Water Bomb Research Articles

On the obstacles to the development of water bombs, military and police technical and tactical training and national defense education and teaching tools

On the obstacles to the development of water bombs, military and police technical and tactical training and national defense education and teaching tools

Play Is a Child’s Work (on Instagram)

Play Is a Child’s Work (on Instagram)

Enhanced Foldable Logarithmic Cycle Antenna

Field communication and data transformation are critical in multiple geological surveys worldwide. However, antennas sold on the markets are mainly focused on their weight. These antennas may be destroyed by extreme weather like sandstorms. An enhanced foldable antenna based on SARRUS Linkage and Origami waterbomb pattern is designed to overcome external impacts. This research studies the basic unit of the SURRAS linkage to find the nobility of the structure. The comparison of the Origami technique waterbomb (WB), and split fold waterbomb pattern (SFWB) will discuss after the SARRUS linkage part. The basic unit of the SARRUS linkage has one degree of freedom. Subsequently, the kinematic model will demonstrate the deployment performance. Meanwhile, diagrams of the Origami waterbomb patterns illustrate the influence caused by the increasing number of folding angles, which is larger than the impact of the sector angle. This newly designed antenna has excellent protection and can effectively increase the workable area in which the antennas need to be deployed.

A Phase Diagram-Based Stability Design Method for a Symmetrical Origami Waterbomb Base

Abstract The symmetrical origami waterbomb (WB) base shows promising applications in engineering due to its considerable mechanical behaviors. As a common phenomenon in actual origami, the stability performance of the WB base has attracted increasing attention. However, there are few studies on graphical design for the stability of WB bases. Based on the phase diagram of the intrinsic parameters, this paper proposes an intuitive and synthesized stability design method for the WB base. First, the basic principles are demonstrated using the Euler–Lagrange functional equation. In addition, the details of the method are illustrated by two typical WB bases with a given stiffness ratio. Second, according to the proposed design method, case studies are presented, and the stability behaviors are evaluated by the analytical method and finite element analysis (FEA) simulation. Finally, the prototypes of the case study are designed, and a measurement experiment of the stable states is carried out. Both FEA simulation and the experimental result demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.

Resilience Assessment in Distribution Grids: A Complete Simulation Model

For several years, the increase of extreme meteorological events due to climate change, especially in unusual areas, has focused authorities and stakeholders attention on electric power systems’ resilience. In this context, the authors have developed a simulation model for managing the resilience of electricity distribution grids with respect to the main threats to which these infrastructures may be exposed (i.e., ice sleeves, heat waves, water bombs, floods, tree falls). The simulator identifies the more vulnerable network assets by means of probabilistic indexes, thus suggesting the best corrective actions to be implemented for resilience improvement. The fulfillment of grid constraints, i.e., loading limits for branches and voltage limits for buses, under actual operating conditions, is taken into account. Load scenarios extracted from available measurements are evaluated by means of load flow analyses in order to choose, among the best solutions identified, those compatible with the constraints. The proposed tool can assist Distribution System Operators (DSOs) in drawing up the Action Plan to improve, on one hand, the resilience of the network and, on the other hand, to remove any possible limitation for the adoption of the best solutions to ensure maximum operational continuity during extreme weather events.

Breeding Has Increased the Diversity of Cultivated Tomato in The Netherlands.

It is generally believed that domestication and breeding of plants has led to genetic erosion, including loss of nutritional value and resistances to diseases, especially in tomato. We studied the diversity dynamics of greenhouse tomato varieties in NW Europe, especially The Netherlands, over the last seven decades. According to the used SNP array, the genetic diversity was indeed very low during the 1960s, but is now eight times higher when compared to that dip. The pressure since the 1970s to apply less pesticides led to the introgression of many disease resistances from wild relatives, representing the first boost of genetic diversity. In Europe a second boost ensued, largely driven by German popular media who named poor tasting tomatoes Wasserbomben (water bombs). The subsequent collapse of Dutch tomato exports to Germany fueled breeding for fruit flavor, further increasing diversity since the 1990s. The increased diversity in composition of aroma volatiles observed starting from 1990s may reflect the efforts of breeders to improve fruit quality. Specific groups of aroma compounds showed different quantitative trend over the decades studied. Our study provides compelling evidence that breeding has increased the diversity of tomato varieties considerably since the 1970s.

Climate Change and Transport Infrastructures: State of the Art

Transport infrastructures are lifelines: They provide transportation of people and goods, in ordinary and emergency conditions, thus they should be resilient to increasing natural disasters and hazards. This work presents several technologies adopted around the world to adapt and defend transport infrastructures against effects of climate change. Three main climate change challenges have been examined: Air temperatures variability and extremization, water bombs, and sea level rise. For each type of the examined phenomena the paper presents engineered, and architectural solutions adopted to prevent disasters and protect citizens. In all cases, the countermeasures require deeper prediction of weather and climate conditions during the service life of the infrastructure. The experience gained supports the fact that strategies adopted or designed to contrast the effects of climate change on transport infrastructures pursue three main goals: To prevent the damages, protect the structures, and monitor and communicate to users the current conditions. Indeed, the analyses show that the ongoing climate change will increase its impact on transport infrastructures, exposing people to unacceptable risks. Therefore, prevention and protection measures shall be adopted more frequently in the interest of collective safety.

Cloudburst, weather bomb or water bomb? A review of terminology for extreme rain events and the media effect

For the past four years, we have been tracking the British, French and Italian press to examine the genesis and establishment of a new weather term: the ‘water bomb’ or ‘bomba d'acqua’ in Italian. The term has, today, become established in Italy to describe a cloudburst (‘nubifragio’ in Italian) that is newsworthy. That is, the cloud bursts to produce heavy rain over a populated area within the newspaper catchment to cause localised damage. The term became well established during the stormy and damaging summer of 2014 in Italy, being used 54 times across 64 Italian newspapers over the period of analysis (13 July–16 August 2014). The establishment of the term is interesting, and it shows how terminology can be introduced by the media, without regard for existing terms that are already appropriate. It can also cause confusion due to direct conflict with well‐established terms for the same phenomena or with terms that use the same syntax, such as ‘weather bomb’, but which are used for entirely different phenomena.

In this issue of Weather

In this month's issue, we begin on p. 151 with a re‐examination of drought in Ireland, as reported in newspapers. Conor Murphy, Simon Noone, Catriona Duffy, Ciaran Broderick, Tom Matthews and Robert L. Wilby show that, even in the usually moist climate of Ireland, droughts occur irregularly, but with serious effects in ‘Irish droughts in newspaper archives: −rediscovering forgotten hazards?’On p. 155, Andrew J. L. Harris and Massimo Lanfranco look at the terminology of extreme rain events in ‘Cloudburst, weather bomb or water bomb? A review of terminology for extreme rain events and the media effect’. There remains some duplication of expression for dangerously wet weather and, perhaps, a need for unambiguous terminology to describe very heavy rainfall.Research into the South Asian monsoon system remains an important area for research and the planning stage for the airborne monitoring campaign of the current Interaction of Convective Organisation and Monsoon Precipitation, Atmosphere, Surface and Sea is given in ‘The 2015 Indian summer monsoon onset – phenomena, forecasting and research flight planning’ by Peter Willetts, Andrew Turner, Gill Martin, G. Mrudula, Kieran Hunt, Doug Parker, Christopher Taylor, Cathryn Birch, Ashis Mitra, Julian Heming and Malcolm Brooks on p. 168. In 2015, the development of the summer monsoon was subject to a ‘virtual campaign’ to check that appropriate plans would be in place to monitor the monsoon the following year.Earlier this year – in January – we looked at the effects of cold weather on the population of Lublin, Poland. Now Krzysztof Bartoszek and Agnieszka Krzyżewska turn to the human cost of hot weather in ‘The atmospheric circulation conditions of the occurrence of heatwaves in Lublin, southeast Poland’ in our final paper for June, beginning on p. 176.

Features of the Transformation of Small Water Droplets and Large Water Bombs in Free Fall

This paper presents a series of experimental studies to determine the basic characteristics and features of the transformation of small water droplets (3 – 6 mm) and large water bombs (50 – 100 mm) in free fall. Investigations have been carried out using cameras “Phantom V411” and “Phantom Miro M310”. Software “Tema Automotive” have been used for data processing from video recordings. The regulations of the surface transformations of small droplets and large water bombs have been established. The stages of transformation (disintegration) have been established for large water bombs. The mechanisms of deformation have been defined for small droplets. The characteristic times have been determined for the defined stages of transformation. The study demonstrates the influence of the initial size of droplets and water bombs on the times and velocities of considered processes.

Intragastric balloons for obesity: sometimes “a water bomb waiting to explode”

Intragastric balloons for obesity: sometimes “a water bomb waiting to explode”

Late Holocene radiocarbon variability in Northwest Atlantic slope waters

Deep-sea gorgonian corals secrete a 2-part skeleton of calcite, derived from dissolved inorganic carbon at depth, and gorgonin, derived from recently fixed and exported particulate organic matter. Radiocarbon contents of the calcite and gorgonin provide direct measures of seawater radiocarbon at depth and in the overlying surface waters, respectively. Using specimens collected from Northwest Atlantic slope waters, we generated radiocarbon records for surface and upper intermediate water layers spanning the pre- and post-bomb- 14C eras. In Labrador Slope Water (LSW), convective mixing homogenizes the pre-bomb Δ 14C signature (− 67 ± 4‰) to at least 1000 m depth. Surface water bomb- 14C signals were lagged and damped (peaking at ∼ + 45‰ in the early 1980s) relative to other regions of the Northwest Atlantic, and intermediate water signals were damped further. Off southwest Nova Scotia, the vertical gradient in Δ 14C is much stronger. In surface water, pre-bomb Δ 14C averaged − 75 ± 5‰. At 250–475 m depth, pre-bomb Δ 14C oscillated quasi-decadally between − 80 and − 100‰, likely reflecting interannual variability in the presence of Labrador Slope Water vs. Warm Slope Water (WSW). Finally, subfossil corals reveal no systematic changes in vertical Δ 14C gradients over the last 1200 yr.

Biophysics: Water bomb

Biophysics: Water bomb

Sensitivity of the Simulated Distributions of Water Masses, CFCs, and Bomb 14C to Parameterizations of Mesoscale Tracer Transports in a Model of the North Pacific

Abstract A basinwide ocean general circulation model of the North Pacific Ocean is used to study the sensitivity of the simulated distributions of water masses, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and bomb carbon-14 isotope (14C) to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports. Five simulations are conducted, including a run with the traditional horizontal mixing scheme and four runs with the isopycnal transport parameterization of Gent and McWilliams (GM). The four GM runs use different values of isopycnal and skew diffusivities. Simulated results show that the GM mixing scheme can help to form North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW). Greater isopycnal diffusivity enhances formation of NPIW. Although greater skew diffusivity can also generate NPIW, it makes the subsurface too fresh. Results from simulations of CFC uptake show that greater isopycnal diffusivity generates the best results relative to observations in the western North Pacific. The model generally underestimates the inventories of CFCs in the western North Pacific. The results from simulations of bomb 14C reproduce some observed features. Greater isopycnal diffusivity generates a longitudinal gradient of the inventory of bomb 14C from west to east, whereas greater skew diffusivity makes it reversed. It is considered that the ratio of isopycnal diffusivity to skew diffusivity is important. An increase in isopycnal diffusivity increases storage of passive tracers in the subtropical gyre.

Temporal variations of bomb radiocarbon inventory in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract The natural and anthropogenic components of the radiocarbon measurements from seawater samples can be successfully separated by an improved method, which is based on a very well-defined relationship between natural radiocarbon and dissolved silica observed mainly during the GEOSECS survey for waters beneath 1000 m depth. This relationship is further reconfirmed by the 14 C measurements from large volume samples taken in the deep waters in the Pacific Ocean during the recent WOCE survey program. Analysis of upper ocean 14 C measurements made along 152°W, and north of 20°N, in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during the NOAA's CGC91 cruise, which is a part of the WOCE survey program, indicates that the bomb 14 C inventory in this part of the ocean has increased by 22% since the GEOSECS measurements made in 1974. This increase is consistent with the model prediction of 25% for the northern hemisphere ocean. Change of the surface water bomb Δ 14 C values during this period is insignificant. This feature is also consistent with the model simulation. Results of this new analysis will provide useful information of the temporal variations of bomb 14 C inventory in the ocean, in addition to the spatial distribution, which can be used as powerful constraints in calibrating the global ocean carbon cycle models, especially those based on three-dimensional ocean general circulation models, for estimating the uptake of CO2 by the ocean.