Water Cube Research Articles

Water Arrangements upon Interaction with a Rigid Solute: Multiconfigurational Fenchone-(H2O)4-7 Hydrates.

Insight into the arrangements of water molecules around solutes is important to understand how solvation proceeds and to build reliable models to describe water-solute interactions. We report the stepwise solvation of fenchone, a biogenic ketone, with 4-7 water molecules. Multiple hydrates were observed using broadband rotational spectroscopy, and the configurations of four fenchone-(H2O)4, three fenchone-(H2O)5, two fenchone-(H2O)6, and one fenchone-(H2O)7 complexes were characterized from the analysis of their rotational spectra in combination with quantum-chemical calculations. Interactions with fenchone deeply perturb water configurations compared with the pure water tetramer and pentamer. In two fenchone-(H2O)4 complexes, the water tetramer adopts completely new arrangements, and in fenchone-(H2O)5, the water pentamer is no longer close to being planar. The water hexamer interacts with fenchone as the least abundant book isomer, while the water heptamer adopts a distorted prism structure, which forms a water cube when including the fenchone oxygen in the hydrogen bonding network. Differences in hydrogen bonding networks compared with those of pure water clusters show the influence of fenchone's topology. Specifically, all observed hydrates except one show two water molecules binding to fenchone through each oxygen lone pair. The observation of several water arrangements for fenchone-(H2O)4-7 complexes highlights water adaptability and provides insight into the solvation process.

Accuracy of an electromagnetic tracking enabled afterloader based on the automated registration with CT phantom images.

Electromagnetic tracking (EMT) has been researched for brachytherapy applications, showing a great potential for automating implant reconstruction, and overcoming image-based limitations such as contrast and spatial resolution. One of the challenges of this technology is that it does not intrinsically share the same reference frame as the patient's medical imaging. To present a novel phantom that can be used for a comprehensive quality assurance (QA) program of brachytherapy EMT systems and use this phantom to validate a novel applicator-based registration method of EMT and image reference frames for gynecological (GYN) interstitial brachytherapy. Eleven 6F-catheters (20cm long), one 6F round tip catheter (29.4cm long) and a tandem and ring gynecological applicator (Elekta, CT/MR 60°, 40mm long tandem, 30mm diameter ring) were placed in a rigid custom-made phantom (Elekta Brachytherapy, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) to reconstruct their geometry using a five-degree of freedom EMT sensor attached to an afterloader's check cable. All EMT reconstructions were done in three different environments: disturbance free (no metal nearby), computed tomography (CT)-on-rails brachytherapy suite and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brachytherapy suite. Implants were placed parallel to a magnetic field generatorand were reconstructed using two different acquisition methods: step-and-record and continuous motion. In all cases, the acquisition is performed at a rate of approximately 40Hz. A CT scan of the phantom inside a water cube was obtained. In the treatment planning system (TPS), all catheters in the CT images were manually reconstructed and the applicator reconstruction was achieved by manually placing its solid 3D model, found in the applicator library of the TPS. The Iterative Closest Point and the Coherent Point Drift algorithms were used, initialized with four known points, to register both EMT and CT scan reference frames using corresponding points from the EMT and CT based reconstructions of the phantom, following three approaches: one gynecological applicator, four interstitial catheters inside four calibration plates having an S-shaped path, and four 5mm diameter ceramic marbles found in each of the four calibration plates. Once registered, the registration error (perpendicular distance) was computed. The absolute median deviation from the expected value for EMT measurements in the disturbance free environment, CT-on-rails brachytherapy suite, and MRI-brachytherapy suite are 0.41, 0.23, and 0.31mm, respectively, while for the CT scan it is 0.18mm. These values significantly lie below the sensor's expected accuracy of 0.70mm (p<0.001), suggesting that the environment did not have a significant impact on the measurements, given that care is taken in the immediate surroundings. In all three environments, the two acquisitions and three registration approaches have mean and median registration errors that lie at or below 1mm, which is lower than the clinical acceptable threshold of 2mm. The novel phantom allowed to successfully evaluate the accuracy of EMT-based reconstructions of catheters and a GYN tandem and ring applicator in different clinical environments. A registration method based only on the applicator geometry, reconstructed withan EMT sensor and the TPS solid applicator library, was validated and shows clinically acceptable accuracy, comparable to CT-based reconstruction but within a few minutes. Since the applicator is also visible in MRI, this method could potentially be used in clinics in an EMT-MR interstitial GYN brachytherapy workflow.

Evaluation of advection schemes and surface tension model for algebraic and geometric VOF multiphase flow solvers

This paper addresses the validation and verification of numerical models for complex multiphase flows involving immiscible fluids. Specifically, the focus is on the dynamics of the interface between the fluids, which remains a challenge in many applications. Previous studies have primarily examined simpler flows with limited complexity, while real-world scenarios involve intricate interfaces and turbulent dynamics. To overcome this, a representative test case involving the motion of an oil cube within a water cube proposed by [12] is used. Different computational models using volume-of-fluid (VOF) approaches are validated and compared, with particular attention given to the influence of numerical schemes for convective terms. The impact of these schemes on integral quantities and interface dynamics is analyzed. Particular attention is paid at the surface tension contribution to the energy budgets, which is usually neglected in the available literature. Furthermore, it is shown here that, the model adopted for the surface tension is responsible for an additional contribution to numerical dissipation. To the authors' knowledge, it is the first time that a detailed analysis of such aspects is presented.

GEANT4-DNA simulation of temperature-dependent and pH-dependent yields of chemical radiolytic species

Objective. GEANT4-DNA can simulate radiation chemical yield (G-value) for radiolytic species such as the hydrated electron () with the independent reaction times (IRT) method, however, only at room temperature and neutral pH. This work aims to modify the GEANT4-DNA source code to enable the calculation of G-values for radiolytic species at different temperatures and pH values. Approach. In the GEANT4-DNA source code, values of chemical parameters such as reaction rate constant, diffusion coefficient, Onsager radius, and water density were replaced by corresponding temperature-dependent polynomials. The initial concentration of hydrogen ion (H+)/hydronium ion (H3O+) was scaled for a desired pH using the relationship pH = –log10 [H+]. To validate our modifications, two sets of simulations were performed. (A) A water cube with 1.0 km sides and a pH of 7 was irradiated with an isotropic electron source of 1 MeV. The end time was 1 μs. The temperatures varied from 25 °C to 150 °C. (B) The same setup as (A) was used, however, the temperature was set to 25 °C while the pH varied from 5 to 9. The results were compared with published experimental and simulated work. Main results. The IRT method in GEANT4-DNA was successfully modified to simulate G-values for radiolytic species at different temperatures and pH values. Our temperature-dependent results agreed with experimental data within 0.64%–9.79%, and with simulated data within 3.52%–12.47%. The pH-dependent results agreed well with experimental data within 0.52% to 3.19% except at a pH of 5 (15.99%) and with simulated data within 4.40%–5.53%. The uncertainties were below ±0.20%. Overall our results agreed better with experimental than simulation data. Significance. Modifications in the GEANT4-DNA code enabled the calculation of G-values for radiolytic species at different temperatures and pH values.

Biological modeling of gadolinium-based nanoparticles radio-enhancement for kilovoltage photons: a Monte Carlo study

BackgroundGadolinium-based nanoparticles (GdNPs) are clinically used agents to increase the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. However, studies on the mechanisms and biological modeling of GdNP radio-enhancement are still preliminary. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of radio-enhancement of GdNPs for kilovoltage photons using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, and to establish local effect model (LEM)-based biological model of GdNP radiosensitization.MethodsThe spectrum and yield of secondary electrons and dose enhancement around a single GdNP and clustered GdNPs were calculated in a water cube phantom by MC track-structure simulations using TOPAS code. We constructed a partial shell-like cell geometry model of pancreatic cancer cell based on transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations. LEM-based biological modeling of GdNP radiosensitization was established based on the MC-calculated nano-scale dose distributions in the cell model to predict the cell surviving fractions after irradiation.ResultsThe yield of secondary electrons for GdNP was 0.16% of the yield for gold nanoparticle (GNP), whereas the average electron energy was 12% higher. The majority of the dose enhancement came from the contribution of Auger electrons. GdNP clusters had a larger range and extent of dose enhancement than single GdNPs, although GdNP clustering reduced radial dose per interacting photon significantly. For the dose range between 0 and 8 Gy, the surviving fraction predicted using LEM-based biological model laid within one standard deviation of the published experimental results, and the deviations between them were all within 25%.ConclusionsThe mechanism of radio-enhancement of GdNPs for kilovoltage photons was investigated using MC simulations. The prediction results of the established LEM-based biological model for GdNP radiosensitization showed good agreement with published experimental results, although the deviation of simulation parameters can lead to large disparity in the results. To our knowledge, this was the first LEM-based biological model for GdNP radiosensitization.

11.4% Efficiency Kesterite Solar Cells on Transparent Electrode (Adv. Energy Mater. 19/2023)

Kesterite Solar Cells The image representing article number 2300253 by Wei Huang, Hao Xin, and co-workers depicts the architectural photovoltaic integration inspired by the Chinese building Water Cube. The work of this article is illustrated by the device structure of a kesterite solar cell on a translucent substrate applied to the building facade and the crystal structure of its absorber layer.

An Analytical Method for Quantifying the Yields of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Coupled with Strand Breaks by γ-H2AX Focus Formation Assay Based on Track-Structure Simulation.

Complex DNA double-strand break (DSB), which is defined as a DSB coupled with additional strand breaks within 10 bp in this study, induced after ionizing radiation or X-rays, is recognized as fatal damage which can induce cell death with a certain probability. In general, a DSB site inside the nucleus of live cells can be experimentally detected using the γ-H2AX focus formation assay. DSB complexity is believed to be detected by analyzing the focus size using such an assay. However, the relationship between focus size and DSB complexity remains uncertain. In this study, using Monte Carlo (MC) track-structure simulation codes, i.e., an in-house WLTrack code and a Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS), we developed an analytical method for qualifying the DSB complexity induced by photon irradiation from the microscopic image of γ-H2AX foci. First, assuming that events (i.e., ionization and excitation) potentially induce DNA strand breaks, we scored the number of events in a water cube (5.03 × 5.03 × 5.03 nm3) along electron tracks. Second, we obtained the relationship between the number of events and the foci size experimentally measured by the γ-H2AX focus formation assay. Third, using this relationship, we evaluated the degree of DSB complexity induced after photon irradiation for various X-ray spectra using the foci size, and the experimental DSB complexity was compared to the results estimated by the well-verified DNA damage estimation model in the PHITS code. The number of events in a water cube was found to be proportional to foci size, suggesting that the number of events intrinsically related to DSB complexity at the DNA scale. The developed method was applicable to focus data measured for various X-ray spectral situations (i.e., diagnostic kV X-rays and therapeutic MV X-rays). This method would contribute to a precise understanding of the early biological impacts of photon irradiation by means of the γ-H2AX focus formation assay.

Preparation of Composite Multi-Iron Material 0.2NiFe2O4/0.8BaTiO3 and Its Application in Sports Practice

Competitive sports has always been the front line of high-tech applications, from electronic timers to "shark skin" swimsuits, from "bird's nest" and "water cube" to blood lactic acid detectors; from electronic science to material science, from architecture to biology chemistry. To find more suitable sports equipment materials, we prepared the composite multiferroic material 0.2NiFe2O4/0.8BaTiO3 by solution casting, spin coating, and hot pressing, and used various instruments to understand its various properties. The study found that the two exothermic peaks of the material in the range of 110–220 °C are attributed to the large amount of adsorbed water and the degradation of hydroxyl compounds. The 20% weight loss associated with the strong exothermic peak at 300 °C is due to the degradation of inorganic salts and citric acid. What is more worth mentioning is that there is almost no weight loss when the temperature exceeds 340 °C, which proves that 80% of the total mass of organic species (such as: citric acid), inorganic nitrates, and other adsorbents (such as: water, ethanol, etc.) have been completely removed. In addition, the heat treatment process can change the crystallinity and physical and chemical properties of the material. In competition sports, 0.2NiFe2O4/0.8BaTiO3 material has the characteristics of good bounce and excellent balance. It can be applied to ski poles. Its good ductility and light weight make it very useful in bow, arrow and hull design space. In folk sports, 0.2NiFe2O4/0.8BaTiO3 composite sports equipment can be widely used in various sports and various types of sports equipment.

On the Influence of Chemotherapy on the Bragg Peak Parameters in the Water Cube Model

On the Influence of Chemotherapy on the Bragg Peak Parameters in the Water Cube Model

Indoor PM2.5 concentration test and analysis in Winter Olympics ‘Ice Cube’ curling venue

Research on indoor PM2.5 concentration in ice sports venues is few. To welcome the 2022 Winter Olympics, ‘Water Cube’ has been renovated into ‘Ice Cube’, which has become a venue for both men's and women's curling. For the renovated venue, during the test competitions in the winter of 2019 and the spring of 2021, this study conducted on-site testing and analysis of indoor PM2.5 concentration and the related air environment parameters. Through the testing, it was found that about the indoor PM2.5 concentration the audience area in the curling venue needs to be focused on. And, the PM2.5 concentration in the audience area was greatly affected by the outdoor PM2.5 concentration, showing a strong positive correlation. Considering the air quality, human comfort, and energy-saving effect, temperature of the audience area should be controlled at approximately 18 °C and relative humidity should be controlled at approximately 27%. For the performance area, about the terminal air supply mode of air-conditioning, the cloth bag duct air supply mode at the front of the bleachers is more effective than the ground air supply mode to reduce PM2.5 concentration in the curling venue.

Practical application of a novel prefabricated curling ice rink supported by steel–concrete composite floors: In situ measurements of static and dynamic response

On the basis of not destroying the original function, the non-curling field is transformed into a new curling ice rink that meets certain professional requirements through the detachable and prefabricated structure. This curling ice rink is an innovative type of prefabricated curling rink compared with the traditional rink, which has excellent advantages in terms of functional transformation and refrigerating efficiency. However, due to the vibration of the supporting structure and the deformation of the insulation foam under the ice layer, the annoying vibration and ice surface cracking are easy to occur. The static and dynamic performance of the new type of prefabricated curling ice rink located in Beijing, China, in the National Aquatics Center (Water Cube) was analyzed by a series of in situ tests. The field test consisted of two phases: the steel-framed concrete slab prefabricated structure test before ice making and the curling ice rink test after ice making. Phase 1 consisted of graded static load test and dynamic characteristic test as well as analytical frequency predictions. Phase 2 included static load test and dynamic test, long-term vertical deformation at the center point of column grid region on the precast concrete slabs for 19 days, and horizontal deformation at key points of the curling rink during 2019 China Junior Curling Open. A 3D finite element model was established using ABAQUS software, and the natural frequency and key deformation values obtained by modeling were compared with the corresponding ones from experiments. According to the proposed evaluation criteria, the results show that the mechanical properties and deformation ability of this new type of functional transformation curling rink are suitable for application in large international competitions.

Proposal for a new operational quantity to assess the effective dose in the event of external exposure to photons

Despite its shortcomings and inconsistencies such as using the kerma approximation, the ICRU tissue, which does not really exist and the radiation quality factor Q defined in water, the personal dose equivalent Hp defined in the 1980s remains until now the operational quantity used to assess the effective dose E for external exposure. To help overcome most of these shortcomings and inconsistencies a new operational quantity Hp(30)water to replace Hp(10) is proposed. Fluence-to Hp(30) water conversion coefficients are calculated for photon energies from 0.02 to 10 MeV using the Monte Carlo transport code EGSnrc. Calculations are performed in a water cube phantom using full transport of secondary charged particles. The comparison of the conversion coefficients of Hp(30) and E shows that Hp(30) water can represent a good envelope of E over the whole energy range considered.

Amorphous Se species anchored into enclosed carbon skeleton bridged by chemical bonding toward advanced K-Se batteries

Potassium-selenium (K-Se) batteries have attracted significant attention as one of the most promising alternatives of lithium-ion storage systems owing to high energy density and low cost. In the design of Se-based cathode materials, however, the low utilization rate of active Se and the rapid dissolution of polyselenides seriously weaken the capacity and cycle stability. Therefore, how to make full use of Se species without loss during the charge and discharge process is the key to design high-performance Se-based cathode. In this paper, a 3D “water cube”-like Se/C hybrid (denoted as Se−O−PCS) is constructed with the assistance of Na2CO3 templates. Thanks to the abundant carbonate groups (CO32−) originated from the Na2CO3 templates, the molten Se species are firmly anchored into the pore of carbon skeleton by strong C−O−Se bonding. Thus, this unique Se−O−PCS model not only improves the utilization of active Se species, but also can reduce the contact with the electrolyte to inhibit the shuttle effect of polyselenides. Moreover, flexible carbon skeleton gives Se-O-PCS hybrid a good electrical conductivity and excellent structural robustness. Consequently, the resultant Se−O−PCS hybrid is endowed with an obviously enhanced K-ions storage property.

“Bird's Nest” and “Water Cube” Venues after the Use and Water Environmental Governance Research

Wang, J. and Huang, A.L., 2020. “Bird's Nest” and “Water Cube” venues after the use and water environmental governance research. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 116–120. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Olympic venues are a kind of iconic buildings, during the event, has received unprecedented attention, has become the focus of the world. How Olympic venues are used after games is often a huge problem. Due to the government's early investment in the Olympic venues, post-match management and operation is very important, once the problem will face heavy economic pressure. The number of venues for the Beijing Olympic Games is large and distributed in different regions. In this paper, after the game of the bird's nest, water cube as the object of study. Analysis of post-match operation and environmental governance, through analysis and combing of operational problems and countermeasures, while paying attention to environmental governance problems, put forward targeted recommendations.

Association of Cold Urticaria with Aquagenic Urticaria in an Adolescent Girl: A Case Report

Physical urticaria is a heterogeneous group of inducible conditions in which symptoms are induced by exogenous physical triggers such as cold, water, heat, and mechanical stimuli, acting on the skin. Our case involves a sixteen-year-old female patient who presented with erythema, small wheals and pruritus on her skin after contact with water and cold. After conducting water and ice cube provocation tests in addition to her medical history and physical examination, the patient was diagnosed with aquagenic urticaria (AU) and cold urticaria (CU). Her complaints had started 20 days before presentation. Regardless of the temperature and the source of water, her symptoms increased after contact with water, and the physical examination disclosed thoracic scoliosis. Symptoms were significantly relieved after one month of antihistamine and liquid petrolatum treatment. However, the patient developed complaints of urticaria, itching and angioedema in the contact areas of the body after contact with cold air, cold water, and cold objects in the winter season. She was tested with ice cubes and the result was positive. We started treatment with omalizumab, and her symptoms improved at the eighth week of this treatment. Here we present an adolescent female patient diagnosed with CU and AU.

Experimental studies of horizontal flow effects in the presence of cavitation on erosion – free dampers

Based on cavitation studies, the obtained graphical dependencies for determining the horizontal hydrodynamic effect of the cavitating flow on erosion-free dampers at various stages of cavitation. These data supplement the results obtained earlier. Based on studies, the effect of cavitation on the work of erosion-free dampers was revealed. So, on average, horizontal ripple loads in the zone of the developed stage of cavitation increase by 1.7…2 times. Such a significant increase in loads necessitates taking into account the influence of cavitation when designing the downstream fastening plates with erosion-free dampers. The values of the horizontal hydrodynamic loads on the erosion-free dampers given in the work make it possible to establish the shear loads on the slabs of the water cube under cavitation. The results of this work can be used in design practice to assess the stability of slabs of waterfall fasteners with cavitating erosion-free dampers.

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Sodium is an essential component of the human body, with known influences on obesity. This paper reports the effect of cube natural sea salt (CNS) on the reduction of obesity in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by ameliorating the obesity parameters and obesity-related gene mechanisms. The suppression of high fat diet-induced obesity and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by sea salt depends on the manufacturing process and mineral content. The manufacturing method using only new sea water (Cube natural sea salt) decreases the magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) content in the salt with different crystallization and morphologies, compared to the general manufacturing method (Generally manufactured sea salt, GS). Mg in salt is known to considerably affect obesity; an appropriate concentration of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) reduces lipid accumulation significantly and regulates the lipogenesis and liver enzyme activity. Our results indicate that sea salt contains an appropriate level of Mg as compared to table salt (purified salt, NaCl), and is important for regulating obesity, as observed in the in vivo and in vitro anti-obesity effects of CNS. The Mg content and mineral ratio of sea salt are important factors that ameliorate the lipid metabolism and liver enzyme activity in high fat diet induced obesity, and contents of Mg in sea salt can be altered by modifying the manufacturing process.

An inhomogeneous most likely path formalism for proton computed tomography

PurposeMultiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) poses a challenge in proton CT (pCT) image reconstruction. The assumption of straight paths is replaced with Bayesian models of the most likely path (MLP). Current MLP-based pCT reconstruction approaches assume a water scattering environment. We propose an MLP formalism based on accurate determination of scattering moments in inhomogeneous media. MethodsScattering power relative to water (RScP) was calculated for a range of human tissues and investigated against relative stopping power (RStP). Monte Carlo simulation was used to compare the new inhomogeneous MLP formalism to the water approach in a slab geometry and a human head phantom. An MLP-Spline-Hybrid method was investigated for improved computational efficiency. ResultsA piecewise-linear correlation between RStP and RScP was shown, which may assist in iterative pCT reconstruction. The inhomogeneous formalism predicted Monte Carlo proton paths through a water cube with thick bone inserts to within 1.0 mm for beams ranging from 210 to 230 MeV incident energy. Improvement in accuracy over the conventional MLP ranged from 5% for a 230 MeV beam to 17% for 210 MeV. There was no noticeable gain in accuracy when predicting 200 MeV proton paths through a clinically relevant human head phantom. The MLP-Spline-Hybrid method reduced computation time by half while suffering negligible loss of accuracy. ConclusionsWe have presented an MLP formalism that accounts for material composition. In most clinical cases a water scattering environment can be assumed, however in certain cases of significant heterogeneity the proposed algorithm may improve proton path estimation.

해수 슬러리 얼음을 이용한 어류의 신선도 유지에 관한 물리적 분석

This study was conducted to see the effect of maintaining the freshness of mackerel caught offshore through physical analysis method in seawater slurry ice (SS), sea water cube ice (SC), tap water slurry ice (TS) and tap water cube ice (TC). In the rigor index change, TC was 19.8%, TS was 15.5%, SC was 10.4%, and SS was 5.2%. It took nine hours in TC, 15 hours in TS, 21 hours in SC, and 24 hours in SS to reach full rigor index. From these results, it was confirmed that the post rigid time of the mackerel in the seawater slurry ice phase was much slower. As a result of observing the weight change of the sample over time, TC tended to increase from the minimum of 214 g to the maximum of 234 g with storage time. TS changed from 217 g minimum to 229 g maximum. The SC changed from the lowest at 219 g to the highest at 229 g and the SS changed from the lowest at 215 g to the highest at 229 g. The greatest post-weight change occurred during cold storage by TC. As an indicator of freshness, mackerel"s epidermis was maintained well for a certain period of time regardless of the storage method. The color data shows that slurry ice is more favorable on freshness surface than cubic ice, and sea water ice is more favorable for freshness and color change than tap water ice.

Kandungan Kadar Garam dan Susut Masak Bakso Daging Ayam Broiler pada Penambahan Putih Telur Sebagai Bahan Pengenyal pada Konsentrasi yang Berbeda

Abstract. The objective of the research was to find out the effect of adding egg white as the tough material to the salt content and cooking shrinkage of meatballs. The research was held on July to August 2018 in the laboratory of agriculture, animal farm, and fishery faculty, Muhammadiyah university of Parepare and continued analysis of salt content in the live stock chemical laboratory of animal farm Faculty, Hasanuddin Makassar University. The researcher used broiler meat, water, flavoring, garlic, pepper, salt, egg white and ice cube. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions, that is T0 = without tough material, T1 = 15 grams of egg white, T2 = 43 grams of egg white, T3 = 74 grams of egg white. The research result showed that the addition of egg white as the tough material at different concentration have a real impact to the salt content and cooking shrinkage after being continued with the Duncan test it was found that there were differences and significantly affected the salt content and cooking shrinkage meatballs. Keywords: meatballs, chicken meat, egg white, salt content, cooking shrinkage