Technology For Wastewater Reuse Research Articles

Effect of superficial gas velocity on membrane fouling behavior and evolution during municipal wastewater treatment

Aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor (AGMBR) is a promising technology for wastewater reuse and membrane fouling mitigation. Superficial gas velocity (SGV) plays an important role in the efficient and stable operation of AGMBR. However, the effect of SGV on the membrane fouling behavior and evolution of AGMBR has not been reported, which was systematically investigated in this study. AGMBR with various SGVs was used to treat synthetic municipal wastewater, and more than 94.5% and 60.5% of organics and total nitrogen, respectively, were removed at all SGVs. Further, a larger SGV prolonged the AGMBR overall operation. Contents and physiochemical properties of foulants varied with SGV and transmembrane pressure (TMP). Micro-level analyses revealed that the proportion of pore-blocking resistance in total fouling resistance as well as the microbial community diversity in the sludge mixture or on the membrane surface increased with TMP and SGV. The correlation analyses demonstrated that decreasing the polysaccharide content of soluble microbial products, increasing the protein content of tight extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge mixture, and enhancing the relative abundance of Bacteroidia and Gammaproteobacteria were beneficial for mitigating membrane fouling. This study reveals membrane fouling evolution and provides theoretical guidance for the large-scale application of AGMBR in wastewater reuse.

The emergence of adsorptive membrane treatment for pollutants removal – A mini bibliometric analysis study

Owing to its toxic and cancer-causing consequences on living organisms, water pollution has garnered worldwide attention. As a result of the severe global drinking water shortages caused by the presence of several contaminants in water sources, a variety of treatment methods have been developed. Among accessible removal methods, adsorptive removal by adsorbents including metal–organic frameworks (MOF), metal oxide, carbon-based substances, and zeolite has garnered a great deal of interest because of their abundance of functional groups, relatively large surface area, great chemical and thermal resistance, and excellent adsorption efficiency. Due to their outstanding efficacy and proficiency in the water treatment process, adsorptive membranes are regarded as one of the most advantageous and promising solutions for wastewater reuse technologies. The combination of adsorption and membrane filtration processes, which are characterized by rapid adsorption–desorption volumes, relatively low diffusion impedance, and high flow rates, has garnered considerable interest in recent years. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was undertaken to utilize the Scopus database to find and appreciate the global current status of research on the adsorptive membranes process based on four principal analyses: growth patterns, keyword co-occurrence, topic area, and most cited references. Using the VOSviewer program, a total of 276 Scopus article records published between 1973 and 2021 were extracted and used as input for bibliometric analysis. Since 2016, there have been a large number of articles on adsorptive membranes, and by 2020 there will have been around 40 publications. On the basis of keywords, the principal topics of study in adsorptive membranes may be divided into three clusters: adsorption, membrane studies, and adsorption performance. These bibliometric data provide researchers and business professionals interested in the technology of adsorptive membranes with helpful resources and information on the current research directions of adsorptive membranes.

Atmospheric water generation in arid regions – A perspective on deployment challenges for the Middle East

Scarcity in fresh surface water resources combined with over-exploitation of groundwater reserves across the Middle East has increased the reliance on seawater desalination to meet the demand for potable water. The prevalence of high humidity and temperatures within this region, however, offers unprecedented potential for atmospheric water generation to complement classical desalination technologies. This review presents emerging technologies developed for atmospheric water generation focused on the Middle East and critically assesses their performance in terms of water production yield and quality. A review of the life cycle assessments performed to date, to introduce techno-economic analysis and current limitations, will also be presented to compare mature technologies, such as desalination and wastewater reuse technologies. The development of strategies to enable diversified and decentralized water production is key to many arid countries to limit the need for large-scale and permanent costly infrastructures, reduce environmental pressure associated with over-utilisation of limited resources and brine discharge, and permit a transition where water needs are decentralized and managed at the local level. This review offers perspectives on these aspects and is aimed at presenting the first pertinent roadmap for atmospheric water generation technologies within the Middle East.

Review: Reuse of Treated Wastewater

Abstract: Water reuse generally refers to the process of using treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, nonpotable urban applications (such as toilet flushing, street washing, and fire protection), groundwater recharge, recreation, and direct or undirected water supply. Its increased application has been facilitated by modern wastewater treatment processes that have advanced substantially during the twentieth century. Water Reuse is a reality at international. Several practices have emerged around the world as results of different needs, perspectives and policies. Accelerating development occurred in the past 15 years, especially in the application field of potable reuse. Technologies and treatment flowsheets have been studied and validated, demonstrating advanced water quality, safety and suitability for potable reuse applications. Reuse of wastewater after its treatment may be a good alternative for regions, which suffer from lack of pure water or have limited access to water resources. Effective water reuse applications require a combination of advanced treatment technologies. Increasingly these include a combination of low-pressure technologies MF/UF followed by NF/RO (high pressure) to provide a high-quality grade of water. Submerged membrane bioreactor systems (MBR) have also become a viable alternative for wastewater reuse technologies. Reuse technologies may be applied for municipal and industrial wastewater. Reuse of wastewater is only possible if sanitary and environmental safety is provided with no hazard for current ecosystem. That fact requires strict fulfilment of laws and regulation. Wastewater to be reused has to follow a certain sequence of treatment procedures to reduce concentration of pollutants in it. Water reuse (also commonly known as water recycling or water reclamation) reclaims water from a variety of sources then treats and reuses it for beneficial purposes such as agriculture and irrigation, potable water supplies, groundwater replenishment, industrial processes, and environmental restoration. Water reuse can provide alternatives to existing water supplies and be used to enhance water security, sustainability, and resilience that might be traditional methods (waste separation, sedimentation), methods of removal of certain components (nitrogen and phosphorus), disinfection

Membrane autopsy study to characterize fouling type of RO membrane used in an industrial zone wastewater reuse plant

In recent years, it has become very important to reuse wastewater as an alternative water source in industrial zones. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are the most used membrane technology for wastewater reuse due to their remarkable divalent and monovalent ions removal efficiencies. However, membrane fouling is a serious problem in RO plants which hinders the membrane performance and shortens the membrane lifespan. In this study, a detailed membrane autopsy study was carried out in fouled RO membrane to characterize the type of membrane fouling obtained from a full-scale industrial zone wastewater reuse plant in Turkey. The autopsy analysis results of the fouled membrane showed that the membrane surface was covered dominantly by inorganic scaling of CaCO3. Also, there was a remarkable amount of molybdenum (Mo) element on the membrane surface which was attributed to wastewater discharges of automotive industries. Lastly, an appropriate chemical cleaning protocol was proposed. More effective membrane cleaning efficiency was achieved for more acidic agents which was attributed to the presence of inorganic fouling. This study helps to understand the possible fouling formations on the membrane surface used in industrial zone wastewater reuse plants and gives an idea to take necessary precautions for fouling control strategies.

Copper oxide/peroxydisulfate system for urban wastewater disinfection: Performances, reactive species, and antibiotic resistance genes removal

In this study, copper oxide (CuO) catalyzed peroxydisulfate (PDS) system was investigated for the inactivation of a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms from urban wastewater. Complete inactivation of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, F-specific RNA bacteriophages from secondary treated wastewater was achieved after a short time (15–30 min) treatment with CuO (10 g/L)/PDS (1 mM) system, but spores of sulfite-reducing bacteria took 120 min. No bacterial regrowth occurred during storage after treatment. Significant reduction of the pathogens was explained by the generation of the highly selective Cu(III) oxidant, as the predominant reactive species, which could quickly oxidize guanine through a one-electron oxidation pathway. Additionally, the potential of the CuO (10 g/L)/PDS (1 mM) system to inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB&Gs) was explored. Sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli was used as the model ARB and a 3.2 log of reduction was observed after 10 min of treatment. A considerable reduction (0.7–2.3 log) of selected ARGs including blaTEM, qnrS, emrB, sul1, and genes related to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, including the Class 1 integron-integrase (intI1), and the insertion sequence (IS613) was achieved after 60 min treatment. All these findings indicated the promising applicability of the CuO/PDS system as a disinfection technology for wastewater reuse in agriculture.

Experimental Study on The Oxidative Degradation of RO Concentrated Water by Ti/IrO2-RuO2 Electrode

Advanced treatment and reuse of wastewater is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resources in China. The advantages of RO Technology, such as better water quality and lower operating cost, have become the mainstream desalination technology for wastewater reuse. However, RO technology will produce a certain amount of concentrated water, which contains a large number of inorganic salts and soluble refractory organics. The efficient removal of refractory organics in this high salinity system has become the main bottleneck and problem faced by RO technology. In view of the difficulty of further biochemical treatment of the concentrated water in the RO unit of a sewage treatment plant, the electrochemical method is used to treat the concentrated water. The effects of electrode spacing, current density and reaction time on the treatment of RO concentrated water were discussed. The optimal operation parameters for the treatment of 300ml of the wastewater are as follows: plate spacing 1.5cm, current density 300A/m2, reaction time 20min. Under the above conditions, the COD removal rate can reach 95%, and the lower the initial COD value, the higher the degradation efficiency.

Recent progress and challenges on adsorptive membranes for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. Part I: Fundamentals and classification of membranes

The development of novel wastewater reuse technologies appears to be a thriving area of research. Adsorptive membranes are considered among the promising technologies that exhibited efficiency and competence in water reuse. They have the potential of removing different types of emerging pollutants from wastewater that cannot be removed via conventional methods. These membranes are attractive because of the dual advantage of adsorption/filtration mechanisms and by virtue of their various types and configurations. The use of adsorptive membranes tackles several issues including fouling, process cost, adsorbent regeneration, adsorption capacity, membrane permeability, rejection rates, and selectivity. This review is devoted to discussing adsorptive membranes and their fabrication techniques, as well as presenting their various types and classifications. The challenges associated with their application are also reviewed. Their classifications can be established based on either the type of the adsorbent used or their polymers matrix. The major challenges are fouling and identifying the right filling materials. The review also identified the great potential of using these membranes in removing emerging pollutants.

Quantification of liquid phase faecal odourants to evaluate membrane technology for wastewater reuse from decentralised sanitation facilities

A liquid phase method to treat faecal odourants at source using membrane technology, consequently encouraging facility and water reuse acceptance.

A New Concept on High-Calcium Flotation Wastewater Reuse

Calcium ions are a kind of unavoidable ions in water. It has the deleterious effect on molybdenite flotation. High-calcium flotation wastewater (HCFW) was reused for flotation circuits after the pretreatment removing Ca2+ in from HCFW. The high cost of wastewater treatment limits HCFW reuse. In this paper, an efficient, innovative, low-cost and environmental-friendly flotation wastewater reuse technology was introduced. XLM, as a composite collector for molybdenite, is a mixture of diesel oil (DO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It could reduce the deleterious effects of Ca2+ on the flotation of molybdenite in HCFW. Therefore, this was used to replace the pretreatment removing Ca2+ in from high Ca2+ wastewater and saved the cost of wastewater treatment. When XLM consists of 4 wt % PAHs and 96 wt % DO, it has better adaptability than DO in the different Ca2+ concentration of flotation water. The contact angle measurements indicated that PAHs, as a synergistic component of a composite collector, could adsorb on the edges of molybdenite in the presence of Ca2+ by forming PAHs-Ca2+-MoO42− structure to increase the contact angle of fine molybdenite particle and reduce the deleterious effects of Ca2+ on the flotation of molybdenite. The industrial-scale test further that demonstrated XLM can improve the molybdenite roughing recovery and grade by 1.8% and 3.46% compared with DO as the collector in high Ca2+ flotation wastewater. It is feasible and effective to replace high-cost wastewater treatment for molybdenum plants.

PEMILIHAN TEKNOLOGI DAUR ULANG AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK DI KANTOR BPPT

The increasing variety of industrial activities in Indonesia resulted in ground water reserves in some areas experiencing drought. Exploitation of ground water by industry and the community in some big cities like Jakarta, resulting in the decrease of ground water and ground water quality reduced caused sea water instrusion. While the potential of wastewater produced by industrial and household waste high today. Based on the matters mentioned above and see the use of ground water that will be even greater in the future, then one of alternative that a lot of attention in many countries around the world are using wastewater reuse, particularly urban domestic wastewater (municipal wastewater) as a source of raw water for water supply. BPPT as a government office has made use of wastewater reuse technology, however, when the performance of the appliance is not working properly for it is necessary for re-evaluation and selection of wastewater reuse technology for better and sustainable. Keywords : Wastewater Reuse Technology, Domestic Wastewater, Water Consumption Survey

A Study on Scale Determination of FO-RO Hybrid Process Based on FO Recovery Rate

ABSTRACT Kim, G.-Y.; Jeong, J.-W.; Kim, M.-G.; Kim, H.-S.; Kim, J.-H., and Kim, H.-S., 2017. A study on scale determination of FO-RO hybrid process based on FO recovery rate. In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 2nd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 79, pp. 75–79. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Recent studies have been actively conducted on forward osmosis-reverse osmosis hybrid process combining seawater desalination and wastewater reuse technology. It uses seawater as draw solution and reclaimed wastewater as feed solution in the FO process. Although it is possible to save operating costs in forward osmosis-reverse osmosis hybrid process, organic matter contained in treated water of forward osmosis may have a negative effect on the coastal environment. Therefore, studies are needed to evaluate the removal efficiency of organic matter in forward osmosis process and to enable the commercialization of forwa...

Effect of various pretreatments on the performance of nanofiltration for wastewater reuse

In the present study, we focused on integrated processes by membrane bioreactor (MBR), SMR, and pressurized microfiltration (PMF) as a pretreatment with nanofiltration (NF) as a post-treatment for wastewater reuse. The purpose of this study is to treat wastewater through MBR, MBR with powdered activated carbon (PAC), submerged microfiltration (SMF), SMF with PAC, and PMF effluent, which is mainly used in wastewater treatment, in combination with NF as a post-treatment process. MBR with PAC was used as the main pretreatment for NF, and was compared to NF combined with other pretreatments. At constant pressure in NF, MBR-NF with PAC system has higher flux and better water quality than other systems. In order to prevent the membrane fouling by organic matters, the integrated MBR with PAC process should be employed. The integrated MBR-NF with PAC process can improve water quality for wastewater reuse. Based on the wastewater reuse standards, effluent can be available for human application. Advanced treatment of wastewater by MBR-NF system with PAC was proven to be viable. This study provides understanding on treating the wastewater through advanced technology for wastewater reuse.

Influence of microbubble in physical cleaning of MF membrane process for wastewater reuse

Currently, there is a growing emphasis on wastewater reclamation and reuse all over the world due to restricted water resources. Among a variety of wastewater reuse technologies, the use of microfiltration membranes (MF) is one of the popular processes because it has the ability to successfully eliminate particulates and colloidal matters. However, successful fouling control is not easy because effluents from the activated sludge process still contain small particulates and colloidal matters such as extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP). On the other hand, microbubbles have advantageous properties compared to common bubbles, but there hasn't been reporting of the use of microbubbles in physical cleaning instead of aeration. Encouraging results were obtained herein through the application of microbubbles for physical cleaning. In evaluation of the cleaning efficiency, the efficiency of microbubbles was observed to be twice as high as that of aeration, except during the course of the initial 30min. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the membrane tank after treatment with microbubbles was more than twice as high as that after aeration for physical cleaning. The membrane cleaned with microbubbles also had the smoothest surface, with a roughness of 42.5nm. In addition, microbubbles were found to effectively remove EPS and make the structure of the gel layer loose. In particular, the microbubbles had the ability to remove proteins through the effect of pyrolytic decomposition. Therefore, in FT-IR spectra of the membrane surfaces taken before and after physical cleaning, while each treatment showed similar peak positions, the peak values of the membrane treated with microbubbles were the lowest. Through various analyses, it was confirmed that microbubbles can remove foulants on the gel layer in spite of their very low shear force. This means that microbubble cleaning has full potential for use as a physical cleaning method in the wastewater reclamation process.

Impact of loading rate and filter height on the retention factor in the model of total coliform (TC) removal in direct rapid sand filtration

As a promising technology for wastewater reuse, direct rapid sand filtration has been widely used throughout the world, especially in arid developing and emerging countries. Retention factor describing the equilibrium between retained and mobile total coliform (TC) bacteria plays an important role in the model of TC removal in direct rapid sand filtration. Little attention has been given to the relationship between retention factor and loading rate as well as filter height, two critical parameters impacting retention factor. Therefore, the influence of loading rate as well as filter height on retention factor was discussed. Results showed that retention factor decreased dramatically with loading rate ranging from 9 to 15 m/h, but increased slightly as loading rate ranged from 5 to 9 m/h, which is a little different with the variation of suspended solids and total phosphorus removal efficiency. Retention factor decreased significantly with filter height of 0–30 cm and 120–150 cm, but reduced uniformly with filter height of 30–120 cm. It was deduced that the optimum loading rate and filter height may be 9 m/h and 90–120 cm, respectively. Increasing flocculant could overcome retention factor reduction resulted from higher loading rate or smaller filter height.

Analysis on Garden Irrigation for the Recycling and Use of Reclaimed Water

The lack of water resource is the resource and environmental problem of various countries in the current international environment face, and a better way to solve the shortage of water resource is to adopt the reclaimed water for civil irrigation. But the development of science and technology in China started late, it leads to that our country doesnt have deep experience in the use of the reclaimed water application technology, thus, the development and requirements of this technology in the domestic world are very urgent and demanding. In this paper, the author makes a detailed technology requirement explanation for the technology requirement level of supervision, technology, technics and management aspect on wastewater reuse technology.

Development and start up of a gas-lift anaerobic membrane bioreactor (Gl-AnMBR) for conversion of sewage to energy, water and nutrients

A lab-scale, gas-lift anaerobic membrane bioreactor (Gl-AnMBR) was developed and evaluated for its ability to treat and recover resources from sewage. Gl-AnMBR is a hybrid treatment technology that combines anaerobic biological process with low-pressure membrane filtration. A synthetic sewage, mimicking household wastewater, was used as feed to the 10L suspended-growth bioreactor, which is coupled to a tubular PVDF ultrafiltration membrane (with biogas as sparge gas) for sludge/water separation. A series of rapid filterability assessments of flocculant anaerobic sludge was performed and a flux of 18L/m2h (LMH) could be obtained under the tested conditions. Under continuous operation (100d), the flux gradually settled to a stable range of 10–15LMH when weekly manual fouling control was applied. When frequent backwash (for 5min every 4h) was applied, an average flux of 50LMH was sustained. Gl-AnMBR showed excellent removal efficiencies of sewage organic matter (up to 98% and 95% in chemical oxygen demand and organic carbon removal, respectively), while producing methane as biogas (4.5L/d), which can be used for membrane scrubbing and energy recovery. The high-clarity permeate contained soluble nutrients derived from sewage organic matter (95.5% and 93.4% cumulative recovery for nitrogen and phosphorous, respectively, after 100d), which may potentially be used for combined fertilization/irrigation (fertigation). The study demonstrates that Gl-AnMBR is a promising technology for wastewater reuse and resource recovery.

A Discourse on Feasibility of the Membrane Bioreactor Technology for Wastewater Reuse in Saudi Arabia

A Discourse on Feasibility of the Membrane Bioreactor Technology for Wastewater Reuse in Saudi Arabia

Wastewater recycling in laundries—From pilot to large-scale plant

A new, innovative wastewater recycling process for industrial laundries has been developed through cooperation between Textil-Service Klingelmeyer (a medium-size laundry in Darmstadt, Germany) and the University of Applied Sciences in Karlsruhe, Germany. The project “Laundry Innovative Wastewater Recycling Technology—LIWATEC” was sponsored by the European Community in its LIFE-Environment programme. The purpose of the LIWATEC project was to design and start up a new, innovative, integrated process using membrane technology for wastewater reuse on a large scale in the Klingelmeyer laundry. The large scale plant was designed for wastewater treatment capacity of 200 m 3/day. This integrated process has been successfully tested for 5 years in the form of two pilot plants at the laundry in Darmstadt and at the University of Karlsruhe (capacities: 10 m 3/day and <1 m 3/day). The pilot plant data provided a scale up basis for designing the large plant. This paper gives a summary of the pilot plant data in comparison with the initial results of the large-scale unit, which went into operation in June 2006. The integrated process comprises a membrane bioreactor (MBR) with submerged plate and frame microfiltration membranes as the principal cleaning unit. The results of the pilot agree with those of the large-scale plant. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was around 90%; the average flux was approximately 14 L/m 2 h. The MBR permeate provides a water quality that can be used as washing water since it fully meets the requirements of the washing process. Part of the MBR permeate is subsequently treated by reverse osmosis (RO) filtration using spiral wound modules in order to remove salts. The average flux of the RO unit is 25–30 L/m 2 h at around 16 bar. The salt retention rate exceeds 99%. The high quality of the reverse osmosis permeate meets the demands of the rinsing processes. In general, up to 90% of total wastewater can be reused. Moreover, it is an easy-handling and cost-efficient wastewater recycling process that could be adapted to different types of laundries due to its modular structure.

Water Resources Management in Saudi Arabia and Water Reuse

ABSRTACT The potential for water reclamation and reuse in Saudi Arabia are assessed by considering relationships among the technical, social, economic, and environmental parameters. Generally, the planning process for water reuse has focused on specific technological processes, however water reuse should be analyzed as part of a total hydrologic system to ensure the efficient transfer of wastewater reuse technology To bring relationships into better focus, the application is developed with reference to Saudi Arabia, which provides an excellent opportunity for practicing water reuse. In this region, a limited water supply is used to satisfy municipal, industrial, agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses. The economic and social trends are toward continued industrial development and urbanization. In this setting, water recycling through reuse is becoming a more and more important means of expanding water supplies to meet the growing demands for water for virtually all social, economic and environmental uses Saudi Arabia is an arid country with very limited water resources and about 10 million people. The country covers some 2.2 million km2, four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. It is the largest country in the world without a river or a lake, and thus it represents the ultimate in its need to use the limited water supplies wisely.