Water-based Systems Research Articles

Review of Domestic and Overseas Regulations and Technical Standards for Water Mist Fire Extinguishing Systems

The water mist system is an eco-friendly fire-extinguishing technology that suppresses fires using fine droplets with diameters of several hundred micrometers. This suppression occurs through a combination of smothering and cooling effects, as well as by blocking radiant heat. Compared to traditional water-based fire-extinguishing systems, water mist systems provide similar fire suppression capabilities while using only 10% of the water. Internationally, various organizations, such as the International Maritime Organization, Underwriters Laboratories, and Factory Mutual, have established standards and technical guidelines for water mist systems, outlining fire-testing methods and certification procedures. However, domestically, although standards and technical guidelines for water mist systems exist, specific requirements and procedures for certifying the performance of different types of protected objects have not yet been established. This gap has resulted in challenges across diverse operational environments where water mist systems are implemented, primarily due to the lack of clarity in technical standards. This study aims to compare and review the current regulations and standards for the design, manufacture, installation, certification, and maintenance of water mist systems, both domestically and internationally. It proposes a reasonable operational plan to broaden the applications of water mist systems in our country and contribute to the establishment of systematic and stable regulatory frameworks for their future use.

Comparison of radiant intensity in aqueous media using experimental and numerical simulation techniques

Accurately modelling the propagation of radiant intensity in aqueous environments poses significant challenges for both academia and industry, due to complex interactions like absorption, scattering, and reflection. This study aims to improve the accuracy of optical modeling in water-based systems by comparing experimental data with numerical simulation techniques, addressing the need for more reliable simulation methods in multiple applications like treatment of water and environmental monitoring.Implementation has been done by analyzing how the method compares with the discrete ordinate method, radiometry, and actinometry. The study further quantifies the effect of the photoreactor quartz tube on measured intensity for multiple wavelengths. Losses in light intensity are estimated to be 10 ± 0.5% for FX-1 265 source. In contrast, the simulation in a water medium showed an increase of up to 64% in the light intensity delivered to the central part of the tube due to internal reflections and scattering. Model predictions from ray tracing successfully compared with the Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM) and experimental data (within ± 6%), ensuring the accurate design of complex systems for water disinfection. The data from simulations is seen to tackle challenges faced in complex radiation modeling and demonstrates that the method can be utilized as a useful tool for optimization and prediction.

Ray tracing design-optimization & experimental validation of water based optical filter to reduce solar PV module heating

The operating temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module significantly impacts its efficiency. Increased temperatures reduce the efficiency due to a negative thermal coefficient, which decreases its power above standard test conditions (25 °C, 1000 W/m2). This research targets the reduction of thermal load on PV modules through the incorporation of a water-based optical filter, designed and optimized using ray tracing techniques. The optimal thickness for the glass was determined as 3 mm and 5 mm for the water layers of the filter, providing the best yield. The filter effectively absorbs 92 % of the infrared radiation and 47 % of the ultraviolet spectral flux, significantly reducing heat-induced efficiency losses in the PV module. Water-based optical filter system reduces the module temperature up to 9.80 °C. The optical filter-based PV system achieved a 4.56 % increase in electrical efficiency compared to the reference module, with an average efficiency of 12.19 %. The heated water, reaching up to 48.25 °C, can be reused for various industrial processes, providing both cooling for PV modules and a hot water source, making it versatile and efficient for regions needing both electricity and hot water.

Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: The Role of Flow Rate in Water-Based Systems

This research investigates the performance of water as a working fluid in the shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHEs), explicitly analyzing how variations in flow rate influence the heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and friction factor characteristics. Experiments were conducted using an STHE with a SUS 201 stainless steel shell and a pure copper tube featuring an inner diameter of 10 mm and an outer diameter of 13 mm. The flow rates of the cold fluid varied at 9, 10, and 12 liters per minute (LPM), while the hot fluid flow was maintained at a constant rate of 6.67 LPM. A 600 W heater, regulated by a PID system, was utilized to evaluate thermal performance, with water serving as the hot fluid on the shell side and the cold fluid on the tube side. Results demonstrate a significant increase in both the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate with higher flow rates of the cold fluid, with the maximum heat transfer coefficient recorded at 12 LPM and the minimum at 9 LPM. The STHE exhibited high efficiency, with heat transfer rate differences between the shell and tube sides remaining below 5%. Although pressure fluctuations were observed with increasing flow rates, they did not substantially affect the friction factor, indicating a predominantly turbulent flow regime. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing heat transfer performance in STHEs, contributing to advancements in thermal management technologies and enhancing the design of efficient heat exchangers.

A multi-country survey on sanitation systems in underserved urban settlements in the Melanesian Pacific region

Safe and enduring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for all is the key target of Sustainable Development Goal 6. Despite progress in global WASH monitoring to support SDG 6, significant data gaps persist, especially in urban informal settlements in the Melanesian Pacific Region. This study aimed to improve understanding of existing sanitation systems, residents’ preferences, and climate hazard exposure in these areas. Household surveys were conducted with 393 households in Suva (Fiji) and Port Vila (Vanuatu). Water availability for sanitation was high in Suva (99%) and Port Vila (70%), with noted improvements in sanitation superstructure. However, dry pits without slabs remain significant (15%) in Port Vila. The preference for water-based systems highlights the need for a resilient sanitation service chain, including adequate faecal sludge management, which was problematic in both locations. Reports of climate-driven hazard damage were more frequent in Vanuatu, with one in three respondents reporting impacts on their sanitation services.

A Study of Color Fixation Agents in Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate-Based Reverse Micellar Cotton Dyeing System with Reactive Dyes

ABSTRACT Influence of color fixation agent (CFA) and dyebath pH in secondary alcohol ethoxylate (SAE)-based reverse micellar dyeing system of cotton with reactive dyes was investigated and compared with water-based dyeing system using different alkali (i.e. CFA) such as: (i) sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), (ii) sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and (iii) sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The color, tensile strength, fastness and surface morphological properties of dyed samples were examined. Experimental results showed that samples dyed with Na2CO3 can achieve the highest color yield, followed by NaHCO3 and NaOH in both water-based and reverse micellar dyeing system. The color yield and reflectance percentage of the dyed cotton samples were found to be closely related to the dyebath pH value. Relative unlevelness indices (RUI) also reflected that cotton samples dyed with NaOH in reverse micellar dyeing system have a higher chance of color unlevelness when compared with NaHCO3 and Na2CO3. Tensile strength results affirm that higher alkalinity of dyebath could cause higher strength loss to the colored cotton samples. Both cotton samples dyed by water and SAE approach showed good to excellent color fastness properties while scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images exhibit that the use of different alkalis may cause some damage to the cotton fiber.

Exploring the Distribution of Low Molecular Weight Compounds in Water-Based Two-Phase Systems with Various Salt Additives

The partition coefficients of seven low molecular weight compounds were tested in different aqueous two-phase systems. The ionic composition of each system included specific salt additives, and it was found that there is a linear relationship between the solute partition coefficients and the presence of different salt additives. The study suggests that the solute structure and the type of ions influence the solute response to the ionic environment. Additionally, it was observed that the solutes’ polar surface area and the solvent-accessible surface area are the essential structural features governing partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems.

Impact of nano-powders on conduction mechanism during solidification through cold storage tank

In this article, numerical modeling with the aim of decreasing the solidification time is presented. The solidification process is primarily influenced by conduction, leading to the application of two techniques aimed at enhancing this mechanism: the install of fins and the addition of nano-powders. Various shapes and fractions of alumina nanoparticles are introduced into the H2O to accelerate the solidification. To predict the properties of the nanoparticle-infused mixture, single-phase formulations are employed. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is then hired to model the system, with an adaptive grid implemented to enhance accuracy. Validation against previous works demonstrates the capability of the developed code for the present study. The incorporation of nanoparticles results in a significant 32.7 % increase in the freezing rate, highlighting the effectiveness of this approach. Additionally, altering the shape of the nanoparticles can further increase the process rate by approximately 10.73 %. The transition from a water-based system to one infused with nanomaterials leads to a notable decrement in freezing time, from 957.64 s to 6447.35 s. These outputs emphasize the potential of nanomaterial-enhanced cold energy storage systems to significantly improve efficiency and performance. In summary, the study showcases the effectiveness of numerical simulation in optimizing cold energy saving processes through the strategic utilization of nanoparticles.

Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Agricultural Pesticide Delivery: A Review.

Pesticides play a crucial role in ensuring food production and food security. Conventional pesticide formulations can not meet the current needs of social and economic development, and they also can not meet the requirements of green agriculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient, stable, safe, and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations to gradually replace old formulations which have high pollution and low efficacy. The rise of nanotechnology provides new possibilities for innovation in pesticide formulations. Through reasonable design and construction of an environmentally friendly pesticide delivery system (PDS) based on multifunctional nanocarriers, the drawbacks of conventional pesticides can be effectively solved, realizing a water-based, nanosized, targeted, efficient, and safe pesticide system. In the past five years, researchers in chemistry, materials science, botany, entomology, plant protection, and other fields are paying close attention to the research of nanomaterials based PDSs and nanopesticide formulations and have made certain research achievements. These explorations provide useful references for promoting the innovation of nanopesticides and developing a new generation of green and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations. This Perspective summarizes the recent advances of nanomaterials in PDSs and nanopesticide innovation, aiming to provide useful guidance for carrier selection, surface engineering, controlled release conditions, and application in agriculture.

Application of Hydrothermal Synthesized Titanium Dioxide-Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Filtration Properties-Response Surface Methodology Study.

The success of any drilling activity mainly depends on the characteristics of the drilling fluid. Therefore, a high-performance drilling fluid is substantial for any drilling operation. During overbalance drilling operations, the drilling mud invades the permeable formations and causes the loss of circulation, which is responsible for nonproductive time events. Hence, the filtration characteristics of the drilling mud are an imperative property. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the filtration characteristics of water-based mud systems in the presence of polyanionic cellulose (PAC) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized by using the hydrothermal technique. For the first time, a composite of MWCNTs and TiO2 has been utilized as a fluid loss control additive in the petroleum sector, marking a significant development in the field. The filtration properties of water-based mud were assessed at two concentrations (0.35 g and 3.5 g). Furthermore, based on the two levels (concentrations) and two factors (particles), the novel application of the central composite response surface design of experiment (CCD) was implemented. The results showed that the predicted model from CCD was in good agreement with the filter press experimental result with R 2 = 0.8446. Furthermore, based on the ANOVA analysis, the concentration of MWCNTs/TiO2 nanoparticles was the most significant parameter with p-value < 0.05. In addition, 10 out of 13 experimental points fall under the ±10% error window, thus indicating a higher accuracy of the regression model. The 2D interactive plots further show that the concentration of PAC is insignificant and has no considerable influence on fluid loss control, which was also validated by p-value > 0.05. The performance of MWCNTs/TiO2 nanoparticles is superior to PAC because these nanodimension particles plug the pore-spacing and block the permeation channels on the filter paper. However, the PAC, because of its long molecular chain, entangles around the pore spaces and plugs the microsize pores, which eventually reduces the filtration loss volume up to some extent. By observing the synergistic interaction between MWCNTs/TiO2 nanoparticles and PAC, this study develops valuable insights that assist in improving the performance of drilling fluid and minimizes the wellbore instability issues in the oil and gas sector.

A clinical comparison of glycol and water-based heater-cooler systems for cardiopulmonary bypass.

While newer heater-cooler technologies using ethylene glycol-based (GB) solutions during cardiothoracic surgery have become commercially available, there is a paucity of clinical data describing their effectiveness during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) support. This analysis aimed to compare clinical characteristics and procedural outcomes using water-based (WB) and GB heater-cooler systems. A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive adult patients undergoing CPB from June to October 2022 comparing WB or GB groups. The primary outcome was a composite of operative death or major morbidity. Secondary endpoints included transfusion requirements on CPB, patient cooling and warming rates, and vasoactive-inotropic scores (VIS) at case completion. P-control charts were used to monitor the weekly incidence of the composite outcome. A sub-analysis was performed to evaluate the primary outcome for cardiac surgery cases indexed by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). There were 167 patients included for analysis; 87 (52.1%) underwent CPB with a WB system and 80 (47.9%) with a GB system. GB procedure subjects were younger (p = .01), experienced longer CPB times (p = .034), and were more likely to receive thoracic transplant or aortic surgery (p = 0.015). The composite outcome of operative mortality or major morbidity occurred in 29.9% and 24% of the WB and GB groups, respectively (p = .372). P-control charts indicated a weekly mean incidence of 30% during WB practice, which decreased to 24% with GB practice. Among 106 STS-indexed cardiac surgery cases, mean composite outcome incidence decreased from 19% to 6% following our GB transition. Additionally, cooling, and warming rates indexed to patient BSA and VIS at case completion were not significantly different. Our analysis demonstrated a safe transition from WB to GB heater-cooler technologies in our practice. This early analysis suggests that GB heater coolers may be safely adopted to mitigate the risks of nontuberculous mycobacterium infections for cardiac surgical patients.

Retrieval of Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions using sustainable guar gum/PVA/montmorillonite nanocomposite films: effect of temperature and adsorption isotherms.

Uncontrolled or improperly managed wastewater is considered toxic and dangerous to plants, animals, and people, as well as negatively impacting the ecosystem. In this research, the use of we aimed to prepare polymer nanocomposites (guar gum/polyvinyl alcohol, and nano-montmorillonite clay) for eliminating heavy metals from water-based systems, especially Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions. The synthesis of nanocomposites was done by the green method with different ratios of guar gum to PVA (50/50), (60/40), and (80/20) wt%, in addition to glycerol that acts as a cross-linker. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the prepared (guar gum/PVA/MMT) polymeric nano-composites' structure and morphology revealed the presence of both guar gum and PVA's functional groups in the polymeric network matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was also performed, which verified the creation of a nanocomposite. Furthermore, theromgravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated the biocomposites' excellent thermal properties. For those metal ions, the extreme uptake was found at pH 6.0 in each instance. The Equilibrium uptake capacities of the three prepared nanocomposites were achieved within 240min. The maximal capacities were found to be 95, 89 and 84mg/g for Cu2+, and for Cd2+ were found to be 100, 91, 87mg/g for guar gum (80/20, 60/40 and 50/50), respectively. The pseudo-2nd-order model with R2 > 0.98 was demonstrated to be followed by the adsorption reaction, according to the presented results. In less than 4hours, the adsorption equilibrium was reached. Furthermore, a 1% EDTA solution could be used to revitalize the metal-ion-loaded nanocomposites for several cycles. The most promising nanocomposite with efficiency above 90% for the removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from wastewater was found to have a guar (80/20) weight percentage, according to the results obtained.

Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of High-Temperature-Resistant Extreme-Pressure Lubricants for a Water-Based Drilling Fluid Gel System.

Addressing the high friction and torque challenges encountered in drilling processes for high-displacement wells, horizontal wells, and directional wells, we successfully synthesized OAG, a high-temperature and high-salinity drilling fluid lubricant, using materials such as oleic acid and glycerol. OAG was characterized through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The research findings demonstrate the excellent lubricating performance of OAG under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions. After adding 1.0% OAG to a 4% freshwater-based slurry, the adhesion coefficient of the mud cake decreased to 0.0437, and at a dosage of 1.5%, the lubrication coefficient was 0.032, resulting in a reduction rate of 94.1% in the lubrication coefficient. After heating at 200 °C for 16 h, the reduction rate of the lubrication coefficient reached 93.6%. Even under 35% NaCl conditions, the reduction rate of the lubrication coefficient remained at 80.3%, indicating excellent lubrication retention performance. The lubricant OAG exhibits good compatibility with high-density drilling fluid gel systems, maintaining their rheological properties after heating at 200 °C and reducing filtration loss. The lubrication mechanism analysis indicates that OAG can effectively adsorb onto the surface of N80 steel sheets. The contact angle of the steel sheets increased from 41.9° to 83.3° before and after hot rolling, indicating a significant enhancement in hydrophobicity. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the formation of an extreme-pressure lubricating film through chemical reactions of OAG on the metal surface. Consequently, this film markedly reduces the friction between the drilling tools and the wellbore rocks, thereby enhancing lubrication performance and providing valuable guidance for constructing high-density water-based drilling fluid gel systems.

Sustainable All-Cellulose Biocomposites from Renewable Biomass Resources Fabricated in a Water-Based Processing System by the Vacuum-Filtration-Assisted Impregnation Method.

The increasing awareness of global ecological concerns and the rising sustainability consciousness associated with the manufacturing of non-renewable and non-biodegradable composite materials have led to extensive research on product and process developments of more sustainable, environmentally friendly, and fully biodegradable biocomposites for higher-value end-use applications. All-cellulose composites (ACCs) are an emerging class of biocomposites, which are produced utilizing solely cellulose as a raw material that is derived from various renewable biomass resources, such as trees and plants, and are assessed as fully biodegradable. In this study, sustainable ACCs were fabricated for the first time based on the full dissolution of commercially available sulfite dissolving (D) pulps as a matrix with concentrations of 1.5 wt.% and 2.0 wt.% in an aqueous NaOH-urea solvent, and they were then impregnated on/into the pre-fabricated birch (B), abaca (A), and northern softwood (N) fiber sheets as reinforcements by the vacuum-filtration-assisted impregnation approach. This research aimed to investigate the effects of the impregnated cellulose matrix concentrations and types of the utilized cellulose fiber reinforcements (B, A, N) on the morphological, crystalline, structural, and physio-mechanical properties of the ACCs. The highest degrees of improvements were achieved for tensile strength (+532%, i.e., from 9.24 MPa to 58.04 MPa) and strain at break of the B fiber-reinforced ACC B1.5 (+446%, i.e., from 1.36% to 4.62%) fabricated with vacuum impregnation of the 1.5 wt.% cellulose matrix. Noticeably, the greatest improvements were attained in strain at break of the A and N fiber-reinforced ACCs A2.0 (+218%, i.e., from 4.44 % to 14.11%) and N2.0 (+466%, i.e., 2.59% to 14.65%), respectively, produced with vacuum impregnation of the 2.0 wt.% cellulose matrix. The study highlights the diverse properties of the all-cellulose biocomposite materials that could, expectedly, lead to further development and research for upscaled production of the ACCs.

Improving the fire-retardant performance of industrial reactive coatings for steel building structures

The main aim of this study was to determine key factors that regulate fire-retardant effectiveness of intumescent coatings comprising of ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, pentaerythritol, polymer binder. Fulfillment of the research objectives resulted in the development of a coating with R120 fire resistance. The expected service life of the coating is at least 15 years when applied at Z2 type of environmental conditions (indoor use). It was established that in order to provide fire resistance of around R30 it is advisable to use the styrene-acrylic polymers as binders for both water-based and organic-based intumescent systems. The ratio of target components ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/pentaerythritol in such systems should be close to 2/1/1. The coating thickness is to be 0.4–0.5 mm. To achieve higher fire resistance (R60 or more) the coating should include a vinyl acetate derivative as a binder (copolymers with ethylene or vinylversatate). Target components ratio in this case is to be close to 3.5/1/1.5, while the coating thickness should be kept at 1.6–1.8 mm. If the required class of fire resistance is above R120, coating thickness is usually to be kept above 3.5 mm. In order to achieve higher fire resistance, it is advisable to use nano-clay additives and reinforcing fibers in intumescent compositions.The obtained results were used in the development of intumescent coating, which is produced industrially and provides over R120 fire resistance of steel, which was confirmed in standardized full-scale fire tests.

Experimental Investigation of Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems on External Façade Fires

The use of external fire suppression systems can reduce the risk of fire spreading between buildings. This study investigated the effectiveness and efficiency of different externally placed water-based fire suppression systems on façade fire safety. A series of large-scale experiments comprising an SP Fire 105 setup equipped with sprinklers and high-pressure water mist nozzles have been performed. A combustible façade, consisting of 2.5 cm thick oriented strand board (OSB) plates, was installed to provide challenging conditions and allow a visual assessment of the post-fire damage. The temperature profile on the façade surface was measured with 34 thermocouples, while five heat flux gauges and two fast-response plate thermocouples were used to measure the heat flux on the façade surface and emitted to the ambient. The sprinklers and the high-pressure water mist system effectively suppressed the upwards flame migration and reduced the heat flux toward adjacent buildings. It was observed that the sprinklers acted as a water curtain and kept the façade wet during the fire, promoting minor damage (the burnt area is less than 1% of the total area). The temperature and heat flux measurements demonstrated that the sprinkler system was the most effective suppression system. However, the high-pressure water mist systems achieved similar effectiveness but a much higher efficiency concerning water consumption. The sprinkler nozzles used four times as much water as the high-pressure water mist nozzles.

Irradiation-assisted synthesis of smart hydrogels based on nanomagnetic semi-interpenetrating p(HEMA)/PVP networks for the cleaning of cultural heritage artifacts

Preservation of our cultural and historical heritage as a testimony to our shared past is a responsibility that demands significant attention. One of the most critical and delicate aspects of conserving such treasures is cleaning them safely and effectively. Chemical hydrogels specifically designed for cleaning cultural heritage artifacts allow for the containment and controlled release of water. Based on a generic approach, a smart nanomagnetic hydrogel was developed using a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (p(HEMA)) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Gamma irradiation was employed to perform simultaneous in-situ polymerization, crosslinking, and also immobilization of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The chemical and structural characteristics of the nanomagnetic hydrogel were investigated using gel content, equilibrium water content, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, magnetic properties, compressive strength, dehydration kinetics, and adhesion tests. The optimal formula for smart hydrogel was a ratio of monomer to polymer 50:50, a water content of 60 wt.%, a gamma radiation dose of 20 kGy, and 3 wt.% of MNP. Two cotton canvas case studies demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of the selected hydrogel in removing dirt and confining the water-based cleaning system. It was found that no color leaching occurred during the cleaning process.

Investigation of silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles and activated carbon as a potential fluid loss additive and Pakistan shale inhibitor in water-based mud system coupled with advance image processing technique

Investigation of silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles and activated carbon as a potential fluid loss additive and Pakistan shale inhibitor in water-based mud system coupled with advance image processing technique

Design and performance evaluation of Front glass-covered photovoltaics-thermal hybrid system for enhanced electrical output and hot water production

Proof of concept is established for the thermal management of PV modules for the simultaneous benefit of electrical and thermal efficiency. It was achieved by designing the controlled open-loop water-based hybrid PV-T system and demonstrated for thermal management of 150W photovoltaic panel at natural solar conditions. In this integrated front glass-covered PV-T hybrid (IFG-PV-T) system, the PV panel is clipped between the front glass and rear aluminium collector without causing any permanent changes in the existing panel. The flow of water from the source tank is controlled by automated solenoid valve assembly coupled with thermocouples. The solenoid operational temperature is fixed at 40°C to controlled the PV surface temperature at an optimum range to mitigate the adverse effect on voltage and current output. The water layer thickness in the front glass box is optimized to filter the maximum infrared radiations and the collector's toughened glass feature allows the maximum light transmittance with super safety. The performance of the IFG-PV-T system has been evaluated in terms of variation in open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum power output, electric and thermal efficiency under the natural solar insolation for a week. Experimental investigations revealed that the open-circuit voltage is increased by ∼16.1 % with IFG-PV-T as compared to conventional PV panel. The increment can be attributed to the synergy of the front glass collector and solenoid valve operation at 40oC that regulates PV surface temperature and boost the current output. These factors have ameliorated the electrical efficiency of IFG-PV-T compared to conventional PV panel. The average thermal efficiency was 39.4 ​% wherein the IFG-PV-T system provides ∼100 ​L of hot water (38–41 ​°C) per day. The present controlled loop operation system and collector configuration have proven their significance for electrical power increment and concomitantly able to deliver moderate hot water which can be useful for any household or commercial application.

Using Methods to Assess the Structure of Water and Water-Containing Systems to Improve the Properties of Living and Non-Living Systems

This paper explores how water and water-based systems change their structure under different conditions, such as pH, temperature, and electric fields. These changes affect the properties and performance of living and non-living systems that use water or water-based systems in various technologies. We can use pH, temperature, and electric fields to measure and control the structural changes in water and water-based systems and improve the outcomes of different technologies in biology and medicine. More research is needed to understand how various factors influence the structure of water and water-based systems and how this affects living and non-living systems.