Wastewater Management Systems Research Articles

EVALUATING WASTEWATER TREATMENT EFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL CENTERS IN BINH DUONG PROVINCE

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the wastewater management system implemented at a medical center located within the Bau Bang Industrial Park in Binh Duong province, Vietnam. With a staff of 166 and 60 beds, the facility operates in accordance with TCVN 4470:2012 General Hospital design standards, serving a diverse range of water demands including domestic, medical, and auxiliary requirements. The wastewater management system is meticulously designed to handle both rainwater and wastewater separately. Rainwater is efficiently collected through surface and roof drainage networks, while domestic and medical wastewater undergo discrete collection processes. The medical center's wastewater treatment facility, operating at a capacity of 100 m³/day, employs a multistage treatment process to ensure compliance with stringent regulatory standards (QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT, column B, K = 1). This process includes preliminary treatment, anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment, membrane filtration, and disinfection. The facility consistently meets quality parameters outlined in QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT, exhibiting effective removal rates for organic pollutants, suspended solids, ammonia, phosphates, and pathogens. Furthermore, the medical center demonstrates commendable environmental stewardship through its stormwater drainage infrastructure, which integrates seamlessly with the local drainage network, safeguarding against environmental contamination. Overall, the wastewater management practices at the medical center exemplify best practices in environmental management within the healthcare sector. This study provides valuable insights into the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of wastewater treatment systems in industrial settings, contributing to the global discourse on sustainable wastewater management practices.

From Debt to Sustainability: Advancing Wastewater Projects in Developing Countries through Innovative Financing Mechanisms—The Role of Debt-for-Climate Swaps

Developing countries, including Small Island Developing States (SIDSs) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), are exceptionally vulnerable to climate change due to their distinct geographical and environmental characteristics. Escalating sea levels and heightened salinity levels imperil freshwater reserves, while warmer ocean temperatures and acidification disrupt water demand, tourism, health services, and fisheries. Concurrently, these countries bear the brunt of water shortages, flooding, and declining water quality. However, significant barriers such as limited financing capacities to fund water security initiatives, exacerbated by a growing debt crisis marked by escalating interest rates and inflation, hinder developmental progress and investments in climate adaptation and mitigation endeavors. Consequently, there arises a critical necessity to harness innovative financial mechanisms to transform these debts into opportunities that support effective climate action. This paper explores the potential of debt-for-climate swaps as a catalyst for advancing transformative wastewater projects, focusing on their strategic deployment to underpin critical initiatives. Through case studies and empirical evidence, the paper elucidates how debt-for-climate swaps can enhance sustainable wastewater management systems in developing countries and delineates best practices for leveraging these mechanisms and the roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders, including governments, policymakers, the private sector, communities, and climate financial institutions. Combining theoretical insights with tangible examples, this paper furnishes a comprehensive framework for harnessing debt-for-climate swaps to enhance water security and resilience in developing countries. It offers actionable strategies for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders to navigate the complex terrain of climate change and engender sustainable development.

Water and Wastewater Management in Production Processes of PGE Energia Ciepła SA Branch 1 in Krakow in Light of Company Modernization

Electricity production requires a very high water consumption. One way to reduce water demand in power plants might be effective wastewater recycling within the power plant, which can lead to almost zero wastewater discharge. The study aims to characterize the functioning of the water and wastewater management system before and after the modernization of a wastewater treatment installation owned by an electricity and heat producer using biomass and other solid fuels. The scope of work covered one of the largest energy companies in Poland: PGE Energia Ciepła SA Branch 1 in Krakow. Water management and the effectiveness of wastewater treatment installation modernization were assessed in terms of the BAT (Best Available Techniques) conclusions. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of changes in the quality parameters of wastewater after the modernization of the wet flue gas desulfurization installation. The research results prove that the modernization of the company’s water and wastewater system significantly reduced the emission of harmful substances into the environment and water consumption. After modernization, an effective reduction in the content of heavy metals and other pollutants in the wastewater was observed. A decrease in the content of cadmium was observed by 99%, nickel—96%, mercury—95%, and copper—83%.

Situbondo communal waste management study: application of the anaerobic baffled reactor method at the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic boarding school

Background : This study examines the planning of a communal wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) at the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic Boarding School, Situbondo Regency, using the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) method. Methods: This study uses the ABR method supported by literature studies as the basis for the preparation of the writing. The study also involved observation and field observation. Findings: (1) the domestic wastewater discharge generated by 4,410 people or 74 rooms is 364,408 m³/day, while the non-domestic wastewater discharge is 0.20 m³/day, bringing the total wastewater discharge to 364,608 m³/day. (2) The ABR method was chosen because it has several advantages, such as relatively small land requirements, ease of construction, operation and maintenance, no need for electrical energy, and more efficient costs. (3) The dimensions of each ABR compartment were designed to be 11.4 m long, 2.3 m wide, and 2.6 m high, which ensures even distribution of wastewater and effective treatment. Conclusion: The three research results led to the author's understanding that the ABR method is a suitable and efficient solution for wastewater treatment at Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic Boarding School. For further planning, it is recommended to conduct detailed calculations regarding the Wastewater Management System (WMS) and consider the use of alternative methods such as Constructed Wetland or Anaerobic Filter Reactor, especially considering the area of the pesantren which is surrounded by rice fields. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers an innovative solution for wastewater treatment in Islamic boarding school environments by applying the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) method. This study not only designs an efficient and cost-effective system but also considers the specific context of Islamic boarding schools, paving the way for applying environmentally friendly technologies in Islamic educational institutions.

Effectiveness Evaluation of Alternative Technologies Applied in Centralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems

The paper aims to determine the effectiveness of several alternative technologies that have been applied in centralized domestic wastewater management systems, especially in West Java and Banten provinces, in the removal of domestic wastewater pollutant parameters. The study was conducted in SPALD-Ts, including the Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) system, the Anobic Filter (AF) system, the combined ABR + AF system, and the Extended Aeration. The analysis was performed by sampling at the inlet and outlet points of the system for three consecutive years with sampling times from 2021 - 2023. The results of the research show that the efficiency of pollutant parameter separation based on the best technology in the separation of domestic wastewater pollutant parameters is the SPALDT extended aeration technology, where this technology can separate pollutant parameters up to an average of 88.25%, but in this technology requires more cost and periodic maintenance.

Probabilistic material flow analysis of released nano titanium dioxide in Mexico

Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) or products containing ENMs, known as nano-enabled products are commercialized globally by a large number of companies. Concern about the potential risks and negative impacts of releasing ENMs into the environment is under investigation. For this reason, methodologies to estimate the probable mass concentrations of ENMs released in different regions of the world have been developed. As a first attempt to estimate the probable mass flows of nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) released in Mexico, we developed a Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis (PMFA) for 2015.The model describes probabilistic mass flows of released nano-TiO2 during the life cycle of sunscreens, coatings, ceramic, and other nano-enabled products, including the flows through the solid waste and wastewater management systems, as well as the transfer of nano-TiO2 to three environmental compartments (atmosphere, topsoil, and surface water). The PMFA incorporates the uncertainty related to the input data. We observed that the most significant nano-TiO2 flows occur to the surface water, landfill, and soil compartments, targeted as the main “hot-spots”, where living organisms could be more exposed to this material. Further improvements in the model are needed due to some data gaps at some life cycle stages, for instance, solid waste management and reused wastewater manipulation for irrigation purposes. Finally, the model developed in this study can be adjusted to assess other ENM releases and can be beneficial for further investigation in fate modeling and environmental risk assessment.

IOT Based Wastewater Management in Smart Cities

The process of extracting and refining contaminants from drainage or wastewater so they can be recycled back into the water supply with the least amount of negative environmental impact is known as wastewater management. The current declining environmental condition necessitates the development of new strategies and tactics to guarantee safe and intelligent wastewater management systems in smart cities. The Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks are potential technologies for treating wastewater. The comprehensive literature review develops a conceptual framework utilizing blockchain technology for an Internet of Things (IoT)- based wastewater management system in smart cities (IoT- WMS). Information is now being stored using blockchain technology to create an incentive scheme that promotes the reuse of waste water. In smart cities, tokens related to the quantity and quality of recovered wastewater are distributed to homes and businesses. However, this frequently promotes manipulating the data used to award these tokens in order to incorporate particular benefits. To determine whether there is evidence of altered IoT sensor data, anomaly detector techniques are employed. In order to facilitate the most efficient distribution of water depending on user usage at the plot holding level, this study suggests a water distribution and integrated management system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics (DA). In addition to preventing water waste, the suggested approach would assist in gathering consumption statistics for macro-level research and town planning

Institutions in System Implementation Waste Water Management Domestic Centralized (SPALD-T) in Pekayon Village Subdistrict Sukadiri Tangerang Regency

This study aims to determine the role of institutions in the implementation of the Centralized Domestic Wastewater Management System (SPALD-T) in Pekayon Village, Sukadiri Subdistrict, Tangerang Regency. The research method used is qualitative, with a descriptive approach. The data processing techniques used in this research are observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis used in this research is interactive analysis, according to Miles and Huberman. In this study, the data credibility test was used to test the validity of the data. The data credibility test was carried out by triangulation. The results of this study indicate that the institutional effectiveness of regional apparatus organizations in Tangerang Regency is not yet effective. In terms of leadership, the Tangerang Regency Government has issued Tangerang Regent Regulation No. 80/2017 on Domestic Wastewater Management as a guideline for the implementation of SPALD-T. In terms of doctrine, the Tangerang District government's efforts to indoctrinate the community to actively participate in the implementation of SPALD-T in Pekayon Village are not optimal. Next, the program aspect has led to the fulfillment of community rights, which is also in accordance with the design that has been made, but many targets have not been achieved. Furthermore, the overall resources aspect is still lacking and cannot be utilized optimally. Then, in terms of internal structure, the Tangerang District Government's institutional strengthening is lacking because there is no organizational structure for the DPOs involved in SPALD-T implementation, and communication between DPOs is not good.

Pendekatan Model Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) Pada Pengelolaan Air Limbah PT.Chandra Asri Petrochemical

The development of industries linked to population growth in Indonesia has led to increased waste production, particularly in terms of wastewater. This research examines the wastewater management system at PT. Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk (CAP), emphasizes the importance of waste treatment to prevent environmental pollution and maintain ecosystem sustainability. Through literature review methods, field studies, and the utilization of a simulation model employing Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD), this study evaluates the impact of industrial wastewater management on the environment and society. The research findings identify wastewater treatment processes at CAP, including the Neutralization Pit, Oil Separator, Dust Filter, and Dust Trap, along with regular inspections to ensure that water quality meets the established standards. Keywords: Causal Loop Diagrams, Dynamic Methods, Environmental Impact, Waste Water Quality Standards, Waste Water Treatment.

Sustainable Tourism Management at EcoMangrove Ulam Sari Kedonganan

The Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan tourist attraction is one of Bali's ecotourism destinations, offering educational and recreational experiences in a mangrove forest area. The increasing number of visitors poses potential negative impacts on the environment and society. This service aims to analyze sustainable tourism management at Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan. The findings show that sustainable tourism management at Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan is still not optimal. The ecological, economic, and socio-cultural aspects need to be better integrated. The ecological aspect has yet to be fully implemented in waste management, wastewater treatment, and carrying capacity. The economic aspect could have been more optimal in increasing local income and equitable economic benefits. The socio-cultural aspect has yet to be fully applied in local community empowerment and cultural preservation. Based on the findings, several strategies are recommended to improve sustainable tourism management at Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan:1. Implementing better waste and wastewater management systems, 2. Developing more creative and innovative ecotourism, 3. Increasing local community participation in ecotourism management, 4. Strengthening education and awareness for tourists about ecotourism

Filtration of Grey Water Using Herbs in a Columnar Evaluation

Filtration of Grey Water Using Herbs in a Columnar Evaluation

Evaluation of risk associated with treatment of fat, oil, and grease: Grease interceptor from food processing industry effluent using bowtie analysis

AbstractFat, oil, and grease (FOG), a deposit in wastewater, develops from any processes in food and processing industries. FOG deposits in wastewater management systems can cause blockages in sewer systems. Grease Interceptor (GI) is one of the control measures to treat and prevent the blockage of FOG deposits in the sewer system. Nevertheless, few studies evaluate the extended hazard of GI application in FOG treatment. This study aims to assess the risk of GI in FOG treatment by using a bowtie technique. The hazard identified is FOG itself, whereas the top event was GI failure. The high contributions of the threats were an unsuitable variation of GI's type and design, no GI cleaning process schedule, and a clogged outflow pipe from GI. GI design according to standard and cleaning FOG deposits in GI by a licensed grease hauler were two suitable preventive barriers. The desludging process is essential to guarantee that the GI operates smoothly and is identified as an excellent recovery barrier. Inter‐rater reliability (IRR) analysis to measure the consistency of their ratings on the data provided. The experts had a 75% overall agreement value of IRR risk rating value on assets, while 50% agreement value on people.

Using Surrogate Parameters to Enhance Monitoring of Community Wastewater Management System Performance for Sustainable Operations.

Community wastewater management systems (CWMS) are small-scale wastewater treatment systems typically in regional and rural areas with less sophisticated treatment processes and often managed by local governments or communities. Research and industrial applications have demonstrated that online UV-Vis sensors have great potential for improving wastewater monitoring and treatment processes. Existing studies on the development of surrogate parameters with models from spectral data for wastewater were largely limited to lab-based. In contrast, industrial applications of these sensors have primarily targeted large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), leaving a gap in research for small-scale WWTPs. This paper demonstrates the suitability of using a field-based online UV-Vis sensor combined with advanced data analytics for CWMSs as an early warning for process upset to support sustainable operations. An industry case study is provided to demonstrate the development of surrogate monitoring parameters for total suspended solids (TSSs) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the UV-Vis spectral data from an online UV-Vis sensor. Absorbances at a wavelength of 625 nm (UV625) and absorbances at a wavelength of 265 nm (UV265) were identified as surrogate parameters to measure TSSs and COD, respectively. This study contributes to the improvement of WWTP performance with a continuous monitoring system by developing a process monitoring framework and optimization strategy.

A simple and highly efficient approach towards the degradation of methylene blue and study the impact of degraded water on seed germination of cicer arietinum

The scarcity of fresh air, drinking water, and soil is a matter of serious concern worldwide owing to the presence of organic pollutants in the environment. The organic dye, such as methylene blue (MB) have enormous toxic effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, the degradation of non-biodegradable dyes is very important to reduce toxicity in water and-a step towards waste water management systems. This paper focuses on the degradation of non-biodegradable MB dye using carbon quantum dots (CQDs). CQDs were synthesized by a microwave irradiation method using citric acid and L-cysteine as precursor and confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectrum, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy Dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques. The optical properties of the synthesized CQDs of 2.56 nm, were investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy technique and the absorption peak appeared at 340 nm which corresponding to n → π* transition. In photoluminescence (PL) spectra analysis, the highest emission peak was obtained at 440 nm when excited at 345 nm. The synthesized CQDs were used for the dye degradation of MB in distilled water and degradation percentage was calculated and found to be 99.17% in 90 min under UV light irradiation. Also, studied the impact of degraded water in seed germination of Cicer arietinum (black gramme) and calculated the seed germination growth rate in degraded water was found to be 15%–20% more than the seed germination growth rate in MB containing dye water.

Treatment of greywater with nanofiltration for nutrient removal – 2-year experience from Helsingborg

Abstract Source-separated sanitation and greywater treatment have become an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional wastewater management systems in recent years due to their potential to combat water scarcity, ease resource recovery, and meet tightening effluent demands. In Helsingborg, Sweden, source-separated wastewater from the new city district of Oceanhamnen is being collected and treated in a new treatment plant (RecoLab) to test, among other issues, how efficient greywater treatment can be in achieving low discharge limits for pollutants. The greywater treatment consists of activated sludge treatment, drum filter micro-sieving, and nanofiltration. In the first two years of operation, the robustness of the treatment system during periods with extreme conditions, e.g., very low and very high organic matter concentrations, was tested. The combination of biological treatment and nanofiltration has achieved stable effluent concentrations below 10 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, 2 mg/L total nitrogen, and 0.2 mg/L total phosphorus as average values for 22 months of operation with an average flow of 43 m3/day. The treatment system for greywater treatment thus shows the possibility to achieve low discharge limits and meet the new proposed effluent demands of the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive.

Preliminary Planning and Optimization Approach for Wastewater Infrastructure for Regions with Low Data Availability

For decades, there has been ongoing discussion about whether centralized or decentralized wastewater management systems are better. Decision-makers need to define the best option but do not always have the necessary tools to develop, compare, and identify the most appropriate solution. To address this, studies have been conducted on a settlement level. In this study, the main focus was to develop and optimize wastewater management scenarios for a region containing rural areas, where data scarcity was an issue, by extracting scenario-relevant information from the region using a satellite image and its calibration using locally available data. We selected a study region in India containing 184 villages with a total population of around 210,000 and covering an area of around 400 km2. The study considered three different scenarios for the study area: centralized, decentralized, and an optimized scenario, which consists of a hybrid system involving partly decentralized and partly semi-centralized (clustered) infrastructure. The study developed a systematic approach for defining an optimized cluster of villages by considering the cost trade-off between the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) capacity and sewer network layout. The results showed that the clustered and decentralized scenarios were nearly equal in terms of cost (around EUR 118 million), while the centralized scenario showed a relatively high cost of EUR 168 million. Potential applications and further development of the method were also considered. The proposed methodology may aid global wastewater management by estimating and optimizing infrastructure costs needed to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG#6) in rural regions.

Evaluation of Jacking Forces in Weathered Phyllite Based on In Situ Pressuremeter Testing and Deep Learning

Pipe jacking is a trenchless technology used to install buried pipelines, such as sewer lines in wastewater management systems. Existing mechanistic approaches based on geomaterial strength parameters (i.e., friction angle and apparent cohesion) can provide an estimation of the potential jacking forces during construction. However, extracting intact rock cores for strength characterisation is challenging when dealing with highly weathered ‘soft rocks’ which exhibit RQD values of zero. Such was the case for a pipe jacking drive traversing the highly weathered lithology underlying Kuching City, Malaysia. Furthermore, mechanistic approaches face limitations during construction when jacking forces are dependent on operation parameters, such as jacking speed and lubrication. To address these knowledge gaps, the primary objectives of this study are the development of rock strength parameters based on in situ pressuremeter testing for the purpose of estimating jacking forces. Furthermore, this study investigates the influence of various pipe jacking operation parameters, with a particular focus on their impact on jacking forces in weathered ‘soft rocks’. To achieve this, a novel deep learning model with an attention mechanism is introduced. The proposed methods of rock strength parameters derived from pressuremeter testing and the utilisation of deep learning will help to provide insights into the key factors affecting the development of jacking forces. This paper successfully shows the use of in situ pressuremeter testing in developing Mohr–Coulomb (MC) parameters directly from the site. In addition, the developed deep learning model with an attention mechanism successfully highlights the significance of pipe jacking operation parameters with an accuracy of 88% in predicting the jacking forces.

Greenhouse gas emissions from sanitation and wastewater management systems: a review

ABSTRACT There is growing awareness of the contribution of sanitation systems to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally, and hence to climate change. However, there is a lack of comprehensive insight into emission sources disaggregated across the entire sanitation chain. This study presents a detailed review and analysis of emission sources from both sewer-based and non-sewered sanitation systems, with a focus on both fugitive emissions and those related to system operation. Our analysis highlights evidence gaps in several areas in the literature: quantifying emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems, with particular gaps related to technologies like biogas toilets and composting toilets; oversight of contextual factors such as environmental conditions and infrastructure operational status in GHG accounting; a dearth of holistic GHG emission studies across the entire sanitation chain comparable to those in the solid waste management sector; and inconsistencies in GHG measurement methods. By pinpointing these gaps, this review provides a robust reference for planning climate mitigation strategies for sanitation and wastewater management systems, emphasizes the urgent need for the incorporation of climate-smart solutions in the sector, e.g. in the design of new and retrofitted infrastructure, and aims to bridge the sustainable development goals related to sanitation and climate action.

Pendampingan Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik di Lingkungan Kecamatan Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur

Domestic wastewater management in Pasar Rebo District, East Jakarta, is the focus of community service activities (P2M) carried out by the Urban and Regional Development Studies Study Program team in collaboration with the UNKRIS Civil Engineering Study Program. The aim of this activity is to increase community awareness and ability in managing domestic wastewater in their environment. The team provided technical guidance to improve the household wastewater management system and daily community behavior through FGD activities carried out for one day by inviting all leaders from sub-districts in Pasar Rebo District. Service methods include initial surveys, interactive discussions, and evaluations. The results noted a significant increase in residents' understanding and actions regarding wastewater management. The emphasis on active community participation strengthens the positive impact of this activity in creating a foundation for improving the quality of life to support the One Million Orchid Village program in Pasar Rebo District.

Integrated Renewable Energy-Based Wastewater Management System: A Sustainable Approach

Integrated Renewable Energy-Based Wastewater Management System: A Sustainable Approach