Coagulation Of Wastewater Research Articles

Experimental and artificial intelligence optimization of paint wastewater (PWW) coagulation using novel Phaseolus vulgaris seed extract (PVSE)

This study investigated the application of artificial intelligence algorithms (AIA) in the coagulation treatment of paint wastewater anchored by novel Phaseolus vulgaris seed extract (PVSE). Untreated wastewater discharge harms the ecosystem, and therefore harmful industrial effluent, such as paint wastewater, must be brought to safe discharge levels before being released into the environment. In addition to AIA, comprehensive characterization tests, coagulation kinetics, and process optimization were also executed. Characterization results revealed that total solid in the PWW was above allowable standard, justifying the need for effective particle decontamination. The XRD and FTIR characterization indicated that PVSE structure is amorphous with abundant amine groups. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) obtained from process modeling indicated that the coagulation-flocculation process was a nonlinear quadratic system (F-value = 45.51) which was mostly influenced by PVSE coagulant dosage (F-value = 222.48; standardized effect = 14.85). Artificial intelligence indicated that neural network training effectively captured the nonlinear nature of the system in ANN (RMSE = 0.00040194; R = 0.98497), and ANFIS (RMSE = 0.003961) algorithms. Regression coefficient obtained from process modeling highlighted the suitability of RSM (0.9662), ANN (0.9739), and ANFIS (0.9718) in forecasting the coagulation-flocculation process, while comparative statistical appraisal authenticated the superiority of ANN model over RSM and ANFIS models. The coagulation kinetics experiment, which used a coagulation kinetic model, revealed a constant flocculation constant (Kf-value) for all jar test batches and a strong association between the Menkonu coagulation-flocculation constant (Km) and Kf values. Best removal efficiency of 97.01 % was obtained using ANN coupled genetic algorithm optimization (ANN-GA) at PVSE dosage of 4 g/L, coagulation time of 29 min and temperature of 25.1oC.

Experimental study on coagulation and adsorption treatment of wastewater in combustion cavity for underground coal gasification

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a promising mineral resource development technology that can transform in-situ coal into combustible gas by controlling combustion. However, wastewater generated during the UCG process can lead to environmental pollution in adjacent areas through diffusion or infiltration. In order to seek an efficient and inexpensive in-situ treatment method for underground gasification combustion zone wastewater, UCG model experiments were conducted to obtain wastewater, and the treatment effects of chemical coagulation and physical adsorption methods were compared in this work. The COD concentration in wastewater from underground combustion zone ranges between 555 ∼ 703 mg/L, with a pH value between 8.26 ∼ 8.85. The organic pollutants mainly come from the dissolution of high carbon components, mainly aromatic compounds in tar, which leads to high toxicity and pollution risk of wastewater. For chemical coagulation method, the removal effect of organic pollutants in combustion zone wastewater by ferric sulfate is better than that of aluminum sulfate due to excellent hydrolysis reaction of Fe3+. The corresponding COD removal rate and COD removal cost are 24.34 % and 0.176 ¥/g, respectively. For physical adsorption method, due to the large total pore volume and wide specific surface area of organic bentonite, it can effectively remove COD content. The COD removal rate and COD removal cost, and COD adsorption capacity are 60.23 %, 0.213 ¥/g, and 89.75 mg/g, respectively. Comprehensive comparison shows that physical adsorption is more suitable for in-situ treatment of combustion zone wastewater.

Water reuse from wastewater: Experiences and challenges of implementing a full-scale water reuse system in a food industry plant

This paper presents experiences and challenges related to the implementation and successful 3-year operation of a full-scale station for water reuse from wastewater in one of the largest poultry slaughterhouses in Europe. Solved problems for implementing deammonification, as well as automatic coagulant dosing for wastewater pre-treatment, improvement of activated sludge separation, and digestate management, are presented and discussed. Two major limitations of stable water reclamation were a limit of 30 mg N/L in the effluent to the river and the passing of cationic flocculants and natural polymers formed by activated sludge microorganisms to the ultrafiltration units. The limit of 30 mg N/L was achieved by implementing i) a unique deammonification system to treat leachate from the anaerobic digester, ii) automatic coagulant dosing to mitigate high nitrogen peaks and balance organic compounds between biogas production and efficient denitrification. Flocculants and polymers passing to the ultrafiltration units and causing a sharp drop in water recovery were eliminated by stabilizing the zeta potential of the sludge, adding an antiscalant before the ultrafiltration, and automatic control of wastewater coagulation at primary treatment, responding to COD peaks. With improvements described in the article, the water reuse system provides a stable supply of 4000 m3/d of high-quality water, resulting in over 4 million m3 of water reclaimed since 2020.

Development and implementation of industrial wastewater treatment technologies

The results of the Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute the Department of Bioenergetics, Bioinformatics and Ecobiotechnology researches in two directions: 1 - research into the processes of physical and chemical purification of industrial wastewater of a number of industrial enterprises from antibiotics, heavy metal ions, synthetic surfactants, etc. pollutants, and the development of local cleaning technologies before discharging pre-treated wastewater into the city's drainage network; 2 – study of processes of biological wastewater treatment of industrial enterprises with deep removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds using immobilized microorganisms. The greatest decrease in the COD index was observed in the processes of coagulation and settling of wastewater of a pharmaceutical enterprise. The effects of purification according to the COD indicator in the case of using ferrous sulfate III were 76.0% and 72.2% for the initial values of COD of untreated wastewater, respectively, 90 and 120 mg/dm3. For biological purification, microorganisms immobilized on VIA carriers were used in oxygen conditions created in model bioreactors - anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic. To increase the biomass, we used nylon textured thread according to TU 6-06-S116-87 with a fiber diameter of 1.5-2.5 mm and a microfiber diameter of 100 μm. The specific surface area was 4000-5000 m2/m3. The average concentration of biomass in bioreactors by dry matter, g/dm3, was: in anaerobic I – 30; in anaerobic II – 24; in anoxic I - 16.8; in anoxic II - 5.4; in aerobic - 3.2. Biological treatment of industrial wastewater using immobilized microorganisms made it possible to obtain high pollutant removal effects. The indicators of purified wastewater were: COD - 50-80 mg/dm3; BODfull - 15-20 mg/dm3; suspended substances - up to 15 mg/dm3; compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus - within the norm for discharge into natural water bodies. The developed technologies were implemented at industrial enterprises, the savings in energy costs amounted to 40-45%, the high quality of purified water was ensured in accordance with the current standards for discharge into the city drainage system and into natural reservoirs.

Integration of Copperas and <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seeds as Hybrid Coagulant for Turbidity and Ammonia Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater

The rapid development of the aquaculture industry has contributed to the high amount of nutrients in wastewater that subsequently led to eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. Aquaculture wastewater consists of uneaten fish feed, fecal and other excretion or residue of chemicals used. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of hybrid coagulants of Moringa oleifera (MO) and copperas for aquaculture wastewater treatment. In this present study, different formulations of MO and copperas were explored in the coagulation treatment of aquaculture wastewater using a jar test experiment. The FTIR and SEM analysis are used to determine the morphology and surface of MO. This study focuses on the effect of coagulant aids formulation, coagulant dosage, the effect of initial pH and coagulation time on turbidity and ammonia removal in the coagulation of aquaculture wastewater. The finding shows that the highest removal of turbidity and ammonia was obtained with the use of 80% MO and 20% copperas at the condition of initial pH of 6 at 20 min of coagulation time, with the highest percentage removal of 66% and 91%, respectively. The coagulation isotherm of hybrid coagulant 80:20 is well described with the Freundlich isotherm model which describes the surface heterogeneity.

Fate of Coronaviruses during the Wastewater Coagulation with Ferric Chloride

Fate of Coronaviruses during the Wastewater Coagulation with Ferric Chloride

Optimization of Sumatera Bentonite by Ammonium-impregnated as a Coagulant for Cassava Wastewater Treatment

The original Sumatera Bentonite (SB), which has been impregnated to be ammonium bentonite (NH-B), was applied as a cassava wastewater coagulant. The modification was conducted using multi-step impregnation initiated by bentonite activation (sodium cation exchange), followed by ammonium impregnation. The optimization parameter focused on the coagulant dose that was used. The result of cassava wastewater coagulation by the ammonium-impregnated bentonite (with dose: 0.4 g/100 mL) shows high-efficiency reduction for turbidity up to 73.97% (from 1099 to 186 NTU), Total Suspended Solid up to 86.56% (from 588 to 79 mg/L), and Chemical Oxygen Demand up to 88.6% (from 559.7 to 63.3 mg/L). The existence of ammonium impregnated is characterized by X-Ray Diffraction analysis based on 2theta shifting at 10° and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis at 464, 521, and 1429 cm−1 as ammonium binding.

Study of chemical properties combination chemical method of wastewater treatment by methods IR-spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction

Complex formation processes of sericin compounds with Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+ salts were studied. The possibility of maximum extraction of sericin was determined when wastewater is purified by the proposed method, and the developed purification method is recommended for amino acid purification of wastewater. By using the coagulants Al2(SO4)3•18H2O and FeCl3•6H2O and flocculant PAA together with the proposed sorbent, the concentration of coagulants in wastewater is 0.75 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l, and the amount of kaolin bentonite, respectively. An acceptable content of 2.0 g/l has been suggested. When the composition of the dry residue obtained after treatment with a composition consisting of bentonite, kaolin and aluminum sulfate was analyzed using X-ray structural analysis, it was found that the residue contained crystal spheres. The obtained results proved that the diffract grams of dry residue and bentonite samples are almost identical. It was found out in the research that these crystal spheres belong to the mineral contained in bentonite.

An Overview on Production and Application of Ferrate (VI) for Chemical Oxidation, Coagulation and Disinfection of Water and Wastewater

An Overview on Production and Application of Ferrate (VI) for Chemical Oxidation, Coagulation and Disinfection of Water and Wastewater

STUDY OF THE PROCESSES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR REUSE IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

Nowadays, more than 80% of cardboard and paper products of Ukrainian mills are made from waste paper – secondary fibers that differ in their chemical and physical properties from primary cellulosic fibers. Characteristic feature of secondary fibers is the presence of a large number of small fibers, which negatively affects the quality of finished products, mass retention on the grid during the formation of paper or cardboard, which leads to pollution of wastewaters. Despite its environmental friendliness and economy, waste paper is also characterized by the presence of various pollutants, the formation of which is associated with the process of paper formation, storage of finished products, and their use. As a result of the preparation of the mass from secondary fibers, there is a transition of pollutants from the waste paper to the wastewater in the form of colloidally dispersed and soluble substances, which lead to the pollution of circulating water. Purification of water and its reuse in technological processes is an important task of paper industry mills. The results show that more than 90% of the secondary fibers have a length that does not exceed 1 mm, while in the primary cellulose fiber from coniferous wood about 53% of the fibers have a length of more than 1 mm. The high content of short fibers in the paper mass affects the processes of paper formation, worsening them, and a decrease in the retention of the fiber on the grid of the paper or cardboard machine is observed, causing the pollution of wastewater. The results of the study of coagulation of industrial wastewater with the content of suspended solids 1520 and 3200 mg/dm3 from the production of cardboard from recycling paper show that the best coagulants are A1(OH)C12 and A12(OH)5C1. The maximum efficiency of water purification of only 92.5% was achieved at the suspended solids content of 1520 mg/dm3, while for wastewater with a suspended solids concentration of 3200 mg/dm3 98.0% was obtained. To develop a scheme for deep purification of wastewaters, it is important to understand which components are removed from water more easily and which are more difficult during coagulation. For this purpose, studies on coagulation of model suspensions of starches, bentonite and kaolin using inorganic coagulants were conducted. It was established that coagulation of native corn starch suspension with inorganic coagulants is effective. However, in the case of using modified starches, the removal of cationic starches is reduced. The efficiency of water purification in the removal of bentonite by sedimentation-filtration with the use of coagulants is quite high. The degree of purification reaches 80.8-98.1%. The filtering stage allows the degree of purification to be further increased. Research on the processes of purification of model kaolin suspensions shows that mechanical and physico-chemical methods are ineffective in removing this mineral filler.

A kinetic, isotherm adsorption, and thermodynamic study of Congo red coagulation using Leucaena crude extract as natural coagulant

Abstract The utilization of various natural resources as coagulant to treat various types of water and wastewater has seen considerable growth in recent years. The coagulation mechanism of natural coagulant is commonly charge neutralization followed by adsorption during the floc growth. However, due to lack of information, further investigation into the nature of the coagulation mechanism is needed. In this study, the coagulation of Congo red synthetic wastewater using crude leucaena extract was investigated at various initial Congo red concentrations (50–100 mg/L) and coagulation temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C. Furthermore, the nature of coagulation was investigated using various adsorption isotherms (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller models) and kinetic models (pseudo-first, pseudo-second, Elovich, and intraparticle models). It was found that the Congo red concentrations, coagulation temperatures, and their interaction are significant to the dye removal. The sedimentation was well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the coagulation process followed the Langmuir isotherm. This indicates that the coagulation process involved chemisorption with monolayer formation on the coagulant. Moreover, the thermodynamic study shows that the coagulation was both endothermic and spontaneous.

Optimal conditions of paint wastewater coagulation with gastropod shell conchiolin using response surface design and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm

The potential of gastropod shell conchiolin (GSC) (a waste product of the deprotenization stage of chitosan production) as one of the alternatives to chemical coagulants has been explored for treatment of paint industrial wastewater (PW). The accuracy of response surface design (RSD) and the precision of artificial intelligence in predicting and optimizing the process conditions were harnessed in raising experimental design matrix and response optimization, respectively for the bench scale jar test coagulation experiment. PW was characterized using American Public Health Association standard methods. Extraction of conchiolin was done via alkaline extraction method. PW contains 2098 mg/l total suspended solid above discharge limit (1905 mg/l). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of GSC revealed a broad N–H wagging band at 750–650 cm−1 indicating the presence of secondary amine linked to the presence of protein. Turbidity removal from PW via one factor at a time was found to be a function of pH, GSC dosage, temperature and time. Artificial neural network response prediction shows 92% correlation with the RSD experimental result. The optimal conditions obtained via genetic algorithm for the response optimization at the best pH of 4 indicate optimal turbidity removal of 98% at GSC dosage, time and temperature of 4 g, 20 min and 45 °C, respectively.

Comparison of wastewater coagulation efficiency of pre-polymerised zirconium and traditional aluminium coagulants

This study proposes pre-polymerised zirconium salts with different basicities as alternative coagulants for domestic wastewater treatment. We compared the efficiency of pre-polymerised zirconium coagulants and commercial aluminium coagulants (pre-polymerised polyaluminium chloride and aluminium sulphate) in simultaneously removing turbidity (TU), total suspended solids (TSS), and phosphates (OP) from synthetic wastewater. Increasing the basicity of the coagulants resulted in an increase in the removal rate of TSS and TU and a decrease in the removal rate of OP from wastewater. The zirconium coagulants demonstrated a higher efficiency of TSS, TU, and OP removal compared to the aluminium coagulants with comparable basicities. The maximum rates of TSS, TU, and OP removal by the zirconium and aluminium coagulants were 92.5% and 91.0%, 97.1% and 96.4%, and 97.6% and 93%, respectively. The maximum degree of binding of phosphate ions by metal ions was observed as 0.862 with non-pre-polymerised zirconium coagulant Zrp/ZrT, which was almost two times higher than with non-pre-polymerised aluminium coagulant Alp/AlT, calculated as 0.434. The analysis of thermodynamic data of the main reactions in the coagulation process indicated that the higher OP removal efficiency for zirconium coagulants was due to the greater reactivity of ions and hydroxo-complexes of zirconium with phosphate ions compared to aluminium hydroxo-complexes. Thus, zirconium coagulants are effective for domestic wastewater treatment. These findings highlight the potential of zirconium coagulants in the efficient treatment of domestic wastewater.

A Review: Study of Surface Water and Its Treat-ment Using Biocoagulants

Abstract: Natural materials should be used in the coagulant-flocculation process as much as possible. According to the literature, it is worthwhile to develop and, if possible, convert natural materials into commercial. On the other hand, natural coagulants are insufficient as a primary treatment since their efficacy is being hampered by increasing restrictions. Emerging technology and in-depth research contribute to the creation of these restricted settings as well as the success of chemicals. Natural coagulants are also commonly employed as coagulant aids in conjunction with manufactured coagulants. The type of coagulants used in the treatment of waste-water coagulation, in particular the usage of natural coagulants, is the subject of this investigation. Natural materials' potential for future expansion as aids and as sustainable composite coagulants are also discussed in this analytical report. Keywords: Turbidity; Biocoagulants; Natural; Dosage

Study concerning performances of two types of prehydrolyzed polymer in comparison with aluminum sulphate as a coagulant for waste water

Study concerning performances of two types of prehydrolyzed polymer in comparison with aluminum sulphate as a coagulant for waste water

Synthesis and Performance of PAFS Coagulant Derived from Aluminium Dross

Polymerised aluminium ferric sulphate (PAFS) was prepared from aluminium dross as a coagulant in wastewater treatment. The effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, and sulfuric acid concentrations on the turbidity removal of the wastewater were investigated, and the optimum conditions were determined using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum PAFS preparation conditions were at a leaching time of 60 minutes, a leaching temperature of 65°C, and a sulfuric acid concentration of 1 mol/L. Furthermore, experiments were performed to investigate the effect of coagulant dosages using the PAFS prepared under the optimum leaching conditions, settling time and initial pH of the wastewater on the turbidity removal efficiency. As a result, it was found that the optimum coagulation conditions for PAFS coagulants were at a settling time of 15 minutes, coagulant dosage of 0.5g, and raw water pH 8. Under these optimum conditions, the turbidity removal efficiency of the wastewater was 91.45%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of aluminium dross utilisation as a coagulant agent for wastewater treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that PAFS prepared by leaching metal oxides from aluminium dross is an effective wastewater coagulant.

Coagulation and flocculation of dye wastewater by FeCl3 and mucilage extracted from dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus undatus) in regard of side effects caused by the use of PACl and PAM

Coagulation and flocculation of dye wastewater by FeCl3 and mucilage extracted from dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus undatus) in regard of side effects caused by the use of PACl and PAM

Coagulation of turbid wastewater with an active component extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds

ABSTRACT The oil and carbohydrates contained in the Moringa oleifera seeds (MO) are two parameters that inhibit its coagulant potential. Oil extraction and protein purification are therefore necessary to improve its performance. The extraction process to recover the maximum oil yield was carried out using the solvent chloroform: ethanol C: E in a ratio (3:1). At a temperature of 100°C, the yield was higher than 44%. Purification was carried out by salting-in the protein with 1 M NaCl combined with ethanol precipitation and heat treatment. Analysis of the protein powder by the Kjeldahl method revealed 92% pure protein and 14% nitrogen; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed high percentages of carbon (45%) and oxygen (39%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a porous surface, and X-ray diffraction identified a crystalline phase of protein. The isoelectric point of Moringa oleifera protein (MOP) is in the range of pH 6.5–7.5 and its zeta potential varies between −19 mv and + 25.49 mV. It indicates a lower level of dispersion stability, implying a high capacity for protein agglomeration and flocculation. By reducing the zeta potential of water from −16 mv to −1.18 mv after treatment without modifying its pH, the Moringa protein has proven its ability to destabilise organic colloids. Moringa protein as a coagulat aid is effective for high turbidity wastewater with removal up to 86.78% and DOC removal up to 56.52%. The study reveals that coagulation with Moringa protein is a cost-effective alternative since it reduces the quantity of coagulant and time required for wastewater treatment.

Kinetics Studies on the Coagulation of Abattoir Wastewater Using Groundnut Shell Extract as a Natural Coagulant

This paper investigated the use of extract from groundnut shells as a natural coagulant for the reduction of turbidity in abattoir wastewater using the coagulation process. The ideal concentration of NaCl for coagulant extraction was established through a series of jar tests. The effects of process variables of coagulant dosage (1-5 g/L), settling time (0-60 min), pH (2-10) and temperature (298-318 K) on the turbidity reduction efficiency were examined using a bench-scale jar test. At an optimal condition of 4g/L, pH 8, temperature of 318K, and settling period of 20 minutes, a reduction efficiency of 94.33% was achieved. The Second-order per-kinetic theory of Von-Smoluchowski’s was used for kinetic evaluation at temperatures of 298 K, 308 K and 318 K. At a temperature of 298 K, the experimental data fit perfectly into the Von-Smoluchowski second-order per-kinetics theory, with a correlation coefficient of 0.952, coagulation rate constant of 0.00002 L/(mg.min), collision efficiency of 8.703exp12 and coagulation time of 48.27 min, establishing that the rapid coagulation theory holds true for the coagulation of abattoir wastewater using groundnut shell extract and under the experimental conditions. As a result of the findings, it is proposed that groundnut shell extract, which is readily available and environmentally safe, is effective for turbidity reduction of sewage water and can be used as an alternative to chemical coagulants for the pre-treatment of abattoir wastewater.

The role of natural organic matter in the silver release from sludge generated from coagulation of wastewater spiked with silver nanoparticles

Sludge is an integral part in the migration pathway of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from manufacture to the terrestrial environment. However, the detailed information on the role of natural organic matters (NOMs) remains limited. In this study, the sludge generated from coagulation of wastewater spiked with AgNPs (denoted as sludgeC-AgNPs) was taken as the model. Effects of humic acid (HA), alginate (AA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the release amount, dynamics and speciation of silver from the sludgeC-AgNPs were investigated by a series of leaching experiments. The results showed that HA, AA and BSA in the leaching solution could enhance the silver release from the sludgeC-AgNPs. The concentrations of the dissolved and colloidal silver in the BSA solution were the highest at the initial stage of dynamic leaching. The controlling step of the silver release was internal diffusion in the HA and AA solution, while the release of dissolved silver was controlled by both chemical reaction and internal diffusion in the BSA solution. In addition, the released colloidal silver fractions in the BSA solution contained more particles with size >50 nm compared with the HA and AA solutions. The results suggested that the properties of NOMs may be the key factor affecting the transfer of AgNPs from the sludge to the terrestrial environment.