Water Crisis Research Articles

Application of the VDI 2221 method in the design of an air-to-water converter device

Indonesia's drought and water crisis problems have grown significantly in importance in recent years, especially in light of the country's fast population expansion, urbanization, and growing awareness of the effects of climate change. By 2040, there may be a clean water crisis in every region along Java's north coast, from Banten to Surabaya, according to projections made by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). The water crisis could be a major worldwide concern and will be a highly complicated issue. One approach to resolving the water shortage is to design an air-to-water converter device. The purpose of this research is to design a device that can efficiently and effectively convert air into water through condensation processes. The design will be based on the VDI 2221 Method. The rationale behind selecting the VDI 2221 Method is that it is a methodical approach to design that can help a designer generate and guide multiple design options. The primary mechanism of this apparatus is condensation, which turns air into dew points. The author utilized Solidworks 2020 to create the air-to-water conversion device. Through the stages of VDI 2221, the finest design outcomes were obtained from this design. The air-to-water converter mechanism in this design is constructed by version 2, which was chosen as the best option. Based on ASTM A36 material, theoretical calculations on the frame produced a safety factor of 1.45 and a maximum stress of 1.72414 × 108 N/m2. Based on the turbine shaft calculation, the maximum stress of 1.07235 × 108 N/m2 and the safety factor of 2.57379 were obtained using Aluminum 6061 material

ANÁLISE ESPACIAL E TEMPORAL DE EVENTOS DE SECAS NA REGIÃO HIDROGRÁFICA ALTO RIO PARANÁ DE 1990 A 2020

The Paraná River Hydrographic Region is of great socioeconomic relevance for Brazil. Therefore, due to the history of droughts in the region, the aims of the current study were to assess rainfall spatial and temporal variability, as well as to analyze drought features based on using the Normalized Percentage Index (NPI) to contribute to water management processes in Upper Paraná River (UPR). The study area encompasses 14 Planning and Management Units, distributed in Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and São Paulo states. Climate data were obtained from the National Hydrometeorological Network database. A geostatistical analysis of rainfall was carried out, based on the annual series of 408 stations, and subsequently the calculation of NPI for classifying the droughts severity. All periods analyzed (1990-2020) showed spatial dependence (moderate to high), allowing the elaboration of droughts maps. The dry and rainy periods and areas did not indicate direct influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo units were the main contributors to the identified droughts. The data showed that 2010-2020 was the driest decade of the period, with a greater contribution from the 2019/2020 period, where droughts exceeded 60% of the area for two consecutive years, an event never identified in the last 3 decades. The NPI curves referring to “initial drought” and “mild” allowed verifying years of water crisis when their summed percentages reached at least 50% of the region. The methodology used is versatile, allowing its use in any watershed. Keywords: Rains. Water management. NPI. Kriging.

Influence of climate change on water quality in Terra Nova River basin, Pernambuco, Brazil

Climate changes tend to intensify water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions, making water management in these areas more challenging, directly influencing hydrological dynamics, causing impacts on ecosystems and society. The Terra Nova River basin is crucial for the water security of the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, especially after the construction of the São Francisco River Integration Project (PISF), which saw the construction of six reservoirs to supply water for human consumption, agricultural, and industrial activities. Therefore, this study aims to analyzes the impacts of climate changes on water quality in the Terra Nova River basin in Pernambuco, using long-term data from the Hydrological Response Unit System for Pernambuco (SUPer). The ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages) model is employed to predict water quality parameters in climate change scenarios, using data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz). The variables include air temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Simulated scenarios were compared with CONAMA No. 357/2005 limits, revealing potential decreases in dissolved oxygen and phosphorus concentrations, alongside an increase in nitrogen concentrations. Irregular rainfall rates, high air temperatures, and evapotranspiration, combined with conflicts by water resources, may exacerbate water access issues in the semi-arid region, worsening the water crisis and threatening water security.

Tapping Into Awareness: Assessing Nursing Students' Water Consumption Behaviors and Sustainability Perceptions Through a Cross-Sectional Study With Machine Learning Approach.

Investigating water consumption behaviors and perceptions of water sustainability among nursing students is crucial for effective resource management. This study employs machine learning (ML) techniques to analyze these factors in detail. This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 182 senior nursing students from an accredited faculty in Istanbul, Turkey, during the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected through an online survey, including an information form, a visual analog scale toward foresight about water scarcity (VAS), and a water consumption behavior scale. Advanced ML techniques were utilized to identify intricate patterns and correlations in the students' behaviors and perceptions. The survey revealed that nursing students primarily rely on packaged water and perceive an imminent threat of water scarcity, though they exhibit limited awareness of their personal water footprint. High VAS scores indicated a strong awareness of global water crises but skepticism about local water scarcity. The ML model identified "Domestic Water Use Efficiency" as the primary factor influencing attitudes toward water sustainability, with "Water Awareness" and "Sustainable Water Ethics" also playing significant roles. The study highlights the need to integrate sustainable water management education into nursing curricula and demonstrates nursing students' awareness and preparedness for sustainable practices.

Investigating the Mechanisms Impacting Soil Ca, Mg, and Na in Wastewater Land Application Systems Using Machine Learning Models

ABSTRACTWastewater land application is a widely accepted solution for addressing global water crisis, particularly in arid and semiarid regions, but it may cause soil Ca, Mg, and Na accumulation and result in soil degradation. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms impacting soil Ca, Mg, and Na in wastewater land application systems using tree‐based machine learning models. Using data collected from previous field studies, decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting decision trees (XGBoost) models were developed to predict soil Ca, Mg, and Na in wastewater land application systems. XGBoost models showed the best performance, with R2 and RMSE values of 0.999 and 18.9 mg/kg, 0.999 and 3.2 mg/kg, and 0.912 and 104 mg/kg on the training data and 0.989 and 345 mg/kg, 0.925 and 56.1 mg/kg, and 0.908 and 112 mg/kg on the test data for soil Ca, Mg, and Na prediction, respectively. Permutation importance analysis reveals that initial soil Ca and electrical conductivity (EC) and total irrigation amount, initial soil Mg, total precipitation and initial soil EC, and initial soil Na, total irrigation amount and wastewater Na were the top three predictive variables for soil Ca, Mg, and Na, respectively. Partial dependence analysis demonstrates how soil Ca, Mg, and Na changed with the predictive variables, and indicates that wastewater irrigation caused soil Ca, Mg, and Na accumulation. This study highlights the need for sustainable wastewater land application management to control soil sodium adsorption ratio and mitigate the risks of land degradation.

Maximizing desalination performance in pyramid distiller: Integration of vertical wick still and enhanced phase change material by nanoparticle and emerging fins

The growing global water crisis, driven by population growth and dwindling freshwater resources, demands innovative solutions for sustainable desalination. While traditional solar still designs have been explored, their efficiency remains limited. This study introduces an advanced approach to solar distillation by integrating a modified pyramid solar still (MPSS) with two key innovations: a vertically positioned wick still (VWSS) and phase change material (PCM) enhanced with silver nanomaterials (PCM-Ag Nano). In addition, the design features two absorber plate configurations—flat and finned—coupled with emerging fins (EF) within the PCM unit to improve heat conductivity, addressing a common limitation in solar distillation systems. By incorporating PCM-Ag Nano and finned absorbers, the MPSS achieved significant improvements in desalination performance. The combined system of MPSS-FA-PCM-Ag-EF and VWSS produced a total distillate volume of 12,870 ml, representing a 154 % increase over a conventional pyramid solar still (PSS). Specifically, daily outputs of 9,270 ml, 5,050 ml, and 3,600 ml were recorded for MPSS, PSS, and VWSS, respectively. Furthermore, the enhanced MPSS configuration attained the highest thermal efficiency at 60.5 %, and the desalination cost was reduced to $0.0142/L, compared to $0.019/L for the PSS. These results underscore the potential of this novel MPSS design, which combines PCM-Ag Nano and VWSS, to deliver substantial improvements in freshwater production, thermal efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This innovative system offers a promising alternative to traditional desalination techniques, contributing to the global effort to mitigate water scarcity.

Assessing the stability of terrestrial water storage to drought based on CMIP6 forcing scenarios

Assessing the stability of terrestrial water storage (TWS) under drought conditions is critical for the sustainable development of water resources. In this study, we integrated surface temperature (ST), leaf area index (LAI), and precipitation (P) data from five different scenarios (History, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to develop a standardized temperature vegetation precipitation index (STVPI). The index was then utilized to monitor global drought conditions and investigate the stability of TWS to drought disaster. The results showed that STVPI can not only monitor meteorological drought, but also has a remarkable sensitivity and applicability to drought caused by sparse vegetation. Notably, 21.16% of the global land area will have a drought trend under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, while it will rise to 35.81% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, which underscored the potential for an expansion of drought-affected regions worldwide as a result of ongoing global warming and escalating emissions. In addition, the results also found that the warm temperate and tropical regions at lower elevations have an advantage in maintaining the stability of TWS. Unfortunately, the stability of TWS to drought will decline in the western Sahara Desert, central China and northern United States in the future, where will face a serious water crisis. The research framework provides an important reference for deeply evaluating and scientifically allocating water resources under climate change.

The Israeli Water Policy and Its Challenges During Times of Emergency

In a time of growing climate crisis, and despite the global warming trend, Israeli citizens routinely enjoy a regular constant supply of clean fresh water thanks to local desalination plants. Establishment of the desalination plants has become a model of water management for many countries in an era of growing climate crisis. At the same time, Israel’s water sector is faced with challenges and threats related to earthquakes, various states of warfare, and security confrontations. In such times of emergency, Israel’s water sector is particularly vulnerable to disruptions of the water infrastructure and its adequate operation by both contamination of the water sources and damage to the desalination plants. This study examines the challenges of the Israeli water sector that require it to contend with these emergency situations in an era of reliance on desalination plants. The research findings lead to the conclusion that public policy on managing the water sector, manifested in the development and establishment of water desalination plants, has resolved Israel’s water crisis, put an end to its dependency on the amount of precipitation and on natural water sources, and allowed for an increase in water production to match the rise in consumption. Nonetheless, as successful as this public policy may be, it does not consider the possibility of extreme scenarios and does not develop the entire range of steps necessary to confront them, and thus it undermines the ability of the Israeli water sector to provide its citizens with water in times of emergency.

Microwave-treated layered graphite for highly efficient solar-powered seawater desalination and wastewater treatment

In the midst of the global water crisis, the ‘waste-to-treasure’ strategy, which includes desalination and wastewater recycling, is proving to be a promising approach. However, existing solar evaporators are hampered by challenges such as low photothermal conversion efficiency and significant heat losses. Here, we present an innovative solution that reduces the band gap of the material and improves the efficiency of light recycling. As a result, the microwave-treated graphite achieves a 15 % reduction in reflectivity and a 9 °C increase in surface temperature. In addition, the integration of this graphite with a hydrogel to modulate the interfacial wettability further optimizes the evaporation efficiency. When exposed to sunlight, the developed cone column evaporator achieves an impressive evaporation rate of 2.91 kg m−2 h−1, which is a significant increase of 663 % over the natural evaporation rate of a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Remarkably, no salt deposits were observed on the surface of the evaporator during the tests and the material exhibited excellent adsorption and desorption properties for pollutants, highlighting its potential for sustainable applications. These results provide valuable theoretical and practical insights for the design and development of high-efficiency solar evaporators.

An approach to demarcate prospective areas for groundwater recharge a case study of Upper Thurinjalar Tamil Nadu, India

India, as the world's largest consumer of groundwater, faces an alarming water crisis, particularly in southern regions like Upper Thurinjalar, Tamil Nadu. The relentless extraction of groundwater has severely depleted reserves, making it increasingly difficult to meet the water demands of households, agriculture, and industry. This unsustainable usage endangers the region's water security, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable management practices. Immediate action is essential to safeguard these vital resources and secure a sustainable water future for the region. The present study addresses the critical need to identify optimal groundwater recharge areas to mitigate the adverse effects of groundwater depletion. Utilizing Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this research focuses on delineating suitable recharge zones in Upper Thurinjalar, Tamil Nadu, to promote sustainable water resource management. Through geospatial analysis, thematic maps were generated, incorporating variables such as geomorphology, geology, subsurface lithology, lineaments, land use, drainage density, soil types, and slope. Utilizing satellite data within the GIS framework, groundwater recharge zones were classified into three categories: highly suitable (61.06 km2), moderately suitable (214.18 km2), and least suitable (48.07 km2). Additionally, prioritized interventions for 18 rural reservoirs within the same catchment area included sediment removal, depth enhancement, and infrastructure upgrades. The application of artificial groundwater recharge in these targeted areas is anticipated to significantly alleviate irrigation water deficits, thereby advancing sustainable development and rehabilitating degraded land. The use of a weighted overlay technique within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has proven to be a highly effective method for optimizing water resource management, facilitating the sustainable development of groundwater resources. The results emphasize the importance of promptly undertaking focused interventions, such as prioritizing tank improvements and deploying artificial recharge procedures, in order to guarantee the long-term availability of water. Implementing these proactive measures is essential for reducing water scarcity and promoting the development of unused land in the designated recharge areas.

Electrolysis for ammonia removal and hydrogen generation in urban wastewater: Innovative approaches to the water crisis

The global water crisis poses significant challenges, with millions lacking access to clean drinking water and increasing water scarcity affecting urban areas worldwide. This study explores the electrolysis of urban wastewater as a two-fold solution for ammonia (un-ionized NH3, and ionized NH4+) removal and hydrogen gas (H2) production. Traditional treatment methods often fail to remove ammonia efficiently, underscoring the need for innovative approaches. Electrolysis, known for its versatility, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness, emerges as a promising solution in wastewater treatment applications. This research utilized a dimensionally stable electrode (DSA) comprising a Ru-Ir anode and a stainless-steel cathode to electrochemically oxidize ammonia and produce H2. The study investigates the effects of current density, J (83.33–416.6 A/m2) on the treatability of urban wastewater. Maximum H2 production was achieved at J of 416.6 A/cm2 after 300 min reaction time. Under optimal conditions (333.3 A/m2, 0.5 mm inter-electrode distance, and 300 min of operation), the process achieved removal efficiencies of 98.94 % for ammonia, 78.18 % for total suspended solids (TSS), 50.73 % for chemical oxygen demand (COD), and complete removal (∼100 %) of total coliforms. Gas chromatography (GC) assessed the composition of gases of interest generated during electrolysis. This approach addresses environmental pollution and freshwater scarcity and generates an energy resource, presenting a scalable solution for cities worldwide facing similar challenges.

Addressing the Global Water Crisis With Membrane Technology

Addressing the Global Water Crisis With Membrane Technology

Residential Water Consumption Patterns: A Theoretical Review

The global water crisis and acute increase in water demand have increased stress on water resources in urban areas, particularly in water-scarce regions like Egypt. Many current strategies of sustainable water demand management show low effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of how water is used in households, and a failure to consider the environmental and urban diversity that shapes water consumption patterns in Egypt. This understanding requires knowing how water is consumed for micro-components of water use (i.e., end-uses such as bathing, cooking, and toilet use). This research aims to develop a conceptual/theoretical framework for probable worldwide water consumption patterns and their shaping factors, to be used as an auxiliary tool in future data collection and analysis in Egypt, which is an essential step to contextualize water consumption patterns and develop more sustainable water demand management strategies. The study reviews and analyzes water end-use data from 39 major cities in developed and developing countries to identify trends and critical factors in household water consumption. It documents six different major trends in household water consumption patterns with main water activities: cooking, bathing, washing machines, faucets, and toilet use. It also identifies and categorizes the patterns-shaping factors into five main groups: socioeconomic characteristics, physical, spatial, climatic conditions, and political restrictions. Moreover, significant correlations emerge between pattern elements and shaping forces such as income and washing machine usage, the presence/absence of children/elders and use of basin, and dietary culture and cooking consumption. Given the research findings, household consumption patterns in Egyptian cities are expected to be high in kitchens, showers, and toilets, and average in laundry and faucets. The study underscores the importance of considering factors such as socio-economic characteristics, water policies, spatial influences, water supply efficiency, and consumer health in forthcoming investigations, as these are believed to substantially influence household water consumption in Egypt.

Water scarcity and public health concerns in rural India: a case study of Nongpok Sekmai and surrounding villages

This study examines the critical issue of water scarcity and its impact on public health in Nongpok Sekmai and surrounding villages in India. Despite government initiatives to provide universal tap water access by 2024, these villages lack safe drinking water. Traditional sources like open wells are contaminated, and the primary river is drying up due to illegal sand mining and gravel extraction activities upstream. This situation results in a significant public health burden, with villagers facing financial strain due to waterborne diseases and the need to purchase water for basic needs. The study also examines the negative link between on-premise access to safe water and mothers' time spent on water collection. The study highlights the need for a multi-pronged approach. Renewed government efforts to implement the tap water initiative or provide alternative clean water sources like filtration plants or community wells are crucial. Additionally, stricter enforcement is needed to curb illegal mining activities and ensure river sustainability. Furthermore, exploring community-based solutions like rainwater harvesting and raising awareness about waterborne diseases and sanitation practices can empower the population. Addressing this water crisis demands a collaborative effort from the government, local communities, and environmental agencies. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing visual photographic analysis and community engagement to investigate water contamination in Nongpok Sekmai river, Manipur. The findings highlight key contamination indicators such as turbidity, algae blooms, and floating debris, while also addressing the health and social impacts perceived by the local population.

Remote Sensing-Based Drought Monitoring in Iran’s Sistan and Balouchestan Province

Drought is a natural phenomenon that has adverse effects on agriculture, the economy, and human well-being. The primary objective of this research was to comprehensively understand the drought conditions in Sistan and Balouchestan Province from 2002 to 2017 from two perspectives: vegetation cover and hydrology. To achieve this goal, the study utilized MODIS satellite data in the first part to monitor vegetation cover as an indicator of agricultural drought. In the second part, GRACE satellite data were employed to analyze changes in groundwater resources as an indicator of hydrological drought. To assess vegetation drought, four indices were used: Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Vegetation Drought Index (VDI), Visible Infrared Drought Index (VSDI), and Temperature Vegetation Drought Index (TVDI). To validate vegetation drought indices, they were compared with Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) precipitation data. The vegetation indices showed a strong, statistically significant correlation with GLDAS precipitation data in most regions of the province. Among all indices, the VHI showed the highest correlation with precipitation (moderate (0.3–0.7) in 51.7% and strong (≥0.7) in 45.82% of lands). The output of vegetation indices revealed that the study province has experienced widespread drought in recent years. The results showed that the southern and central regions of the province have faced more severe drought classes. In the second part of this research, hydrological drought monitoring was conducted in fifty third-order sub-basins located within the study province using the Total Water Storage (TWS) deficit, Drought Severity, and Total Storage Deficit Index (TSDI Index). Annual average calculations of the TWS deficit over the period from April 2012 to 2016 indicated a substantial depletion of groundwater reserves in the province, amounting to a cumulative loss of 12.2 km3 Analysis results indicate that drought severity continuously increased in all study basins until the end of the study period. Studies have shown that all the studied basins are facing severe and prolonged water scarcity. Among the 50 studied basins, the Rahmatabad basin, located in the semi-arid northern regions of the province, has experienced the most severe drought. This basin has experienced five drought events, particularly one lasting 89 consecutive months and causing a reduction of more than 665.99 km3. of water in month 1, placing it in a critical condition. On the other hand, the Niskoofan Chabahar basin, located in the tropical southern part of the province near the Sea of Oman, has experienced the lowest reduction in water volume with 10 drought events and a decrease of approximately 111.214 km3. in month 1. However, even this basin has not been spared from prolonged droughts. Analysis of drought index graphs across different severity classes confirmed that all watersheds experienced drought conditions, particularly in the later years of this period. Data analysis revealed a severe water crisis in the province. Urgent and coordinated actions are needed to address this challenge. Transitioning to drought-resistant crops, enhancing irrigation efficiency, and securing water rights are essential steps towards a sustainable future.

Coastal Clean Water Crisis: How Coastal Communities are Coping with Limited Access to Clean Water

This discussion addresses the water crisis in coastal areas, analyzing how local communities cope with limited access to clean water. In daily life, water issues in coastal regions are severe, necessitating that communities manage and adapt to the water crisis to ensure usability. This research aims to analyze how coastal communities endure and address the water crisis. The study employs qualitative research with a descriptive method. Data for this research were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, with researchers conducting fieldwork to collect data. Data analysis techniques used include the Miles and Huberman method. The results indicate that the clean water crisis in coastal areas is caused by several factors, and communities have developed various strategies to overcome limited access to clean water. However, there are numerous challenges faced, requiring communities to find solutions.

Fog Harvesting Via Multistage Edge‐Effect Condensation

AbstractThe escalating global population and rapid industrialization have precipitated a severe freshwater scarcity crisis. To address this challenge, innovative strategies are essential to exploit unconventional water sources such as atmospheric vapor. This study proposes a novel approach integrating 3D printing technology with surface chemistry principles for atmospheric fog harvesting. The approach entails leveraging 3D printing technology, chosen for its cost‐effectiveness, unparalleled design flexibility to design intricate geometries, and time efficiency to fabricate cylindrical millimeter‐scale size vertical pillars. Harnessing the intricate interplay of surface phenomena, condensation preferentially occurs on the pillar tops due to surface phenomena. The pillars are imbued with nonadecane, a hydrocarbon renowned for its low surface energy characteristics ensures the uninterrupted progression of water droplet formation, coalescence, and seamless transportation, unveiling a symphony of molecular interactions at the microscale. The design demonstrates promising results, yielding an impressive yield of ≈3.956 g of water per hour from 1 cm2 area. Geometric discontinuities associated with parahydrophobic pillars amplify water harvesting via an edge effect. This study represents a significant step toward a more sustainable and technologically advanced solution for the global water crisis.

Sustainable Water Conservation Techniques for an Office Building

The research paper titled "Sustainable Water Conservation Techniques for an Office Building" explores methods to reduce water consumption and promote sustainable practices in office buildings. The study focuses on the rising global water crisis due to population growth and increasing urbanization, advocating for the reuse of rainwater and wastewater as alternatives to conventional water sources. Key objectives include assessing current water distribution systems, comparing existing water management techniques, and proposing sustainable water-saving measures. By integrating solutions such as water-efficient fixtures, greywater recycling, and rainwater harvesting, the study aims to significantly reduce water demand and operational costs, contributing to long-term sustainability​.

An Anchored Fe-Cu LDH onto a Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane with Strong Peroxymonosulfate Activation-Induced Degradation of Methylene Blue and Self-Cleaning Property of Oil/Water Separation.

Developing a strong catalytic antifouling membrane to achieve efficient sewage purification has great potential for alleviating water crisis. In this work, we designed and prepared an Fe/Cu-layered double hydroxide (Fe-Cu LDH)-coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite membrane (PVDF/Fe-Cu LDHs) with strong antifouling and activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalytic degradation performance through polydopamine-coordination anchoring and hydrothermal reaction. The results showed that abundant hydroxyl groups of the LDH surface endowed the superhydrophilicity (water contact angle <10°) and underwater superoleophobicity (underwater-oil contact angle >150°) of the membrane surface, which displayed outstanding resistance to crude oil adhesion. With assistance of the LDH surface-bound sulfate radical of the peroxymonosulfate system, the PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane demonstrated robust catalytic degradation performance for the methylene blue (MB) in the dark; the degradation rate constant (k, min-1) reached 0.96. Meanwhile, facing the oily wastewater, the selective wettability and charge effect of LDH of the surface made the PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane realize the separation for the various surfactant-free and surfactant-stabilized emulsions. Importantly, the PMS-activation catalytic produced the ROS (•SO4-,•OH, •O2-, and 1O2), which enhanced the regeneration of the fouled PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane and obtained a high flux recovery ratio in the dark (94.7%) after 10 cycles of separation experiments. Hence, we believed that the PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane can provide inspiration for the development and further practical application of antifouling membranes.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF TWO-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER DURING EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION INSIDE A SOLAR STILL

This research presents a comparative analysis of two solar still configurations utilizing the ANSYS 2023R2 software package for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The study employs the Volume of Fluid (VoF) model to simulate phase transitions between liquid and vapor, specifically focusing on vaporization processes. It is important to note that the VoF model used in this study primarily serves to visualize vaporization, with its numerical results aligning with theoretical expectations rather than providing practical applications. The relevance of this research is underscored by the global drinking water crisis, which drives the need to enhance the efficiency of desalination systems. Solar distillation is recognized as one of the most environmentally sustainable methods for producing clean water, making it an appropriate focus for this investigation. The primary objective of this work is to conduct a numerical analysis of the solar still, compare the performance of two different configurations, and evaluate potential modifications to improve the system's efficiency. The study simulates heat transfer processes within the distiller, the distribution of vapor volume fractions, and temperature variations over time. The findings indicate that the dual-slope configuration outperforms the single-slope configuration in terms of efficiency and productivity. Additionally, the research provides insights into the physical processes occurring within the distiller and identifies potential areas for further refinement of the system's modeling in ANSYS.