Wastewater Disposal Systems Research Articles

Factors Associated With The Incidence Of Diarrhea In Toddlersin The Meureubo Health Center Working Area, Meureubo Sub-District, West Aceh District In 2023

Diarrhea is a potential endemic disease that can result in extraordinary outbreaks (KLB) and is often associated with mortality. According to data from the Meureubo Health Center in 2022, this center recorded the highest percentage of diarrhea cases among toddlers, reaching 67%. This study aims to examine the relationship between several factors clean water sources, latrine facilities, household waste management, wastewater disposal, maternal knowledge and education, nutritional status, personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers within the Meureubo Health Center working area, Meureubo District. This quantitative research utilizes a cross-sectional design and was conducted from May 13-29, 2023. The population includes all toddlers in the Meureubo Health Center working area, with a sample size of 97. Proportional random sampling was used to select the 97 respondents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with Stata 15, including univariate and bivariate analyses. The univariate results show that 43.30% of toddlers experienced diarrhea, 19.58% lacked access to clean water, 5.15% had inadequate latrine facilities, 57.73% faced insufficient household waste management, and 21.65% had improper wastewater disposal systems. Additionally, 30.93% of mothers had poor knowledge, 35.05% had a primary education level, 20.62% of toddlers were malnourished, and 39.18% had poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Bivariate analysis reveals significant relationships between diarrhea incidence in toddlers and clean water sources (p-value: 0.0001), latrine facilities (p-value: 0.013), household waste management (p-value: 0.0001), wastewater disposal (p-value: 0.0001), maternal knowledge (p-value: 0.0001), maternal education (p-value: 0.036), nutritional status (p-value: 0.022), and personal hygiene and environmental sanitation (p-value: 0.0001). It is recommended that health workers, particularly those in health promotion, provide counseling on personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness

Analisis Karakteristik Fisik Lahan Kawasan Perumahan di Dusun Jering VI, Desa Sidorejo, Kecamatan Godean, Kabupaten Sleman

Land characteristics include land factors that can be measured or estimated in size such as slope, rainfall, soil texture, available water and so on. The study was conducted at a housing location in Jering VI Hamlet, Sidorejo Village, Godean District, Sleman Regency which is located on Mount Wungkal. The condition of Mount Wungkal before being used as housing had dense vegetation, but with the large-scale opening of housing land, there were changes that occurred on Mount Wungkal. The opening of the land caused several impacts on the environment so it is important to know the physical characteristics of the land in the area. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of the land in the research area. The method used is the survey and mapping method in data collection and descriptive analysis. The results of the study obtained are the physical characteristics of the land of the Godean Jogja Hills housing area, there are several criteria that are appropriate and inappropriate. The criteria that are not appropriate are slope gradient, area of green open space, drainage infrastructure capacity, not located in a disaster-prone area (landslides, floods, erosion, and abrasion), not located in an agricultural/buffer cultivation area, distance to educational facilities, health facilities and trade and commerce facilities and the appropriate criteria are the area for building houses, water availability, not located in the border area of rivers/coasts/reservoirs/lakes/springs/irrigation channels/railways and safe flight areas, not located in protected areas, avoiding technical irrigation rice fields, wastewater disposal systems and garbage disposal systems

Quality Determination of Dairy Farm Wastewater in Dinajpur

At present environmental pollution is a talked about issue. Due to environmental pollution, humans and animals face threats. The scientist has pointed out that waste is one reason for climate change. Solid, liquid, gaseous etc. are different types of waste. The experiments were conducted to determine the chemical constituents present in dairy farm wastewater, wastewater management practice and environmental impact and compare it with the groundwater Dinajpur Sadar upazila. The data concerning the dairy farm wastewater in Dinajpur was obtained through a designed questionnaire, and separate area inspection interacting with the proprietor and workers in the dairy farm. Randomly collected samples from different dairy farms. The chemical constituents of the wastewater sample were determined by a laboratory experiment. The wastewater contained Mg, Na, Ca, Cl-, K, EC, P, HCO3-, pH, TDS, DO, COD, Zn, S, BOD, HT and NO3-. The Na, K, Ca and pH concentration of wastewater under the range in groundwater in Dinajpur. However, concentrations of P, TDS, Mg, EC, Cl-, HCO3- and HT are above the groundwater range in Dinajpur. The produced wastewater was disposed of either through drainage or piping systems on fellow land, ponds, open lakes, roadside land, urban drains, and rivers. The unplanned wastewater disposal creates bad odor, and environmental pollution, seduces the growth of mosquitoes decreases the water quality, soil quality and health hazards. Therefore, it can be concluded that the prevailing dairy farm wastewater disposal system not being satisfactory. The proper disposal system should be improved to reduce environmental impacts.

Measures to increase the reliability and efficiency of water supply and wastewater disposal systems

The reliability of water supply and wastewater disposal systems has a significant impact on the environment: therefore, it is essential to implement new methods and approaches that reduce the risk of emergency situations. Based on the experience in automation, maintenance and modernization of wastewater disposal and water supply systems, the study suggests introducing additional programmable modules into automated control systems that provide control and regulation directly on the actuator. For this purpose, the study involves OWEN Logic programming environment, which manages pumping stations through programmable relays. The paper presents functional diagrams that have been introduced into standard macros to increase the reliability of pumping units. In addition, the paper demonstrates that the implementation of multi-level management facilitates the improvement of existing water supply and wastewater disposal systems, thereby increasing their functional capabilities and ensuring the efficient operation of technological equipment. The conducted analysis shows that the adoption of this method for managing technological processes will enhance the reliability and durability of the equipment, ensuring uninterrupted operation of pumping stations. With a change in the performance of water supply and wastewater disposal systems, the installed devices will allow for modernization with minimal economic costs, and reprogramming the operation of the low-level automation without affecting the performance of other levels.

Active and passive sampling techniques in headwater streams to characterize acesulfame-K, pharmaceutical and phosphorus contamination from on-site wastewater disposal systems in Canadian rural hamlets

On-site wastewater disposal systems have been identified as a source of contamination for nutrients and emerging contaminants (ECs), such as artificial sweeteners and pharmaceutical compounds. The passive sampling technique Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) and phosphorus sampler (P-Trap) have been widely used for tracking polar organic contaminants and total dissolved phosphorus in environmental waters such as surface water and wastewater. However, limited studies have been conducted on application of passive sampling techniques to track contamination in headwater streams impacted by on-site wastewater disposal systems. In this study, active sampling (discrete samples) and passive sampling (P-Trap and POCIS) techniques were applied in upstream and downstream locations at three rural hamlets to compare and track the contamination of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and seven ECs, including six pharmaceuticals and one artificial sweetener acesulfame-K (ACEK), in the shallow headwater streams of rural hamlets in southern Ontario, Canada that exclusively rely on septic systems for wastewater disposal. Results show that POCIS and P-Trap yielded comparable time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of target ECs and TDP, respectively, to mean concentrations of discrete samples during the seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) and two-week intensive study periods. Field-derived sampling rates (Rs-field) of target contaminants compared well to literature-reported values indicating POCIS and P-Trap were applicable in determining the concentrations of target contaminants in the investigated streams, even though some environmental factors, such as dry stream conditions and fouling, occurred during the sampling period. The low but stable Rs-field of ACE-K (~0.001 L d−1) from this study indicates consistency in application of POCIS for capturing ACEK. The results of this study provide insight into the confidence and limitations for using POCIS and P-traps to track ECs and TDP in shallow headwater streams impacted by septic systems.

Factors Associated With The Incidence of Diarrhea in Toddlers in The Meureubo Health Center Working Area, Meureubo Sub-District, West Aceh District in 2023

Diarrhea is a potential endemic disease that can result in extraordinary outbreaks (KLB) and is often associated with mortality. According to data from the Meureubo Health Center in 2022, this center recorded the highest percentage of diarrhea cases among toddlers, reaching 67%. This study aims to examine the relationship between several factors clean water sources, latrine facilities, household waste management, wastewater disposal, maternal knowledge and education, nutritional status, personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers within the Meureubo Health Center working area, Meureubo District. This quantitative research utilizes a cross-sectional design and was conducted from May 13-29, 2023. The population includes all toddlers in the Meureubo Health Center working area, with a sample size of 97. Proportional random sampling was used to select the 97 respondents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with Stata 15, including univariate and bivariate analyses. The univariate results show that 43.30% of toddlers experienced diarrhea, 19.58% lacked access to clean water, 5.15% had inadequate latrine facilities, 57.73% faced insufficient household waste management, and 21.65% had improper wastewater disposal systems. Additionally, 30.93% of mothers had poor knowledge, 35.05% had a primary education level, 20.62% of toddlers were malnourished, and 39.18% had poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Bivariate analysis reveals significant relationships between diarrhea incidence in toddlers and clean water sources (p-value: 0.0001), latrine facilities (p-value: 0.013), household waste management (p-value: 0.0001), wastewater disposal (p-value: 0.0001), maternal knowledge (p-value: 0.0001), maternal education (p-value: 0.036), nutritional status (p-value: 0.022), and personal hygiene and environmental sanitation (p-value: 0.0001). It is recommended that health workers, particularly those in health promotion, provide counseling on personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness.

Identifikasi Kualitas Fisik dan Kimia Air Sumur Gali di Wilayah Produksi Terasi di Dusun Jor Desa Jor Kecamatan Jerowaru Kabupaten Lombok Timur

This research aims to determine the physical and chemical quality of dug well water in the area where shrimp paste (terasi) is produced at Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency. The research method used was experimental, focusing on parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS, and hardness based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) guidelines. Three sampling points of community dug well water were selected with sampling conducted twice, considering the sampling points based on the distance between the dug wells and the shrimp paste production area being less than 10 meters, and due to the absence of proper wastewater disposal systems at the shrimp paste production site. From the results of the examination of the physical and chemical water quality around the shrimp paste production area in Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency, it was found that several parameters met the requirements according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017 concerning the Standard of Environmental Health Quality and Health Requirements for Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Bathing. Parameters such as temperature, pH, and TDS met the standards. However, the examination revealed that the hardness of the dug well water exceeded the standard in one out of the three sampling points. Specifically, samples A and B met the standard for hardness, whereas sample C did not meet the standard because it exceeded the established quality standard of 500 mg/l.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF COAL TAR PROCESSING PROCESS FROM PHENOL

The coal tar processing process provides the chemical industry with valuable products: naphthalene, cresol, xylenols, phenol, technical oils and lubricants. The most significant product of coal tar processing is anthracene, which is a raw material for the production of carbon black. The prospects for the implementation of the coal tar processing process entail a danger to the environment and public health.Wastewater formed during the processing process has a complex chemical composition, mainly represented by organic aromatic compounds. Wastewater pollutants significantly exceed discharge standards permissible for discharge into the Centralized Wastewater Disposal System of Settlements and Urban Districts. Phenol, which has the third hazard class according to the standards of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the waters of water bodies of fishery importance, is particularly dangerous. The toxic effect of phenol leads to the suppression of biocenoses, a decrease in the number of living organisms, negatively affects human health, and can lead to death. Based on the above, in order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment and maintain the quality of water resources, it is necessary to carry out a set of environmental measures aimed at wastewater treatment.The article presents methods of wastewater purification from phenol, describes complex purification methods and formulates proposals for the technology of wastewater treatment of the enterprise. Spectral and quantitative chemical analysis were performed to determine the composition of wastewater. Regenerative cleaning methods are proposed. Methods for wastewater treatment have been formulated and implemented. Methods for wastewater treatment of the coal tar processing process are proposed.The aims of research are to reduce the concentration of phenol in wastewater to the standard values permissible for discharge into the Centralized Wastewater Disposal System of Settlements and Urban Districts, based on experimental data; formulate a proposal for the wastewater treatment of the coal tar processing process from phenol.Objectives of the work are to study the composition of the source wastewater; to consider methods of wastewater treatment from phenols; to carry out wastewater treatment, based on the results of the study, to propose a wastewater treatment scheme.The object of the study is the wastewater of the enterprise after the coal tar processing process.

Updating the regulatory framework for the design and construction of water supply and sanitation systems

The paper discusses the aspects of updating and approaches to improving the regulatory and technical documents, i.e. Codes of Practice (CPs), State Standards (GOSTs) to enhance the efficiency of design, construction and operation of water supply and wastewater disposal systems in Russian cities and communities. The development of a methodology for switching over the system of regulatory and technical documents to the parametric standardization is analyzed. It is demonstrated that in recent years, the Russian construction sector has set a course for revising and updating the regulatory framework in the field of design and construction, thus reducing the statutory requirements in the Codes of Practice. The definitions of various methods for the development and application of regulations and standards in construction are given. It is demonstrated that the planned transition from the prescriptive regulation system to a parametric one with specified quality criteria for the finished product is aimed at the development of the quality criteria for the finished project or product using any alternative approaches and methods, transferring a significant part of building codes and regulations to the voluntary category. Evidently, such amendments to the regulatory framework require a very detailed scientific and practical justification.

Experience in construction and operation of sewerage networks in areas with deep seasonal ground freezing across different regions of the Russian Federation

Reviewing the experience in construction and operation of sewerage networks in areas with deep seasonal ground freezing across different regions of the Russian Federation. Methods: analyzing the sewer pipeline laying, in-situ observations of wastewater temperature regime at sewer outlets from residential buildings. Results: designs of sewer pipelines laid in different regions are presented, as well as their dependence on the depth of seasonal ground freezing in different regions of the Russian Federation. The actual values of sewage water temperature at sewage outlets from residential buildings are established. Practical significance: In a number of regions the laying of sewerage pipes at a depth of 1.5-1.8 m led to normal and stable operation of sewerage pipelines. In terms of capital expenditures, sewer pipelines account for more than 50% of the estimated cost of the entire wastewater disposal system. Their operation claims a significant share of the costs.

Improving reliability of a sewer system through accumulating capacity of gravity-flow sewers

Improving the reliability of sewer systems involves implementing measures and facilities to prevent the discharge of untreated sewage onto the ground or surface. These measures include the redundancy of both pressurized and non-pressurized pipelines within the network, as well as the use of their accumulating capacity and emergency wastewater tanks. The accumulating capacity of a gravityflow sewer system was examined in this work. An algorithm for calculating the accumulating capacity of existing sewer systems was proposed. Additionally, the study explored methods to enhance accumulating capacity by replacing smaller diameter manifolds with larger ones and implementing blocking devices (back-flow barriers) in control wells to prevent wastewater from reaching the surface and to transfer wastewater flow from gravity-flow to pressurized mode. In order to investigate the accumulating capacity of existing gravity-flow collectors in the sewerage handling area to maintain operations during a 6-hour pump station shutdown resulting from an accident, the sewerage pumping station-18 (SPS-18) in Irkutsk was taken as an example. On the basis of the performed calculations, it is suggested that five control wells be equipped with blocking devices in order to increase the accumulating capacity of the gravity-flow network to the required levels. The article offers a methodology for calculating and developing the required accumulating capacity of the designed, existing, and reconstructed sewer systems. The research findings can be useful for updating the development plan for the water supply and wastewater disposal systems of the city.

Рациональное соотношение качества воды водного объекта и качества сбрасываемых сточных вод

Purpose: To develop a methodology for determining a rational relationship between the water quality of water bodies and the quality of wastewater discharged into them with existing investments in the reconstruction of industrial wastewater treatment systems of several water users within one water basin. Methods: Analytical solution of the problem of determining the optimal purity of water in the river in the conditions of implementation of water protection measures with limited financial resources and their rational distribution among water users. Results: Relative financial resources for water protection measures in the Russian Federation are insufficient and at the same time have been declining over the past 30 years. Despite this, the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in wastewater discharged into water bodies and wastewater disposal systems in the Russian Federation are often very strict, sometimes even tougher than for drinking water, which leads to unjustified investment costs. It is also noted that at present, market relations in the field of nature management, including in the field of water use, have not yet been fully formed in the Russian Federation. The main difficulties of implementing these relations in this country are outlined. With the help of the proposed methodology, a reasonable relationship between the water quality of a watercourse and the quality of wastewater discharged into them, as well as a rational distribution of financing between water users, is determined on a concrete example. It is shown that the economically justified requirements for effluents discharged into a water body are background concentrations of pollutants in the water of this water body. Practical significance: The practical feasibility of the proposed methodology, which can be recommended for practical application, is demonstrated using an example.

Biological quality of drilled well water around the shrimp paste production place in Jor Village, East Lombok District

This study aimed to determine the quality of dug well water around the shrimp paste production site in Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. The type of research used is an experiment with two parameters based on Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017, namely Biological Parameters, including Coliform and Escherichia coli. The sampling points in this study consisted of three water sampling points from residents' dug wells with two repetitions of sampling in Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, East Lombok Regency, and with consideration of sampling points based on the distance of the dug well to the location of making shrimp paste in below 10 meters and the shrimp paste production site does not have a good wastewater disposal system. Water quality around the shrimp paste production site in Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency, several parameters do not meet the requirements based on Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental Health Quality Standards and Water Health Requirements for Sanitation Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Baths, namely Coliform Parameters, samples at sampling points A and B exceed the Quality Standard, namely 230 in both repetitions, while the Maximum Quality Standard is 50 MPN/100 ml. The Escherichia coli Parameters for all samples at all sampling points meet the Quality Standards, namely 0 MPN/100 ml samples, or there may not be Escherichia coli in clean water intended for Sanitary Hygiene. The highest research results for Coliform and Escherichia coli parameters were high at several points due to the distance between the well and the shrimp paste production site, which was very close, and the shrimp paste production site did not yet have a good wastewater disposal system.

Operationalizing resilience: A deductive fault-driven resilience index for enabling adaptation

The impact of climate change and the dynamic nature of environmental conditions underscore the critical need to enhance resilience of systems and process safety considerations. The efficacy of such efforts primarily depends on how resilience is measured. Among the myriad efforts to quantify resilience, composite indicators have emerged as promising tools. However, these indicators typically employ statistical methods to derive weights for aggregation and rely on statistical homogeneity among indicators which can limit their scope and fidelity. In this study, we propose an alternative novel resilience index derived from a system’s structure and the essential conditions for safe operation during and after disruptions. The proposed measure reflects the systems’ ability to resist and respond to failures by addressing possibilities of impact propagation to other infrastructure systems. Moreover, it eliminates the need for weights and allows for compensability among its leading indicators. Using a case study based on the on-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems (OSTDS) in South Florida that faces increasing risks due to rising sea levels, we investigate the validity of the proposed index and perform a comparative analysis with statistically-driven measures. Furthermore, we demonstrate the adaptation of the proposed index for decision making within a generalized optimization framework.

Design and Development of a Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment Plant for the NMCE Campus

Abstract: The characteristics and quantity of wastewater are required to get the correct treatment system for wastewater reuse in the NMCE campus. Water is an essential commodity of society. The water availability in NMCE during the summer season is limited, and the wastewater disposal system in NMCE is not methodical. It is directly discharged into open land; therefore, it must design and develop a wastewater treatment plant for the NMCE campus. Wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands is emerging as the low-cost alternative method involving plant species for sewage treatment. The present study will address the design of a wastewater treatment plant for the NMCE campus.

RATIONALE AND SCHEMES USE RANKING MEASURING SYSTEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND INTELLIGENT ANALYSIS WATER DISPOSAL MODES

Based on the analysis of environmental shortcomings in the functioning of centralized sewerage systems, the technological feasibility of using ranking measuring systems for impact monitoring in order to prevent a negative technogenic impact on geoecosystems is substantiated. Structural schemes for the practical implementation of such solutions have been developed and proposed. Structural models have been created for the use of intelligent ranking measuring systems to predict the ecological state of wastewater disposal systems and water bodies with a reduction in the risks of emergency situations.

ВОДООТВЕДЕНИЕ В АРКТИЧЕСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ РОССИИ: ОБЗОР ТЕКУЩИХ ПРОБЛЕМ

The problem of functioning of wastewater disposal systems in the Arctic regions of Russia is largely due to the prolonged economic depression of the past years. The dynamics of investments in fixed assets in recent years has significantly decreased for most of the Arctic regions, and in some cases does not reach the indicators of 2005. Tariffs for wastewater disposal in the subjects of the Russian Arctic may differ 2–4 times. In some rural settlements, sewage treatment plants are degraded by 70– 100%, and the population is charged according to the tariff for low-quality sanitation services. Arctic ecosystems are characterized by a reduced intensity of biological processes. Therefore, wastewater entering surface reservoirs without treatment provokes bacterial and chemical contamination of biological resources and diseases of the population. It is required to attract significant (targeted) investments to modernize the sanitation infrastructure in the Arctic region within the framework of federal targeted programs for the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone.

Reconstruction of rain sewer networks in the historical border of the city of Samara

The state of the centralized wastewater disposal system has undergone some changes over several decades, the article presents the problem of the negative impact of reducing water consumption costs on engineering structures, from precipitation and cementation of sediment in pipelines and concentration of runoff due to reduced flow, to the impact on the operation of pumping stations and treatment facilities. It is suggested that the problem under study can be partially solved with the help of rainwater, which is discharged without proper treatment into water bodies. The article discusses the existing drainage systems in Samara, the cost of treatment facilities for rainwater, as well as the proposed project for the reconstruction of the rain network for outlets located within the boundaries of the historical part of Samara.

A Study on Improvement of Wastewater Disposal System in Jaffna Municipal Council Area, Jaffna Sri Lanka

Jaffna Municipal Council is the heart of Jaffna district with a land area of around 20.20 km2 and 27,820 families are living at present. JMC is maintaining the groundwater recharging ponds, wastewater disposal systems and drainages. At present storm water drainage is using as wastewater drainage and using as a wastewater collecting tank. Therefore, wastewater treatment is needed to provide a quality and affordable environment. A detailed literature review was carried out to understand the reasons for this problem and how to overcome them. A survey with a questionnaire and wastewater testing analysis was carried out. According to the analysis majority of the people are using open dug well, therefore, groundwater should be protected and 55.83% of the lands are 10-20 perches and some main parameters were above the standard level. Based on the findings of the feasibility study centralized conventional wastewater treatment plant with tertiary or advanced treatment is very much feasible. The common conventional process with advanced treatment was used and the treatment plant was designed to 17900 m3 /day to accommodate 109,535 people. The total cost of the project is 473 million. With the propose system waste water quality will be well below the required standard levels. A wastewater treatment plant is most important for JMC to reduce environmental pollution and reduce groundwater pollution and maintain the groundwater table.

Optimizing the Structure and Parameters of Local Wastewater Disposal System Based on Flow Models

The paper investigates the issues of transporting wastewater from small settlements to centralized sewage treatment facilities, taking into account the use of various modes of transport. For each mode of transport we determined the dependences of life cycle costs on the amount of wastewater flow and its transportation over different distances. Taking into account these dependences we obtained the ranges for the use of road and pipeline transport and developed methods for optimizing the structure and parameters of local wastewater disposal systems.