Wastewater In Combination Research Articles

Use of Nanofiltration and Demineralization of Industrial Effluents : Evaluation of the Feasibility of Reuse for Irrigation of Green Spaces

Assessment of the applicability of neutralization station wastewater in combination with nanofiltration for watering green spaces. To achieve this objective, various analyses were carried out, including pH, conductivity, suspended solids, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, bicarbonates, silica, total nitrogen, BOD5, COD and heavy metals. The results of our analyses showed that most of the parameters analyzed complied with the standards in force for water intended for the irrigation of green spaces. A few values slightly outside the recommended ranges were observed, mainly due to the cationic resin regeneration process. With regard to heavy metals, the levels found were all below the regulatory threshold values, indicating a low risk of contamination by these elements. On the basis of these results, a number of recommendations were made to demonstrate the feasibility of using discharges from the neutralization pit for watering green spaces, subject to the implementation of appropriate treatment and monitoring measures.

From piggery wastewater to wheat using microalgae towards zero waste

Microalgae production is still expensive, driving the need to lower costs while strengthening the industry's environmental sustainability. Microalgae are recognized tools for efficient wastewater treatment, offering the recycling of nutrients and water for agriculture, and producing biomass rich in growth-promoting compounds to improve plant productivity and resistance to adverse conditions. The use of wastewater can reduce cultivation costs as it is a source of nutrients and water. Alternative low-cost methods can significantly decrease harvesting costs, which represents one of the most expensive steps of the whole process.The goal of this work was to evaluate the potential of wastewater-grown microalga biomass for agriculture purposes. To reduce production costs, the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus was produced in pre-treated photo-Fenton (PF) piggery wastewater in combination with the use of different harvesting techniques - electrocoagulation, flocculation, and centrifugation, and different combinations. From the wastewater treatment process, two fractions (biomass and supernatant) were evaluated for germination and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants and compared to non-harvested microalga culture (MC), distilled water, and Hoagland (synthetic) solution. The concentrated resulting from PF was also tested as a biofertilizer.The results confirm that both biomass and supernatants are useful for agricultural applications. The obtained biomass elicited a 20–105 % increase in germination index compared to the control, while supernatants were inhibiting. The opposite trend was observed at later stages of wheat growth, where the nutrient-enriched supernatants and the PF concentrate (PF-CC) increased the number of tillers (3–5) and leaves (30–42) after 83 days. Wheat plants treated with MC and PF-CC produced similar number of ears (3.4 ± 0.5 and 6.0 ± 4.1 ears per plant, respectively) than the synthetic control (5.7 ± 1.4) after 182 days. All fractions obtained from the process can be used in a zero-waste process.

Life cycle assessment of high concentration organic wastewater treatment by catalytic wet air oxidation

There have been many studies on life cycle assessment in sewage treatment, but there are scarce few studies on the treatment of industrial wastewater in combination with advanced oxidation technology, especially in catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO). There are no cases of using actual industrialized data onto life cycle assessment. This paper uses Simapro 9.0 software to establish a life cycle assessment model for the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater by CWAO, and comprehensively explains the impact on the environment from three aspects: the construction phase, the operation phase and the demolition phase. In addition, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis were performed. The results showed that the key factors affecting the environment were marine ecotoxicity, mineral resource consumption and global warming, the operation stage had the greatest impact on the environment, which was related to high power consumption during operation and emissions from the treatment process. Sensitivity analysis showed that electricity consumption has the greatest impact on abiotic depletion and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, and it also proved that global warming is mainly caused by pollutant emissions during operation phase. Monte Carlo simulations found slightly higher uncertainty for abiotic depletion and toxicity-related impact categories.

Nano-remediation for the decolourisation of textile effluents: A review

The economic development of any nation leads to the depletion of its natural resources, and water is one of them. Water pollution caused by various industries like food, leather, and textile etc. causes severe impacts on the environment and humans. To ensure water availability to the whole world, contaminated water released from industries, mainly fabric, must be treated and reused. The conventional techniques alone are not enough to treat textile effluent completely. This is why nanotechnology should be combined with these traditional techniques. Nanotechnology includes engineered nanoparticles for the alteration and detoxification of contaminants. Compared to nanoparticles produced from conventional techniques, biogenic nanoparticles are environmentally friendly and cost-efficient. Microbes such as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Hypocrealixii, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas aeuginosa etc., are used to fabricate nanoparticles. Among various microbes, bacteria are considered a bio-factory for the fabrication of nanoparticles. Different researchers reported an average dye removal efficiency of biogenic nanoparticles between 87% and 92%. When nanoparticles are applied to actual textile waste water rather than synthetic dye, waste water gives good results through the adsorption process. In this review, various methods for dye degradation are explained, but the focus is on the biological treatment of textile waste water in combination with nanotechnology.

Wastewater and marine bioindicators surveillance to anticipate COVID-19 prevalence and to explore SARS-CoV-2 diversity by next generation sequencing: One-year study

This study presents the results of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in sewage water of 11 municipalities and marine bioindicators in Galicia (NW of Spain) from May 2020 to May 2021. An integrated pipeline was developed including sampling, pre-treatment and biomarker quantification, RNA detection, SARS-CoV-2 sequencing, mechanistic mathematical modeling and forecasting. The viral load in the inlet stream to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) was used to detect new outbreaks of COVID-19, and the data of viral load in the wastewater in combination with data provided by the health system was used to predict the evolution of the pandemic in the municipalities under study within a time horizon of 7 days. Moreover, the study shows that the viral load was eliminated from the treated sewage water in the WWTP, mainly in the biological reactors and the disinfection system. As a result, we detected a minor impact of the virus in the marine environment through the analysis of seawater, marine sediments and, wild and aquacultured mussels in the final discharge point of the WWTP.

Novel Magnetite Nanocomposites (Fe3O4/C) for Efficient Immobilization of Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption Pretreatment and Membrane Processes

The release of antibiotics into the aquatic environment enhances the drug resistance capabilities of microorganisms, as in large water reservoirs, their concentrations are lesser than their minimum bactericidal concentration, and microorganisms living there become resistant to such antibiotics. Therefore, robust hybrid technologies, comprising of efficient conventional adsorption processes and modern membranes processes, are needed to effectively remove such pollutants from industrial effluents. The present study is an attempt where iron-based magnetic carbon nanocomposites (Fe3O4/C) were prepared from mango biomass precursors and utilized as an adsorbent for the removal ciprofloxacin from wastewater in combination with three types of membranes that are robust but fouled by organic matter. The Fe3O4/C composite was characterized using energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), Barrett–Joyner-Halenda (BJH) surface area, Thermogravimetric (TG)/Thermal differential analysis (DTA) and point of zero charge pH analyses. Initially, batch adsorption experiments were used to determine adsorption parameters. Then the adsorption unit was coupled with membrane pilot plant where the adsorption role was to adsorb CIPRO before entering into the membrane unit to control fouling caused by selected antibiotic. In batch experiments, the equilibrium time was found as 60 min and kinetics data were more favorably accommodated with the pseudo-2nd-order model (R2 = 0.99). Langmuir model (R2 = 0.997) more favorably accommodated the equilibrium data in comparison to other models used such as the Freundlich (R2 = 0.86), Temkin (R2 = 0.91) and Jovanovich (R2 = 0.95) models. The thermodynamic aspects of the adsorption process were also evaluated and the process was found to be spontaneous, feasible and exothermic. The influence of adsorbent dosage and pH, were also investigated, where the optimal adsorption conditions were: optimum pH = 7 and optimum Fe3O4/C dosage = 0.04 g. The CIPRO-loaded nanocomposite was regenerated with NaOH, CH3OH and distilled water several times. Improved percent rejections of CIPRO and permeate fluxes with the membrane/adsorption operation were observed as compared to naked membrane operations. Magnetic adsorbent was found as a best solution of foul control; a defect in the modern robust technology of membranes. However, further experimentation is needed to validate the present findings.

Changes in soil fertility and productivity of agricultural crops under the aftereffect of urban sewage sludge and zeolite

The current research deals with the influence of the aftereffect of zeolite-containing agro-ore, sewage sludge from the city of Penza and their combinations on the total carbon content, agronomically valuable water-resistant aggregates in the arable layer, the efficiency of moisture use by plants and the productivity of agricultural crops. It was determined that the highest effect on meadow-chernozemic low-humus medium-thick leached soil in this case was provided by the aftereffect of increased rates of precipitation of urban wastewater (160-180 t/ha) in combination with zeolite-containing agro-ore. The content of total carbon in the arable layer in these variants of the experiment in the agrocenosis of winter wheat (2020) was 3.109-3.121%, significantly exceeding the initial values by 0.157-0.169%. The number of agronomically valuable water-resistant aggregates in the arable layer under observed conditions was equal to 59.6-60.5% at the end of the research, exceeding the initial values by 21.0-22.0%. The water consumption coefficient in the oat agrocenosis was 544.7-547.2 m3/t, in the pea agrocenosis 683.8-686.9 m3/t, in the winter wheat agrocenosis 558.1-560.8 m3/t, exceeded the control in 2018 by 162.2-164.7 m3/t, in 2019 by 260.7-263.8 m3/t, in 2020 by 141.7-144.4 m3/t. The total productivity of Konkur oats, Jackpot peas, Moskovskaya 56 winter wheat variety under the aftereffect of urban wastewater precipitation at rates of 160 and 180 t/ha was 12.83-12.91 t/ha per unit, exceeding the control by 3.64-3.72 t/ha per unit, or 39.6-40.5%.

Effect of Treated Wastewater Irrigation Combined with Manure and Inorganic Nutrients on Fodder Yield and Proximate Parameters of Bajra Napier Hybrid Grass in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu

Aim: In arid and semi-arid areas recycling of water may have a greater impact on future usable water supply than any of the other technologies aimed for increasing water supply. Efforts have been taken on maximizing the benefit and minimizing the detrimental effects on people or the environment due to continuous usage of treated wastewater. Hence, the current experiment was aimed to study the effect of treated wastewater in combination with organic and inorganic nutrients on bajra napier hybrid grass on yield and quality parameters.
 Study Design: The field experiment was conducted using secondary treated wastewater, manure and inorganic nutrients in Bajra Napier hybrid grass variety CO(BN) 5 with a strip plot design and four replications.
 Place and duration of study: The experiment was conducted in Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, during 2018-19 (10.62ᵒ N latitude and 79.26ᵒ East longitude).
 Methodology: The five ratios of irrigation water were used in horizontal factor treatments and four different nutrient combination treatments were allotted in the vertical factor. The plot was divided into 27 m2 with 2 m space between the plots. The two budded setts of bajra napier hybrid grass variety CO (BN)-5 were planted at 60 x 50 cm spacing. The flood irrigation and nutrients (basal and top-dressing) were applied as per the treatments.
 Results: The use of treated wastewater for irrigation combined with manure and inorganic nutrients significantly increased the total green and dry fodder yields. Irrigation treatment with treated wastewater alone + 100% inorganic nutrients (I5N1) recorded significantly higher total green and dry fodder yields of 431.0 and 76.7 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively, than all other treatment combinations. Irrigated with groundwater alone (control) without nutrients (I1N4) recorded the lowest total green and dry fodder yields (222.5 and 47.6 t ha−1 yr-1, respectively). The average crude protein content of all total cuttings was significantly higher (13.53%) in I5N1 than all other treatments. On the other hand, the average crude fibre content (28.03%) was significantly lower in the treatment I5N1 as compared to irrigated with groundwater without nutrients (31.18%).
 Conclusion: The perennial fodder crop Bajra Napier hybrid grass variety CO (BN) 5 cultivated under-treated wastewater combined with manure and inorganic nutrients increased the total green and dry fodder yields with beneficial proximates. The use of treated wastewater for fodder cultivation helps conserve groundwater and effectively utilize available nutrients in treated wastewater.

Removal of total nitrogen from wastewater by a combination of Chlorella sp. and audible sound.

In developing countries, nitrogen in the traditional market wastewater is a critical environmental problem. In this study, the microalga Chlorella sp., which was isolated from wastewater, was used to remove the total nitrogen (TN) from conventional market wastewater in combination with audible sound (Vietnamese classical music). In addition, effects of sound exposure on removal efficiency at different initial cell densities were analyzed. Results revealed that music sound control demonstrates potential to improve the removal efficiency. TN removal efficiencies of 96%, 69.5%, and 4.3% were observed for treatments with Chlorella sp./audible sound, Chlorella sp., and without Chlorella sp., respectively. The significance of probability value (p-value) (<0.05) on the paired sample t-test confirmed the critical role of audible sound and Chlorella sp. density on the TN removal in screening experiments. The predicted optimal conditions for TN removal were as follows: a Chlorella sp. density of 4%, an audible sound of 52.5 dB, and a cultivation time of 4.6 days. Results based on statistical analysis revealed that the quadratic models for TN removal are significant at a low p-value (<0.05) and a high predicted coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9452) value. The obtained statistical results also indicated that most of the variables are significant for the abatement of TN from market wastewater using Chlorella sp.

Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in aquaculture wastewater as alternative nutrient source and better treatment process

Together with the fastest growing of aquaculture production, aquaculture industry also produces a large amount of wastewater that results in not only eutrophication of waterbody but also increases the aquaculture cost and threatening global sustainability. To overcome those barriers in the aquaculture industry, application of microalgae for wastewater remediation, biomass production to produce value added products, and water quality control have been devoted as microalgae assimilate nutrients in a eutrophic water body and a good way for wastewater remediation. The objective of this study was to determine the growth and nutritional profile of Chlorella vulgaris culture in different percentage of aquaculture wastewater (ww) in combination with Conway media. For the experiment, C. vulgaris was cultivated in different wastewater concentration such as 25% ww + 75% Conway media (T2); 50% ww + 50% Conway media (T3); 75% ww + 25% Conway media (T4); 100% ww (T5) and 100% Conway media, considered as control (T1). The results of this study showed that the growth of C. vulgaris, in terms of cell density and optical density were maximum at day 5 in T3 (50% wastewater) and was significantly (p &gt; 0.05) higher (4.33x106 cellsml-1 ) (0.400 Abs) compared to the other treatments. Highest amount of protein content was found in Conway media (T1) (42.69 % dry weight) whereas lipid content was highest in 100 % ww (17 % dry weight) and then in 75 % ww treatment (16 % dry weight) and carbohydrate content was maximum in T3 treatment (24 % dry weight) which were significantly higher (p &gt; 0.05) then the other treatments. The study indicates that media enriched with aquaculture wastewater can enhance the cell growth and nutrient values of C. vulgaris which is a cost effective and environment friendly approach to minimize aquaculture waste loading in water body.

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as an Early Warning System for the Spreading of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Mutations in the Population.

New methodologies based on the principle of “sewage epidemiology” have been successfully applied before in the detection of illegal drugs. The study describes the idea of early detection of a virus, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater in order to focus on the area of virus occurrence and supplement the results obtained from clinical examination. By monitoring temporal variation in viral loads in wastewater in combination with other analysis, a virus outbreak can be detected and its spread can be suppressed early. The use of biosensors for virus detection also seems to be an interesting application. Biosensors are highly sensitive, selective, and portable and offer a way for fast analysis. This manuscript provides an overview of the current situation in the area of wastewater analysis, including genetic sequencing regarding viral detection and the technological solution of an early warning system for wastewater monitoring based on biosensors.

Can a Rice Field Ingest Untreated Municipal Waste Water Beneficially in Bangladesh

Safe usages of untreated municipal wastewater (WW) containing both plant nutrients and contaminants can reduce cost and clean the environment. This study investigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) traits and soil health under irrigation with municipal WW in combination with five fertilizer doses in two field experiments. The fertilizer treatments comprised no application of fertilizer (F₀, control) and application of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of recommended standard fertilizer dose (F₁, F₂, F₃, F₄, respectively) that were distributed in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.

ABOUT POSSIBILITIES OF THE SECONDARY WASTEWATER USING OF THE BIOENERGETIC COMPLEX

The analysis of the general physical and chemical indicators and the maintenance of heavy metals of sewage of a bioenergy complex is carried out. It is established that the sedimentation rate of suspended particles in wastewater depends on the location of filtration fields with wastewater from the source of contamination. At the source, there is a maximum excess of the number of suspended particles with a minimum deposition rate. In all wastewater samples, the indicators of chemical and biological oxygen consumption exceeded the permissible standards by three orders of magnitude for reservoirs for recreational water use and those located within the settlements. Thus, this water cannot be discharged into any natural water basin and requires additional purification from organic matter. Also for this water, the use of biological treatment methods without additional chemicals is ineffective. The presence of a complex of macro- and microelements in wastewater in combination with a high content of organic matter (humus and sulfonic acids) may be the basis for their use as raw material for fertilizer production.

Radiolytic degradation of explosives in aqueous solutions and ‘red’ wastewater

Electron beam treatment would cause conversion of trinitrotoluene and 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine into biodegradable products and thus can be employed for the practical decontamination of ‘red’ wastewater in combination with bio-treatment.

Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum

Under conditions of water shortage, utilizing unconventional waters, such as treated urban wastewater and/or seawater, in combination with soil amendments such as zeolite, can reduce the harmful effects of drought stress on crop yield. To investigate the agronomic and physiological effects of a mix of water qualities and soil treatments on sorghum, a randomized split-plot research was conducted at Gharakheil agricultural research station, Ghaemshahr, Northeast Iran. Six combinations of water qualities and three different use of soil amendments were tested over two seasons in 2016 and 2017. The water quality treatments with increasing salinity included well water as the control (W1); 75 % well water and 25 % seawater (W2); 25 % well water and 75 % seawater (W3); 100 % treated urban wastewater alternating with 100 % seawater (W4); 50 % seawater and 50 % treated urban wastewater (W5) and 100 % treated urban wastewater (W6). The soil amendments were no-zeolite as the control (Z1) and calsic (Z2) and potasic (Z3) zeolite. With increasing salinity, the forage yield decreased significantly. Maximum and minimum forage yield were respectively 129.6 ton.ha−1 inW6-Z2 in 2016 and 46.9 ton.ha−1 in W3-Z1 in 2017. Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) was the highest with the treated urban wastewater in combination with zeolite. All six combinations (W4-Z2, W4-Z3, W5-Z2, W5-Z3, W6-Z2 and W6-Z3) had significantly higher IWUEs (range 2.0–2.4) compared to the control (IWUE = 1.7) and the other soil and water treatments. The combinations of 75 % seawater and no zeolite had by far the lowest IWUE (range 1.1–1.7). The same trends were observed for the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and leaf and stem protein. The use of saline sea water increased the soil salinity levels significantly, but the levels were still well below the FAO threshold values for yield reduction. Overall, we can recommend use of treated wastewater in combination with calsic zeolite soil amendment as the combination that had the best effect on crop yield, IWUE, LAI and leaf and stem protein for sorghum production under the conditions of north of Iran.

El agua residual como generadora del espacio de la actividad agrícola en el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, México

Objetivo: determinar, mediante un estudio empírico, cómo el uso del agua residual que recibe la región del Valle del Mezquital en Hidalgo, desde hace más de cien años, proveniente de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, sin un tratamiento previo, configuró el espacio agrícola en esta región no apta para esta actividad por sus condiciones geográficas y climáticas. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la literatura con respecto a la problemática del agua residual en combinación con información cuantitativa de diferentes instituciones para realizar un análisis desde la disciplina de economía ecológica que identifique los factores que la convierten en el detonante de importantes problemáticas sociales y ambientales. Resultado: se identificó que el uso de este tipo de agua en el sector agrícola de la región, contiene una alta carga contaminante compuesta por material orgánico, algunos metales, bacterias y detergentes, lo cual permitió el desarrollo del sector aunado a severos problemas de salud pública y degradación de suelos. Limitaciones: faltan estudios recientes que documenten las implicaciones en la salud de los habitantes de la región y en los ecosistemas. Conclusiones: la reconfiguración de los espacios para determinar regiones no necesariamente conlleva un beneficio social y ambiental, muchas veces implica el detrimento de la calidad de vida y degradación de los ecosistemas. No obstante, para parte de los habitantes de la región el uso de este tipo de aguas les has permitido salir de las condiciones de marginalidad en las cuales vivían.

Growth and yield of Capsicum Annum Under Irrigation with Different Levels of Domestic Waste Water

Use of wastewater for a variety of purposes is gaining increased popularity as a means of preserving scarce freshwater resources and nutrient recycling particularly in developing countries A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth and yield of Capsicum annum var. Nishat-1 under irrigation with different concentrations of domestic wastewater (grey and black water) in combination with recommended dose of fertilizers(RDF). This field experiment was carried out for two consecutive years Kharief 2012-2013 and involved 6 treatments (T1–T6) with three replications in RCBD. Before being utilized, wastewater was stabilized for 20-25 days in open containers. The highest yield (288.12 q ha-1 ) was recorded in T1 (Recommended dose of fertilizers =RDF) followed by 283.49 q ha-1 in T4 (50% grey water and 50% RDF ), 275.92 q ha-1 in T5 (50% black water 50% RDF) , 270.03 q ha-1 in T2 (100% grey water), 260 q ha-1 in T6 (50% black water and 50% grey water) and least of 251.96 q ha-1 in T3 (100% black water) . The data also reveals that the concentrations of the various physico-chemical parameters (viz., pH, EC, OC, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb) of waste water and pre and post experiment soil samples were within permissible limits. Quality parameters viz total soluble salts, ascorbic acid, chl-a, chl-b, total-chl, carbohydrates and protein content between various treatments exhibited different trends. This study shows that there is an option for recycling of stabilized waste water in agriculture.

Effects of beach tourists on bathing water and sand quality at Puerto Velero, Colombia

Fragile coastal areas suffer from human activities. Environmental quality is one of the most important aspects in a tourist destination of sun and sand. The quality of bathing water and sand became indicators in the worldwide competition of beach destinations. We studied the water and sand quality along the beach of Puerto Velero, in northern Colombia. Water and sand beach quality were monitored during thirteen months. This allowed identifying the most significant sources of pollution along the beach, and understanding the interrelationship between tourism and the effects on the environment. Linear correlations allow assessing the association between the number of visitors and the physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The number of visitors was directly correlated with the presence of grease and oils, both in water and sand, as well as with fecal coliforms in water. A relation between the suspended solids and the presence of fecal coliforms in water and sand was observed. This statistical approach allows understanding the origin of beach sand and swimming water pollution at tourist beaches. Overall, sand quality has an important influence and is directly related to the water quality of the beach. Both the number of tourists and their activities are main factors explaining the contamination of the water and sand. This shows the importance of management of waste and wastewater in combination with awareness raising initiatives. More research should include monitoring and evaluating of both water and sand beach and provide data to revise the existing legal framework.

Utilization of Organosolv Waste Waters as Liquid Phase for Hydrothermal Carbonization of Chaff

Organosolv wastewater was used as the liquid source during the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of chaff at 200 °C for 4 h and compared to a control HTC of chaff in water. The produced hydrochars had a carbon content of 58 wt % and a higher heating value (HHV) of 23 MJ kg–1 independently of the employed liquid source. Concentrations of inorganic elements were analyzed as well as organic acids in the process water. The use of organosolv wastewater had no negative effects on the HTC process and hydrochar properties. Subsequently, the HTC process waters were used for biomethane production. Performing HTC in organosolv water led to a doubling of the biomethane yield as compared to water as liquid source. The use of this industrial wastewater in combination with the solid agricultural waste chaff has the potential of increasing the sustainability of the HTC process by the disposal of two waste stream sources at the same time as well as by reducing the amount of contaminated waters that would eventually have to...

Effects of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation on Yield and Fertilizer Requirement of Wheat (&lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; L.) in Bangladesh

Due to increasing scarcity of fresh water, use of unconventional water source (e.g., wastewater) in irrigation has now become important. However, inclusive information on the effects of wastewater on crop production and soil health is necessary for such intervention. This study was designed to evaluate these effects by demonstrating the contribution of municipal wastewater (hereafter called wastewater) on yield and nutrient requirement of wheat (&lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; L.) cv Shatabdi. Five irrigation treatments - I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during November-March of 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010 at the experimental field of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The treatments I2-I5 consisted of blended wastewater and I1 of fresh water (control). The ratio of wastewater to total irrigation water was 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 in I2, I3, I4 and I5, respectively. Wheat was cultivated with three irrigations and recommended doses of fertilizer in three consecutive years. Wastewater contained nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) @ 17.5, 3.7 and 10.3 mg/L, respectively, and irrigation by raw wastewater (I5) contributed 19.1, 15.1 and 21.7% of the recommended N, P and K, respectively. Biomass yield increased with increasing fraction of wastewater in irrigation. Grain yield increased for the wastewater fraction of 0.50 - 0.75 in irrigation but decreased when irrigation was applied by raw wastewater. Excess fertilizer (under I5) boosted up growth of wheat, but did not contribute to the grain yield. Number of grains per spike; and grain, straw and biological yields significantly (p = 0.05) increased due to the contribution of wastewater. Wastewater significantly improved grain and biomass production, with the largest value obtained in I4 (4.61 t/ha grain yield and 11.36 t/ha biomass yield). Raw wastewater in combination with recommended fertilizer doses caused over-fertilization that contributed only in biomass production but not in grain production of wheat and irrigation by wastewater substantially reduced fertilizer requirement of wheat.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(1) 01-14