Generally, the study area has not yet experience hydromorphic dispersion of polluted surface water into groundwater resources. For a sustainable groundwater in the future, strict control measures by enforcing environmental laws and regulations to prevent possible pollution of groundwater resource due to ‘‘galamsey’’ activities is critical to protect the invisible resource. This can be done through community engagement, and innovative approaches to monitoring and controlling illegal mining activities. This is to help sustain future generation's security of the ‘invisible’ groundwater resource in Ghana and contributes to Goal 6 (Ensuring Access to Clean Water and Sanitation) of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations.

Окислительная и гидролитическая порча жирового сырья для молокосодержащих продуктов в процессе хранения

Antioxidant additives can affect the processes of hydrolysis and oxidation in dairy products during storage. This study featured palm oil, sunflower high-oleic oil, and two milk fat substitutes with different compositions. The samples were stored in an open container at 32 ± 1°C and a relative humidity of 75% for 14 days. The intensity of hydrolysis and oxidation was assessed by their acid number and peroxide number. The palm oil sample with 46.91% saturated palmitic acid and Milk Fat Substitute 1 with 37.61% palmitic and 34.96% oleic acid proved to be the most stable mixes. Milk Fat Substitute 2 was rich in polyunsaturated linoleic acid (29.31%) and demonstrated faster hydrolysis and oxidation rates than the palm oil sample and Milk Fat Substitute 1. Lecithin E322 (0.4%) inhibited hydrolytic and oxidative processes. In Milk Fat Substitute 1 without lecithin, the acid number increased from 0.1 to 2.2 mg KOH/g on storage day 14. In Milk Fat Substitute 1 with lecithin, this indicator stopped growing at 1.4 mg KOH/g. Experiments in reducing the growth rate of the peroxide number gave similar results. In Milk Fat Substitute 1, the peroxide number rose from 1 to 5.7 mmol of active oxygen/kg. In the sample without lecithin, it reached 7 .2 mmol active oxygen/kg. Lecithin proved to be an effective antioxidant-emulating additive to composite fat bases in dairy products. On the one hand, it provided high-quality dispersion of water and fat. On the other hand, it was able to inhibit oxidation and hydrolysis.

Functionalized magnetic metal organic framework nanocomposites for high throughput automation extraction and sensitive detection of antipsychotic drugs in serum samples

Due to the complexity of biological sample matrix, the automated and high-throughput pretreatment technology is urgently needed for monitoring the antipsychotic drugs for mental patients. In this study, functionalized magnetic zirconium-based organic framework nanocomposites (Fe3O4@SiO2@Zr-MOFs) were successfully designed and synthesized by the layer-by-layer growth. Among them, Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-67-COOH showed the best adsorption performance, and at the same time it exhibited excellent water dispersibility, high thermal stability, chemical stability and high hydrophobicity. Results of adsorption kinetics, isotherm and FT-IR showed that the adsorption process was dominated by chemical adsorption (hydrogen bond, electrostatic interaction, π-π interaction) and monolayer adsorption. Moreover, the smaller pore size improved the protein exclusion rate which reached 98.9–99.8%. Based on the above result, the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were introduced to 96-well automatic extractor, antipsychotic drugs in 96 serum samples were automatically extracted within 9 min, which most greatly saved the time and labor costs and avoided artificial errors. By further integrating with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), antipsychotic drugs can be detected in the range of 0.2–3.0 ng mL−1 with a quantitative limit of 0.06–0.9 ng mL−1. The recoveries of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites in serum ranged from 95.7% to 112.3% within 1.4–6.5% of RSD. These features indicate that the proposed method is promising for high throughput and sensitively monitoring of drugs and other hazardous substances.

New solutions to a generalized fifth-order KdV like equation with prime number [formula omitted] via a generalized bilinear differential operator

In this research, the generalized Hirota bilinear strategy (GHBS) by the number prime p=3 is applied. This strategy is advertised to explore for a kind of knot arrangement and three classes of interaction arrangements according to a unused combination of positive quadratic capacities, trigonometric capacities and hyperbolic capacities to the (2+1)-dimensional generalized fifth-order KdV (GFOKdV) like equation with applications within the quantum field hypothesis, feebly nonlinear dispersive water waves and nonlinear optics. By choosing arbitrarily the extraordinary values of free parameters, the lump arrangement, interaction wonders and single occasional wave arrangements are appeared distinctive designs. The detailed comes about might play an vital part within the quantum field hypothesis and nonlinear optics for clarifying the physical meaning of the examined demonstrate. he gotten comes about too illustrate that the GHBS is more competent than the other connected strategy connected by creators within the writing. Hence, it is appeared that the connected strategy gives a more capable scientific instrument for developing correct traveling wave arrangements for numerous other nonlinear advancement conditions emerges in scientific material science and nonlinear optics. All arrangements have been confirmed back into its comparing condition with the help of maple bundle program. We delineated the physical clarification of the extricated arrangements with the free choice of the diverse parameters by plotting a few 2D and 3D outlines.

Chelating ligand-bridged IO-Gd nanoparticles with enhanced contrast performance for dual-mode MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that has been widely applied in the clinical diagnosis of diseases across various fields. Currently, there is a dearth of high-performance dual-mode contrast agents that provide precise diagnostic information for complex diseases. In this study, iron oxide-gadolinium nanoparticles (IO-Gd NPs) bridged by hydrophilic ligand ethylenediamine tetramethylenephosphonic acid (EDTMP) are designed inspired by Solomon-Bloembergen–Morgan (SBM) theory, where T1 and T2 relaxivity increase with a reduction in Gd content. In particular, the NPs with minimum Gd content exhibit excellent dual-mode contrast performance (r1 = 94.42 mM−1 s−1, r2 = 343.62 mM−1 s−1). The underlying mechanism is that the bridged EDTMP coordinate limits Gd tumbling and forces Gd3+ to expose itself to the surface of the NPs. This provides more opportunities for water molecules to coordinate with Gd3+ and significantly enhances proton relaxivity. Moreover, the hydrophilicity of the ligand enhances the water dispersion stability of the NPs and increases the exchange rate of water protons near the NPs, further enhancing the dual-mode contrast effect. Finally, the biocompatibility and in vitro/vivo imaging performances of the IO@EDTMP-Gd NPs are systematically evaluated, and the results demonstrate their potential as dual-mode contrast agents. This study provides a new strategy for developing dual-mode MRI contrast agents that can further improve the accuracy of MRI in the diagnosis of complex diseases.

Hyperbolic modeling of gradient damage and one-dimensional finite volume simulations

This study provides a new formulation of gradient damage model which allows an efficient explicit numerical solution of dynamics problems. The proposed methodology is based on an ”extended Lagrangian approach” developed by one of the authors for the nondissipative and dispersive shallow water equation. By using this strategy, the global minimization problem commonly derived for gradient damage models is recast as a purely local hyperbolic one with source terms that can be easily solved using finite volumes. The numerical solution of the governing system is then based on a fractional-step method consisting of a classical Godunov-type scheme and an implicit Ordinary Differential Equation solver for the local source terms. Numerical results are presented on one-dimensional multi-fragmentation and spalling tests for illustration purpose.

Екологічні аспекти відновлення довкілля: нанотехнології видалення з води мікро- та нанопластиків

Objective: The goal of the research is to synthesize existing approaches for water purification containing micro- and nanoplastics while also developing a new effective method for such purification to reduce the impact of micro- and nanoplastics on the environment and human health. Materials and Research Methods: The research subject included samples of wastewater from a printing facility, which among other pollutants, contained micro- and nanoplastics. Research methods applied include informational, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Results: An analysis of the current state of micro- and nanoplastics removal from contaminated water was conducted. Existing approaches for water purification containing micro- and nanoplastics were summarized. The qualitative composition of nanoplastics was determined, including polyamides, polyimides, polyoxadiazole, and fluoroplastics. The application of thermal treatment allowed the identification of heat-resistant plastics like polyoxadiazole and fluoroplastics. Using either only sorption (with graphite-based sorbents) or only plasma chemical methods was found to be insufficiently effective. The activation mechanism of microplastic particles in the presence of humic acids adsorbed on smectites during high-voltage discharge was examined. A comprehensive plasma chemical method for the purification of contaminated water was developed, effectively removing micro- and nanoplastics from the aquatic environment. Conclusions: The current ecological situation regarding water pollution is highly unfavorable and characterized by an increasing contamination of micro- and nanoplastics combined with various toxic substances. Due to their significant adsorption properties, micro- and nanoplastics exacerbate the toxic effects on the natural environment and human health. The removal of micro- and nanoplastics and associated pollutants is an urgent contemporary issue. The obtained results have led to the development of a comprehensive plasma chemical method for purifying contaminated water from micro- and nanoplastics. This method involves plasma chemical treatment of the contaminated liquid, to which a water dispersion of modified humic substances of high-dispersion smectites is added. This results in the formation of magnetosensitive aggregates incorporating micro- and nanoplastics, which can be removed through magnetic separation. The application of this method holds promise for the purification of water from various micro- and nanoplastics in combination with organic pollutants, heavy metals, and other substances with potential ecological risks.

Cross-linked polymer nanocomposite networks coated nano sand light-weight proppants for hydraulic fracturing applications

Three-dimensionally cross-linked polymer nanocomposite networks coated nano sand light-weight proppants (LWPs) were successfully prepared via ball-milling the macro sand and subsequently modifying the resultant nano sand with sequential polymer nanocomposite coating. The modified nano sand proppants had good sphericity and roundness. Thermal analyses showed that the samples can withstand up to 411 ℃. Moreover, the proppant samples’ specific gravity (S.G.) was 1.02–1.10 g/cm3 with excellent water dispersibility. Therefore, cross-linked polymer nanocomposite networks coated nano sand particles can act as potential candidates as water-carrying proppants for hydraulic fracturing operations.

Organic Photothermal Materials Obtained Using Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Design Principles.

Organic small molecules with high photothermal conversion efficiencies that absorb near-infrared light are desirable for photothermal therapy due to their improved biocompatibility compared to inorganic materials and their ability to absorb light in the biological transparency window (650-1350 nm). Here we report three donor-acceptor organic materials DM-ANDI, O-ANDI, and S-ANDI that show high photothermal conversion efficiencies of 46-68 % with near-infrared absorption. The design of these molecules is based on the rational modification of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material to favour a low photoluminescence quantum yield by reducing HOMO-LUMO overlap. Encapsulating these materials into either neat nanoparticles or aggregated organic dots modulates their photothermal conversion efficiencies, and also facilitates dispersion in water.

Electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4/functionalized graphene oxide with phenylalanine and tryptophane as efficient electrodes to enhance capacitance properties in supercapacitors

In this work, NiCo2O4 is synthesized by the hydrothermal process, then, covalently functionalized aromatic-aliphatic amino acids, including phenylalanine (Phe), and tryptophan (Trp) were added to graphene sheets. Graphene with amino acid modification exhibits stable dispersion in both water and typical organic solvents. Here, we proposed a straightforward and adaptable approach towards the design of NiCo2O4 blending with functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) used as electrochemical electrodes for energy storing applications to improve the electrochemical features such as specific capacitance (Cs), cyclic stability, energy density and power density. To study the nanostructures and characteristics of produced compounds, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis were utilized. Measurement of electrochemical including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to evaluate energy storage efficiency. Measurements of the electrochemical performance display that the specific capacitance (Cs) can reach 1137.7 F. g−1. Furtheremore, it has exceptional cyclic stability, retaining 97.2 % of its capacitance even after 5000 cycles.

Fabrication of superhydrophobic aluminum with enhanced anticorrosive property

The current work mainly introduces a facile method to obtain superhydrophobic aluminum with a hierarchical micro-nanostructure by a combination strategy of anodizing, chemical etching, and surface modification using SiO2@PDMS coating via a simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), EDS-mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements have been performed to characterize the surface morphology, chemical composition, phase structure, and wetting property of the surfaces, respectively. The SEM results showed that by anodizing a network of cylindrical nanoporous is formed. By etching, the diameter of these pores increases and surface modification using CVD causes the deposition of SiO2@PDMS nanoparticles over them. The WCA measurements showed that the samples of the anodized and anodized-etched aluminum after modifying with SiO2@PDMS nanoparticles become superhydrophobic with values of 153° and 154°, respectively. The corrosion resistance of samples was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results displayed that the charge transfer resistance of the superhydrophobic surface of modified anodized-etched aluminum is 16700 kΩ cm2, which is 900 times higher than that of pure aluminum. Also, the positive shift of 0.385 V in corrosion potential and reduction of more than 3 orders of magnitude in corrosion current are observed compared with aluminum. All results show a significant improvement in the corrosion protection of Al due to anodizing and surface modification with superhydrophobic coating. This method is suggested as a simple technique to creating aluminum with superhydrophobic surfaces in industry.

A dual function conductive nano ink for printed electronics connections

The use of sustainable, multifunctional inks in printed electronics has great utility for various devices, particularly at soft biointerfaces. Here, we discuss the development of a multifunctional nanocomposite ink, termed PS-IO-N ink, designed for applications, principally in the field of flexible and bio-electronics. The ink combines electrically conductive properties with magnetic capabilities, offering a dual-functionality that facilitates both physical and electrical connections. The PSION ink is composed of two main components: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a conducting polymer with favorable biocompatibility, and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles known for their ferromagnetic properties. The ink is formulated as a stable water dispersion, making it eco-friendly and suitable for aqueous processing. Key findings include the optimization of components to balance electrical conductivity and magnetic behavior, allowing the ink to function as both a physical connector and a conductor. The addition of an adhesion promoter enhances the ink's water stability and surface adhesion. The ink's applicability is demonstrated in various scenarios, such as forming flexible circuits on substrates like paper and silk fibroin, creating temporary magnetic connections for electronic devices, and enabling stable connections to sensors for parameter monitoring. The PSION ink provides an innovative solution for flexible and bioelectronic applications, offering the potential for reversible, adaptable connections in both dry and wet environments.

Grafted graphene oxide nanoparticles as a yield point enhancer in water-based drilling fluids

Drilling fluids are used in exploration and production (E&P) for oil/gas. More recently, nanomaterial additives such as nano clay, nano-silica, nanocellulose, etc., have been of interest in improving drilling fluids' performance. Graphene and oxide (GO) nanomaterials have been attractive for oil-field applications. Furthermore, water-based drilling fluids are more environmentally desirable than oil-based fluids. This study demonstrated the successful synthesis and use of bi-facial grafted graphene oxide with two random copolymers and one block copolymer for water-based drilling mud application. The successful polymerization was verified by FTIR spectroscopy, EGA, DLS, and Raman spectroscopy. The dispersity and stability of GO-AMPS-r-DMA were tested in different water-based and oil-based solvents, indicating better dispersity and stability in water and DMF than GO. The thermal behavior of the three GO-polymer composites was studied by TGA, DSC, and EGA, showing higher stability with block copolymers than random ones. The performance of such grafted graphene materials was tested in water-based drilling fluids at simulated downhole temperatures and pressures. Results demonstrate the positive effect of these produced grafted graphene materials on mud rheological behavior at temperatures up to 350F and 10,100psi.

Development of Novel Composite Biocompatible Materials by Surface Modification of Porous Inorganic Compounds Using Bambus[6]Uril

In this present investigation, a novel series of composite materials based on porous inorganic compounds—hydroxyapatite and diatomite—have been innovatively formulated for the first time through surface modification employing the promising macromolecular compound, bambus[6]uril. The process entailed the application of a bambus[6]uril dispersion in water onto the surfaces of hydroxyapatite and diatomite. Extensive characterization was carried out, involving IR spectroscopy and SEM. The materials underwent assessment for hemolytic effects and plasma protein adsorption. The results revealed that materials containing surface-bound bambus[6]uril did not demonstrate inherent hemolytic effects, laying a robust groundwork for their use as biocompatible materials. These findings hold significant promise as an alternative pathway for the development of durable and efficient bio-composites, potentially unveiling supramolecular strategies incorporating encapsulated bambus[6]urils in analogous processes.

Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of Extremely Small Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles as a T1-Weighted Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents are frequently used in clinics to enhance the contrast between diseased and normal tissues. The previously reported poly(acrylic acid) stabilized exceedingly small gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (ES-GdON-PAA) overcame the problems of commercial Gd chelates, but limitations still exist, i.e., high r2/r1 ratio, long blood circulation half-life, and no data for large scale synthesis and formulation optimization. In this study, polymaleic acid (PMA) is found to be an ideal stabilizer to synthesize ES-GdONs. Compared with ES-GdON-PAA, the PMA-stabilized ES-GdON (ES-GdON-PMA) has a lower r2/r1 ratio (2.05, 7.0 T) and a lower blood circulation half-life (37.51min). The optimized ES-GdON-PMA-9 has an exceedingly small particle size (2.1nm), excellent water dispersibility, and stability. A facile, efficient, and environmental friendly synthetic method is developed for large-scale synthesis of the ES-GdONs-PMA. The weight of the optimized freeze-dried ES-GdON-PMA-26 synthesized in a 20L of reactor reaches the kilogram level. The formulation optimization is also finished, and the concentrated ES-GdON-PMA-26 formulation (CGd=100mm) after high-pressure steam sterilization possesses eligible physicochemical properties (i.e., pH value, osmolality, viscosity, and density) for investigational new drug application.

Anthracene and tetraphenylsilane based conjugated porous polymer nanoparticles for sensitive detection of nitroaromatics in water

Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) are a kind of promising sensing materials for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds, but their sensing applications in aqueous media are limited because of their poor dispersity or solubility in water. In this study, we prepared anthracene and tetraphenylsilane based CPPs named PSiAn by conventional Suzuki coupling and Suzuki-miniemulsion polymerization, respectively. The structure, morphology and porosity of the CPPs were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and N2 sorption isotherm, respectively. Both of the CPPs have porous structure which is beneficial for the adsorption and diffusion of the analytes within them. The particle size of PSiAn nanoparticles prepared by Suzuki-miniemulsion polymerization is 10–40 nm from the TEM image, which facilitates the dispersion in the aqueous phase. Combined with the porosity and nanoparticle morphology, PSiAn nanoparticles realized the efficient photoluminescence (PL) sensing of nitroaromatic explosives in aqueous phase. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of PSiAn nanoparticles for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) detection in the pure aqueous phase are 0.33 μM and 1.11 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, the good selectivity and anti-interference in presence of other nitro-compounds were observed. Furthermore, the spike/recovery test for the TNP detection in real water samples by PL sensing based on PSiAn nanoparticles indicates the quantitative recovery of TNP from 100.74 % to 101.00 %. The electrochemical test, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra, excitation and emission spectra, and time-resolved PL spectra were investigated to explore the PL sensing mechanism. As a result, it is found that the fluorescence inner filter effect might be the predominant quenching mechanism during the detection of nitrophenolic compounds such as TNP and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP).

Development of pea protein isolate-based complexes as a novel delivery system for capsaicin

The application of capsaicin (CAP) is limited by poor water dispersibility and low bioaccessibility. Herein, we used pH-driven method to fabricate the CAP-loaded protein-rhamnolipid (Rha) complexes to overcome these disadvantages. The complexes with good physicochemical properties were prepared by regulating the mass ratio between pea protein isolate (PPI)/whey protein isolate (WPI) and CAP. The PPI-CAP-Rha complex with a highest encapsulation efficiency of 96.3% in the PPI-based complexes group was prepared at the PPI-CAP mass ratio of 30 : 1. The WPI-CAP-Rha complex with a highest encapsulation efficiency of 91.7% in the WPI-based complexes group was prepared at the WPI-CAP mass ratio of 50 : 1. In contrast to the WPI-CAP-Rha 50 : 1 complex, the PPI-CAP-Rha 30 : 1 complex had better physical and thermal stability. The CAP encapsulated within the PPI-Rha complex had better water dispersibility and could be more effectively delay-released. Moreover, the bioaccessibility of encapsulated CAP was improved.