Water Content Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Addition of Essential Oil Bioadditives as a Mixture of Biodiesel B35 Fuel on the Performance of Reducing Water content and Particulate Content

The use of biodiesel is still experiencing problems due to large amount of water content which produce from the transesterification process, making it has unstable oxidizing properties. The large amount of water content in biodiesel causes the emergence of microorganisms which becoming sludge in the engine room, and can clog the fuel filter. In this study, we propose the application of oxygenate bio-additives to minimize water and particulate content by using turpentine essential oils, clove terpenes, rhodinol, camphor oil, and synthetic additive 2EHN. Based on the study's results, the water content of biodiesel B35 with the AC bio-additive mixture experienced the highest decrease in water content, which was 18% or 287.2 ppm and performs well in reducing particulate levels of 4, 6, and 14 microns. The completely randomized design (CRD) test results for non-factorial moisture content on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14 and particulate matter 4, 6, and 14 microns showed no significant difference because each P value was obtained greater than α (0.05). Keywords: Bio-Additives, Biodiesel, Oxidation, Oxygenate, Particulates.

Facile tuning of hydrogel properties for efficient water removal from biodiesel: An assessment of alkaline hydrolysis and drying techniques

Polymeric hydrogels are a promising new technology for dehydrating fuels. This study critically analyzes the effects of hydrolysis post-treatment and drying methods (oven-drying and freeze-drying) on polyacrylamide hydrogels for removing diluted water from biodiesel. The materials were characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, DVS, compressive strength, and swelling degree analyses. The water diffusion profiles during swelling were observed using an innovative method described in this study. Hydrolysis improved the hydrophilicity of the hydrogel, increasing the swelling degree from 33–37 g.g−1 to 987–1,095 g.g−1, and doubling the water absorption from biodiesel. Freeze-drying benefited the kinetics of water uptake. Using hydrolyzed polyacrylamide hydrogel, the water content in biodiesel decreased from 1497 ppm to 978 ppm in just 30 min. Within 72 h, 49% of the water was removed from the biofuel. This demonstrates the efficiency of hydrogel systems, which could become a competitive alternative to traditional fuel desiccants, removing even traces of moisture.

Acrylamide and Acrylate Based Hydrogel for Water Adsorption in Biodiesel

Several countries have implemented the use of biodiesel as a diesel fuel blend. Indonesia currently implements the highest percentage of biodiesel, reaching 30% (B30), starting from 2020. Strict quality standards of biodiesel have been implemented worldwide, such as ASTM D6751 (USA), EN 14214 (EU), JASO M360 (Japan), and SNI 7182:2015 (Indonesia). Prior to blending with diesel, biodiesel must comply with the specification. One of the most concerning issues is the water content in biodiesel that is easily increased due to its hygroscopic nature. Currently, the handling procedure at the blending facility to maintain the immoderate water content of biodiesel is still limited. Therefore, experiments for reducing excessive water content in biodiesel were conducted using polyacrylamide-co-potassium acrylate (pAAm-co-PA) and potassium polyacrylate (PPA) hydrogels with varying contact times. The adsorption capacity of the hydrogel with the best performance was also observed. Four methods were carried out for hydrogel regeneration, i.e., drying at atmospheric pressure (A), drying at vacuum pressure (V), and a combination of solvent washing-atmospheric drying using acetone (AA) and ethanol (EA). The results indicate that the PPA hydrogel adsorps more water than the pAAm-co-PA hydrogel with the same contact time. PPA hydrogel capacity decreased to 13.4% after being used for seven adsorption cycles simultaneously. The ethanol-drying combination produces the highest water recovery in the regeneration process, reaching 39.24%.

Analysis of Water Content on Biodiesel Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Biodiesel Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as Diesel Engine Fuels

This paper is based of policy to diversify energy from renewable energy, one of the types of renewable energy is biodiesel. The purpose of this paper is to explain the water content in biodiesel with palm oil added, and the water content in biodiesel with coconut oil added, and compare the water content of the two types of biodiesel. The type of research used is the research and development method, testing the water content of the biodiesel at the Sucofindo Padang Laboratory and the Pertamina Padang Laboratory. The results showed that the water content of biodiesel with palm oil had a lower water content compared to biodiesel with coconut oil. Referring to the provisions of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182:2015) that the water content in biodiesel is 0.05% as the maximum limit, while referring to Gaikindo (Association of Indonesian Automotive Industries), the maximum water content in biodiesel is 0.020% to 0.025%, then biodiesel B5, B10, B15, and B20, with palm oil added, and biodiesel B5 and B10 with coconut oil added as fuel can be used for diesel engines.

Biodiesel Synthesis From Coconut Oil using Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)

The aim of this research is to determine the properties of biodiesel from coconut oil using plug flow reactor (PFR) using potassium hidroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The experiments were conducted by flowing oil and the catalyst into plug flow reactor continuously. The temperature of reaction at 600C, variation of feed flow ( 10 ml/min, 15 ml/min, 20 ml/min, 25 ml/min), methanol ratio 25% w/w oil and catalyst ratio 0,5% w/w oil. The highest biodiesel yield at feed flow rate 25 ml/min was 86,53%. The density of Biodiesel was 880,04 kg/m3 . The viscosity of biodiesel was 2,8 cSt. The Acid number of biodiesel was 0,228 mgKOH/g. Water content of biodiesel was 7,189 %. Flash point of the biodiesel was 48 0C. From the analysis of biodiesel parameter, the biodiesel was meet the needs of Biodiesel Standard SNI 04-7182-2006 and closed to diesel fuel properties.

Water content in biodiesel for diesel fuel blends: measurement using centrifuge and coulometric titration method

Biodiesel nowadays is being used as a blend with diesel fuel to promote the renewable fuels. One of the critical parameters of biodiesel is water content, both free and soluble water is covered. Water presence in biodiesel is limited by the specification to prevent fouling in storage and handling facilities and to avoid trouble in fuel system of engine. Currently in Indonesia, the measurement of water in biodiesel use the centrifuge method that measure both of water and sediment content. Refer to diesel fuel specification, water content is measured separately from sediment content. In order to prepare higher biodiesel percentage in diesel blends (up to 30%) as the Government of Indonesia planning in 2020, water content measurement in biodiesel need more accurate method. In this study, we present the measurement of water content in 20 biodiesel samples using 2 methods: the centrifuge and coulometric titration method. The result show that all biodiesel samples having different water content vary from 173.36 ppm to 968.12 ppm, while all water and sediment content from 20 biodiesel samples are mostly nil, only 1 sample has 0.05 vol % water and sediment.

Prediction of the water content of biodiesel using ANN-MLP: An environmental application

ABSTRACTFuel quality, especially biodiesel, is highly dependent on its water content, and the major sources of water in the fuel relate to the transportation, production, and storage processes. In this present contribution, the multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) was applied to predict the water content of biodiesel and diesel blend in terms of temperature and composition. The proposed algorithm was trained and tested by utilizing 400 experimental data points which were extracted from the literature. Based on the results, the MLP-ANN model has great ability to estimate the water content of biodiesel and diesel blend. The R-squared (R2), root mean square error, average absolute relative deviation, and a​bsolute deviation parameters for the total data set are obtained, respectively, as 0.99784, 123919.1172, 3.3632, and 1.17%, which indicate the effective performance suggested by ANN. As the computational study is cheaper and easier than the experimental study, the developed software could be considered as an alternative for laboratory study, and the environmental effect of biodiesel and produced undesired product after biodiesel combustion which is directly related to the water content of biodiesel is estimable with the information released in this study.

Monitoramento das propriedades dos biodíeseis metílicos de soja puro, aditivado e comercial, sob condições de estocagem ao relento em recipientes de aço-carbono

<p>The Increasing global demand for liquid fuels, global warming, security and energy stability, political will for development in the fields of agriculture, social and energy as well as the search for additives that improve the stability and storage of them are points that show the need for the development of new technologies for the production of biodiesel from various agricultural crops spread throughout many countries. In this sense , the objective of this study was to investigate the pure biodiesel and biodiesel with the addition of antioxidants, evaluating the physical, chemical, fluid dynamics, water content and susceptibility to commercial biodiesel oxidation. Methyl soybean biodiesel was obtained in its commercial form (with the addition of antioxidant, BSA100 - TBHQ) and in its pure form (without the addition of antioxidant, BS100) and pure (with the addition of natural antioxidants, BSM50 - 50% biodiesel of pure soybean (50% pure bioda), BS100-13 and BS100- 14 - Syrah grape extract additive and Petit Verdot, respectively. Gas Chromatography identified the soybean methyl biodiesel, verifying the existence of 50.41%, referring to the methyl linolenate that sensibly influences its susceptibility in the oxidation process. Physical and chemical characterizations were performed, based on the following parameters: acidity index, specific mass and kinematic viscosity, showing values within the limit established by ANP Resolution no. 14/2012. With increasing storage time, there was a huge increase in the water content of biodiesel well above the limit (350 ppm). The additives caused an increase in the oxidation stability value. After 30 days of storage in carbon steel jars, soybean methyl biodiesel will no longer meet ANP regulations.</p>

A simple and fast method to determine water content in biodiesel by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

In this paper, a fast, simple and new alternative method for determination of water content (moisture) in biodiesel using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is developed. The method is based on the sensitive variation of the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the biodiesel medium in the presence of different quantities of water. To obtain an accurate analytical measurement, a pre-treatment based on a simple dilution by acetonitrile is employed. The two identical Pt electrodes are used in the measurement cell filled with sample solution. The experiment conditions are also optimized for the measurements. The obtained analytical linear curve between the water content and EIS impedance is the basis for the water content analysis in biodesiel fuel. The EIS method is then successfully applied to both real and certified samples, and the results confirm that the method is reliable with high sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The comparison of EIS method with the official standard method is also made through the Student test t, demonstrating that both methods are statistically consistent and similars. The validation of such an EIS method confirms that the method presented for the fist time in this paper can be succesessfully applied to determining the water content of biodiesel fuel.

Deterioration of palm biodiesel fuel under common rail diesel engine operation

Although numerous studies have shown the adverse effects of oxidized biodiesel and/or higher total acid number (TAN) and water content in biodiesel fuel on the degradation of fuel delivery materials, limited work has been reported to date to ascertain the presence of these factors under actual engine operation. Therefore, the aim here is to determine if these factors exist under common rail diesel engine (CRDE) operation. For this, an engine test-bed comprising a Toyota 1KD-FTV engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer was operated under two different speed-load test cycles using palm biodiesel with 10.5 h of oxidation stability according to the Rancimat test. The results indicated that the biodiesel fuel samples were not oxidized while both TAN value and water content were unaffected at the end of the CRDE operations under both the test cycles. As such, emphasis should not only be placed solely on the acceleration of fuel delivery materials degradation due to biodiesel oxidation and/or greater TAN value and water content under engine operation. This study also demonstrated that biodiesel conductivity value is a more appropriate indicator of fuel deterioration level under CRDE operation which ultimately determines the compatibility between biodiesel and fuel delivery materials.

Characterization of water content in biodiesel fuel certified reference material (NMIJ CRM 8302-a)

The National Metrology Institute of Japan has issued a certified reference material of biodiesel fuel derived from palm oil (NMIJ CRM 8302-a) for the measurement and quality control of water, methanol, six elements (sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), density, and kinematic viscosity. This paper presents the technical details for the characterization of the water content in NMIJ CRM 8302-a. Because the water content in biodiesel is easily affected by ambient humidity, sample handling is extremely difficult. Thus, a sample handling technique that overcomes this limitation was established, and optimized coulometric and volumetric Karl Fischer titrations were performed in order to accurately determine the water content with traceability to the International System of Units. The certified water content and its expanded uncertainty with a coverage factor k = 2 were 393 mg kg−1 and 25 mg kg−1, respectively.

REMOVAL OF WATER CONTENT FROM BIODIESEL AND DIESEL FUEL USING HYDROGEL ADSORBENTS

The removal of water content present in fuels such as biodiesel and diesel is quite important to adequate the fuel to standards for commercialization and to avoid corrosion of storage tanks and injection equipment in diesel engines. In this study, hydrophilic hydrogels were employed to remove the water content in biodiesel and diesel fuel samples. The results showed that the hydrogels were capable of decreasing the free water content and also the soluble water content present in the samples. The highest decrease of total water content in samples of biodiesel was 53.3% wt and for diesel samples the reduction of water content was 32.0%, starting with samples that had 2160 ppm and 240 ppm of water, respectively. The highest decrease of total water content (free and soluble water) for diesel samples was 80.4% wt, from a diesel sample initially containing 348 ppm of total water content.

Water Content in Biodiesel, Diesel, and Biodiesel–Diesel Blends

Biodiesel has a higher affinity toward moisture content than petroleum diesel, and the water retaining capacity of biodiesel is higher than diesel. The water content in fuels can be classified in free, emulsionated, and soluble water. High water content in biodiesel and diesel can cause problems such as water accumulation and microbial growth in fuel tanks and transportation equipment. Currently, there is a lack of information on water absorbance in biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends. Experiments were conducted to determine the water absorbance of biodiesel and biodiesel–diesel fuel blends evaluating the temperature and blend ratio parameters. Soluble water in biodiesel ranged from (1500 to 1980) mg·kg–1 in the temperature range of (283.15 to 323.15) K, which was 10 to 15 times higher than diesel. Results also showed that, at constant relative humidities, biodiesel absorbed 6.5 times more moisture than diesel. The presence of free and/or emulsionated water in biodiesel and blends was determined through turbidity experiments.

Study on the Decolorization of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits, and the fact that it is derived from renewable resources. Recently, the acidic oil and waste cooking oil were the main resources for the biodiesel production, due to the economical and environmental consideration. However, the product obtained from the transesterification with dark colour. Activated carbon (ACN), activated clay (ACY), activated bleaching earth (ABE), attapulgite (ATE) were employed to refine the undecolored biodiesel. Among all studied decolorants, activated clay exhibited higher activity and more economically competitive. In addition, decoloring process of undecolored biodiesel by activated clay was performed; the optimum conditions were obtained as decoloring temperature 60°C, time 60 min and dosage of activated clay 3 wt. % at atmospheric pressure. Besides, the water content of biodiesel should be below 1 wt. % while ACY was used as decolorant. This paper compared contents and features of decolorization by ACY and rectification under vacuum. The results indicated that higher decolorization ratio(DR) and better quality product will be achieved through rectification, while the decolorization by ACY method should be an proper choice if the biodiesel solded by mixing with diesel fuel.

Colloidal microgel in removal of water from biodiesel

A series of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) [pNIPAM]-based homo-polymer and co-polymer microgel particles were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerisation. The co-monomers were acrylic acid, 4-vinylpyridine, butyl acrylate, 4-vinylbiphenyl and vinyl laurate. Co-monomers were added at a concentration of 10% (w/w) relative to the base monomer pNIPAM for the preparation of each co-polymer microgel. The co-monomers chosen vary by their organic chain length, polarity and pH sensitivity, as these should influence how the particles behave in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. The effect of adding different types of co-monomer into the microgel structure was investigated with respect to their dispersibility in different solvents. These microgel particles have shown useful application in the removal of water from biodiesel prepared from rape seed. Karl Fischer experiments showed that microgel particles can be used to reduce the water content in biodiesel to an acceptable level for incorporation into internal combustion engines.

Predicting Methanol and Water Content in Biodiesel by near Infrared Spectroscopy

Predicting Methanol and Water Content in Biodiesel by near Infrared Spectroscopy

Multivariate near infrared spectroscopy models for predicting methanol and water content in biodiesel

The transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats or waste oils with an alcohol (such as methanol) in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst (sodium hydroxide or methoxyde) is commonly used to produce biodiesel. The quality control of the final product is an important issue and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy recently appears as an appealing alternative to the conventional analytical methods. The use of NIR spectroscopy for this purpose first involves the development of calibration models to relate the near infrared spectrum of biodiesel with the analytical data. The type of pre-processing technique applied to the data prior to the development of calibration may greatly influence the performance of the model. This work analyses the effect of some commonly used pre-processing techniques applied prior to partial least squares (PLS) and principal components regressions (PCR) in the quality of the calibration models developed to relate the near infrared spectrum of biodiesel and its content of methanol and water. The results confirm the importance of testing various pre-processing techniques. For the water content, the smaller validation and prediction errors were obtained by a combination of a second order Savitsky–Golay derivative followed by mean centring prior to PLS and PCR, whereas for methanol calibration the best results were obtained with a first order Savitsky–Golay derivative plus mean centring followed by the orthogonal signal correction.

Degradation of biodiesel under different storage conditions

This paper aimed to investigate the biodiesel degradation characteristics under different storage conditions. The qualities of twelve biodiesel samples, which were divided into 3 groups and stored at different temperatures and environments, were monitored at regular interval over a period of 52 weeks. Experimental results demonstrated that the biodiesel under test degraded less than 10% within 52 weeks for those samples stored at 4 and 20 °C while nearly 40% degradation was found for those samples stored at a higher temperature, i.e. 40 °C. The results suggested that high temperature, together with air exposure, greatly increase the biodiesel degradation rate. The temperature or air exposure alone, however, had little effect on biodiesel degradation. Water content in biodiesel will enhance biodiesel degradation due to hydrolysis but its effect is much less than the above two factors.