Wastewater For Irrigation Purposes Research Articles

Urinary outputs of nickel in association with their concentration levels in water, soil, and selected foods among farmers in the industrial estate of district swabi

Diet is the main route of exposure to trace metals, so the assessment risk of these elements to human via dietary intake is important. The non-carcinogenic health risk of Nickel (Ni) to the farmers via dietary intake in the Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate (GAIE) Swabi of Kyber Pakhtunkwa was assessed. A cross sectional study was carried out in the GAIE to estimate the concentration of Nickel in all types of vegetables, grains, drinking water, irrigation water, soil and in urine of the farmers. A total of 22 farmers, living within the 2km distance in all four directions were selected and enrolled in the study after signing consent form. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the Ni analysis in the collected samples of water (both drinking and irrigation water), soil, foods and in urine of farmers. Results shows that the mean age of the farmers using tube well water and wastewater for irrigation purposes was 43.5±21.01 and 44.75±16.44 years, height was 167.6±3.7 and 165.75±6.02 cm, weight was 61±12.52 and 64.75±9.63 kg and BMI was 21.65±3.73 and 23.7±4.4 respectively. The concentration of the Ni in the wastewater irrigated field was significantly higher than the tube well irrigated field. The mean concentration of Ni in the soil irrigated with wastewater was 123.50±54.74 mg/kg respectively and in the tube-well irrigated field was 54.25±10.14 mg/kg. The Ni concentration in the wastewater irrigated garlic, fodder grass, potato, wheat and maize were 9.15±0.50 mg/kg, 8.82±1.30mg/kg, 7.70±1.04mg/kg and 7.56±1.24mg/kg respectively compared to tube-well irrigated land i.e., 0.97±0.25 mg/kg, 0.64±0.42 mg/kg, 1.08±0.35 mg/kg, 1.05±0.013 mg/kg and 1.02±0.39 mg/kg. A positive correlation was observed between the water, soil, and all crops grown in the GAIE . The bio-accumulation factor was higher for Ni in both the site. The Hazzard Quotient (HQ) for Ni exceeded the 1 for crops irrigated with industrial wastewater compared with tube-well irrigated crops and thus pose adverse health affect to farmers health. This study concluded that a strong association was evident between the Ni concentration in crops and cereals and waste-water irrigation.

Physicochemical Characterization of Natural Rocks and Their Applications for Wastewater Treatment

Arid countries such as Arabian Gulf countries are suffering from a water shortage, especially with the recent high-water demand. The best solution for this shortage is the management of currently available water resources, through the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes. This solution also solves the problem of regularization of wastewater discharge, with positive impacts on the environment. This study aimed to apply an innovative, advanced method for treating wastewater with a favorable environment, low economic cost, and less energy consumption. The research investigated the possibility of using natural rocks such as volcanic and zeolite for advanced treatment of wastewater effluent. The research methodology relied on an experimental work in the lab scales and applied on materials available in Saudi Arabia. The experiments included a leaching batch test to first examine what leaches out from these rocks into water. Then, the materials were tested with wastewater effluent. The main mechanism of treatment was based on the absorption process. The results exhibited significant improvement in the water quality of treated wastewater. On the other hand, the results of the leaching tests showed many ions being dissolved from both rocks into water; thus, it is recommended to soak and flush these solid materials with clean water before using them for the treatment process. Further research is required to determine the best pretreated methods to be applied on these rocks to improve their performance as absorbents.

АНАЛИЗ ЗАРУБЕЖНОГО ОПЫТА УТИЛИЗАЦИИ СБРОСНЫХ И ДРЕНАЖНЫХ ВОД В ОРОСИТЕЛЬНЫХ МЕЛИОРАЦИЯХ

Purpose: to review the practice of using drainage and waste water for irrigating agricul-tural crops as a priority for their utilization. Discussions. One of the priority strategies for sustainable management of available water resources is the reuse of drainage and waste water for irrigation reclamation, taking into account the hydrogeological and reclamation conditions of the area. The reducing of the degradation rate of water supply sources subject to the impact of drainage and waste water, is possible only with the creation of a system for regulating water distribution in irrigation systems of various levels, which would allow taking into account the resource of drainage and waste water for irrigation. Most often, drainage and waste water is used for irrigating salt-tolerant crops. The use of drai-nage and waste water with salinity from 1.5 to 10.0 g/dm³ for irrigating grain and fodder crops did not cause a reduction in yield. Conclusions. As the analysis of drainage and waste water utilization shows, their wide-spread use in irrigation reclamation is explained by the increased mineralization and technogenic impurities (pesticides, herbicides, trace elements, oil products, etc.). The measures taken to dilute such waters with fresh water from canals only partially solved the problem of their accumulation and reduction of discharges into water bodies. Also, there was still an increase in the irrigation water consumption for irrigating crops. In this regard, it is relevant to conduct exploratory research in the field of technologies preparation and purification of drainage and waste water for irrigation purposes.

Modeling the distribution of heavy metals in lands irrigated by wastewater using satellite images of Sentinel-2

The pollution of heavy metals is considered as one of the main problems of using wastewater for irrigation purposes. Frequent experimental measurements, time, and cost are essential for evaluating the pollution of heavy metals in a large area. Thus, using satellite images and establishing a relationship between the images and concentration of heavy metals can be regarded as a solution for estimating the polluted area. In this study, the image of the Sentinel-2 satellite was used to evaluate the heavy metals pollution of the area irrigated with wastewater in south of Tehran. For this aim, 30 soil-surface samples irrigated with raw wastewater were collected in the area. After preparing the samples, the concentration of Pb, Cu, and Ni was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Then, the relationship between the heavy metal concentration, reflection on the bands or rating of the bands at the corresponding sampling points was determined by applying the stepwise regression method. In addition, the developed models were applied to the satellite image for zoning the heavy metal concentrations in the studied area. Finally, the accuracy of the developed models was examined by Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results indicated that the amounts of RMSE for the equations of Pb, Cu, and Ni were 1.90, 2.54, and 1.59 respectively, while the amounts of R were 0.81, 0.75, and 0.73 for these metals representing a promising match between the predicted and measured results of the models.

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION LEVELS IN GREEN CHILLI DUE TO UNTREATED WASTEWATER IRRIGATION IN CHAK JHUMRA, FAISALABAD

To address the global issue of water scarcity, untreated wastewater irrigation has become a common practice in the developing countries to meet the emerging demand of irrigation water. It is a common practice in Pakistan as well to apply municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes, which is carrying high concentrations of heavy metals originating from industrial sources. The research was conducted in Chak Jhumra, Faisalabad, Pakistan to check the effect on health due to untreated wastewater. The purpose of this research work was to find out the concentrations of hazardous elements present in the wastewater and conduct health risk assessment of utilizing the contaminated vegetables, being grown on untreated effluent. The main parameters to be investigated for groundwater, wastewater, soil and vegetables were EC, TSS, SAR and Heavy metals like (Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cu). Concentrations of the targeted heavy metals were determined in these media and health risk assessment was conducted. It was finally concluded that the soil properties were greatly influenced by the supply of this wastewater. Zinc was found above safe limit, Cu was found within safe limit, Ni and Pb were above critical limits in all sites. Groundwater was found suitable and its values were within safe limits. Health risk assessment has also exhibited significant impact of the concentrations of heavy metals in the vegetables being utilized by the common man.

The Use of Treated Waste Water for Irrigation Purposes in the Administrative District of Kerbala, Iraq

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of reusing urban treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation in the administrative district of Kerbala in Iraq. Water scarcity in this region has a negative effect on agriculture, especially irrigated agriculture, and the resulting reduction of arable land in the region is predicted to lead to problems with food production. One of the few guaranteed alternative sources of water under the current conditions is treated municipal wastewater. The study thus made a quantitative and qualitative analysis of existing water sources for the city of Kerbala for the period 2014 to 2019, as well as examining water consumption by the population during that period. The period-wide water shortage for irrigation of agricultural land was also determined, and a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of using treated wastewater from the treatment facilities of the town of Kerbala for irrigation purposes was thus developed.

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A Simple Zeolite-based Treatment of Soya Bean Oil Mill Wastewater for Irrigation Purposes

Soya bean oil mill wastewater (SOMW) is a liquid waste obtained from the soya bean oil industry with several environmental problems due to its high amount of toxic pollutants. This research work is aimed at assessing the feasibility and suitability of using a zeolite-based method for the treatment of soya bean oil mill wastewater for irrigation purposes. In this study, successive columns containing different types of solid-state materials were used to investigate the treatment efficiency of SOMW using physicochemical parameters; pH was determined using a pH meter, Turbidity determined using Turbidity meter. The concentration of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ were determined using Flame photometer and the concentration of NO3-, SO42-, PO43- were determined using Oxygen Analyzer. Zeolite was characterized using Advanced Powdered X-ray diffractometer, energy dispersive spectrometer and Fourier Transformed Infrared and the fine sand characterized using an integrated X-ray Analyzer. The treatment columns were packed with fine sand, zeolite and zeolite/fine sand composite. The treatment decreased the concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NO3-, SO42-, PO43- and pH by mean percentages of 80.5, 29.6, 81.0, 2.1, 66.5, 41.4, 47.4 and 42.3%, respectively. The turbidity of the soya bean oil mill wastewater decreased by 72.5%. Most contaminants were removed in the soya bean oil wastewater in the zeolite/sand composite column. This decrease in the concentration of the pollutants could be attributed to the high sorption and ion exchange capacity of the solid-state materials used. This simple zeolite-based method is promising technology for the treatment of industrial wastewaters from oil processing industries for irrigational purposes.

Impact of textile wastewater on germination and growth of Pisum sativum L.

The use of industrial waste water for irrigation purposes has emerged an important way to utilize its nutrients and removal of its pollutant load by growing tolerant plant species. The present study is an attempt to find out the ways in which the otherwise harmful industrial effluent can be beneficial used especially for agricultural purposes. The present study has been made to evaluate the output of textile effluent on germination and crop growth using Pisum sativum L. var Arkel. Plants were raised first in petri dishes and then in plastic pots in triplicate and irrigated with various concentrations of effluent. It was suggested that waste water from textile factory could be utilized for irrigation purposes after proper dilution and may contribute, at least in part towards solving the problem of textile effluent disposal. However, such recommendation needs some more extensive work to minimize the risk.

DETERMINATION OF LEAD (Pb), IRON (Fe) AND MANGANESE (Mn) CONCENTRATION IN SEWAGE WATER AND VEGETABLE LEAF SAMPLES

Application of waste water for irrigation purposes has increased over the past years. This waste water contains high amounts of trace elements and heavy metals.Many of these are non-essential and toxic to plants, animals and human beings. The use of polluted water in the immediate surroundings of big cities in Pakistan is a common practice for growing of vegetables. When this water applied for long time in irrigation, these heavy metals may accumulate in soil and that may be toxic to plants and also cause deterioration of soil. The present study revealed that heavy metal content was above the toxicity level in leafy vegetables grown in the area of Lahore. This study showed that among the different tested plant species, the amount of heavy metals was more in leaves than fruits. Plants whose fruits grow below the soil showed higher concentration of heavy metals while other showed less concentration whose edible portion was above the ground level. Leafy vegetables (spinach, cabbage, coriander etc) showed higher concentration in leaves than in fruits. The concentration of heavy metals in upper layer of soil (0 -15 cm) is higher than the lower layer (15-30 cm). The reason behind is that the upper layer was receiving sewage water permanently while the penetration of sewage water below 15 cm was less. The increase in heavy metal accumulation in different plant species and their different parts is not constant and is not in proportion to the increase in heavy metal concentration in soil irrigated with sewage wastewater.

Effect of application of treated wastewater in soil cultivated with rosebushes

The use of reclaimed wastewater, besides reduces environmental impacts also has agronomic attractive, by recycling nutrients and water. The aim of this study was to evaluate salinity through SAR and perform a comparison with electrical conductivity in function of the diagram recommended by the US Dept. of Agriculture for sanitary effluent treated through anaerobic filters and pos-treatment through sand filters. Besides it was evaluated the soil changes after cultivation. The classification of the final effluent was C3S1, being able to be used with a moderate degree of restriction. In soil, it was observed a sodium concentration increasing, but similar in all treatment. Although the exchangeable sodium percentage was higher in soil irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, it was between the acceptable levels. As the results were satisfactory, we prove that is possible to apply higher hydraulic rates in sand beds to produce reclaimed wastewater for irrigation purposes.

Different Heavy Metal Concentrations in Plants and Soil Irrigated with Industrial / Sewage Waste Water

Application of waste water for irrigation purposes has increased over the past years. This waste water contains high amount of trace elements and heavy metals. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the concentration of iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) in soil irrigated with waste water at different depths and also in the leaves and flowers of vegetables grown in that soil. Samples were collected from vegetable farms located along drain where vegetables were grown by untreated sewage water. Plant samples were washed and cut into pieces, air dried in fluidized bed dryer. After digestion, concentration of heavy metals was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results revealed that heavy metals concentration in soil irrigated with waste water was higher the toxicity level at depth of 0-15cm than the lower layer 16-30cm while the leaves and fruits of vegetables also showed higher concentration of heavy metals. The maximum concentration of lead, iron and manganese was recorded in soil samples taken from Nawabanwala, Malkanwala and Sheikhanwala respectively.

A multicriteria analysis application for evaluating the possibility of reusing wastewater for irrigation purposes in a Greek region

Abstract The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the possibility that the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes in a Greek region is sustainable. The irrigation uses that were examined included agricultural as well as landscape irrigation ones. Thus, a model aiming at evaluating the procedure of wastewater reuse in Greece was constructed. This model incorporates the necessary economic parameters as well as the most important social and environmental ones. The main goal was the integrated evaluation of wastewater reuse procedure in a Greek region or area. The methodology that was used for our model construction was a multicriteria decision making one (PROMETHEE II). More specifically, six alternative scenarios of wastewater advanced treatment and disinfection were fixed and, were afterwards evaluated on the basis of their scores in specific economic, social and environmental criteria. The scores were fixed considering literature data as well as data collected from s...

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.

Challenges of Water Demand Management in Jordan

Water scarcity is considered one of the most important challenges facing Jordan because of the need to satisfy the municipal, industrial, and agricultural needs. The climate in Jordan reveals that more than 80 percent of its area receives less than 200 mm of rainfall. The water resources are divided into two main parts: conventional (surface and groundwater) and non-conventional (treated wastewater, cloud seeding and desalination of sea water, and brackish water). The major problems facing conventional water resources development are quality deterioratio and resource depletion. The non-conventional resources could increase water supply enough to overcome the shortage and to satisfy the different water needs of the country. Desalination of seawater and brackish groundwater could reduce the need for additional water supply to cover the country's water needs. The uses of water are divided among municipal, industrial, irrigation, and livestock uses. The irrigation sector consumes most of the water resources in the country, and there is a gradual decrease in the water resources for all uses. Sharing water resources is considered very important to water supplies in the present and future. The annual safe yield of groundwater is 275 million cubic meter (MCM) per year while pumping is more than 450 MCM. This increases the stress on groundwater and gives the priority to water harvesting projects in different areas to accumulate the runoff water either in pools or in desert dams for irrigation, livestock, or artificial groundwater recharge. There are more than 25 dams located in the different parts of the country with total storage of about 204 MCM. To avoid the water shortages in Jordan, it is recommended to increase water harvesting projects and reuse wastewater for irrigation purposes.

Water re‐use in practice

Closing water loops in industry and the reuse of wastewater for irrigation purposes should not only be practiced in industrialised countries but it is extremely important in arid or semi‐arid regions. This paper shows, on the basis of three case studies, the possibilities of environmental protection on the one hand, and the achievement of financial benefits on the other hand by introducing membrane technology. The case studies are about three different fields, in order to describe that the application of membrane technology leads to an effective water treatment, which makes it possible – depending on the application – to recover valuable materials or to provide suitable service water. In the case of combining biological wastewater treatment and membrane technology the potential of reusing municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes will fit the increasing demands in this sector.

Study on the performance of the wastewater stabilisation pond of Boujaâd, Morocco

The wastewater stabilisation ponds system of the city of Boujaâd was constructed and put into operation in 1992. The main objectives of this plant are to prevent pollution of water resources and the environment by wastewater discharges, and to save fresh water by reusing treated wastewater for irrigation purposes. Within the period March 1997–March 1998 a comprehensive analysis of both the raw and the treated wastewater at a number of different sampling points was carried out in order to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the plant. The results of these investigations showed an average raw wastewater flow of 1600 m 3 /d, which is well below the design flow of 2500 m 3 /d. With average treated wastewater suspended solids (SS) content of 56 mg/l the SS removal rate has been determined to be about 65%. If compared to the anticipated Moroccan wastewater standards for direct wastewater discharge into receiving water bodies as stipulated in the anticipated Moroccan Standards (AMS 1996) the wastewater analysis results showed COD and BOD 5 values below these foreseen Moroccan wastewater discharge standards. The analysis results of SS, TKN and total phosphorous (P tot ) were slightly above these Moroccan standards. In view of the microbiological wastewater characteristics the treated effluents of the Boujaâd wastewater stabilisation ponds (WSP) respond to the WHO directive with respect to wastewater to be used for unrestricted irrigation (category A). Taking into consideration the CEC directive for wastewater generated by wastewater treatment plants and discharged to the environment, the efficiency of the Boujaâd WSP is relatively low with respect to SS removal, the removal of organic matter (expressed by BOD 5 and COD) and the removal of nutrients (expressed by TKN and P tot ). This relatively low efficiency may be caused by the already highly diluted incoming raw wastewater, which again is caused by the effect of significant infiltration of groundwater into the sewerage network.

Treatment of Mexico City Wastewater for Irrigation Purposes

Where there is a variation in quality and quantity of sewage, advanced primary treatment (APT) is a useful means of treating wastewater. Mexico City, which has a combined sewage network and variations of flow rates ranging from 45 m3 s−1 during the dry season to 300 m3 s−1 during the rainy season, is just such a case. The data presented in this paper show the suitability of APT for Mexico City, enabling the continued reuse of such waters in a very arid region of 85 000 ha of poor quality soils. Given the agricultural nature of the irrigation area, the objective of this treatment is determined mainly by health requirements (helminth eggs and bacterial removal) instead of the organic and nutrient contents of the effluent, which are needed for the agricultural purposes of the irrigated area. From tested conditions, alum in a dose of 100 mg l−1 and 0.2 mg l−1 of an anionic polymer produce an effluent with a helminth egg content of <1 egg l−1, which allows its use for irrigation for any kind of crop. Removal efficiencies attained were of 63.87% for TSS, 28.36% for COD, 17.42% for N, 20.43% for P, and 97.7% for helminth eggs. However because faecal coliform content is 1.2 × 106 NMP/100 ml−1, an additional disinfection process is needed.

Heavy Metals and Safety of Fresh Fruits in Bangalore City, India - A Case Study

Urban food security in India is a matter of growing concern. It is estimated that by 2005, 60% of India's population will be living in urban areas. The presence of heavy metals in human body always draws scientific concern as these are considered responsible for affecting health, especially in these days where the release of toxic wastes in the environment has been increased. The increasing trends in food contamination in urban areas are largely attributed to the polluted environment in urban agriculture, contaminated food transport and supply chains; poor market sanitary conditions, and the use of contaminated or waste water for irrigation purposes. The objectives of this paper to measure the levels of heavy metal contamination of fruits in Bangalore markets and assess how the heavy metal contamination might have impacted food safety standards vis a vis heavy metals on urban consumers. The results show that urban consumers are at greater risk of purchasing fresh fruits with high levels of heavy metals beyond the legally permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954. It must be noted here that these norms are less strict than international food safety norms like Codex Alimentarius or European Union standards. It is therefore suggested here that care should be taken in the following: reduce pollution at water source points; improve post harvest handling; enhance better coordination in fresh crops trading system to improve food safety standards; improve sanitary conditions for the city food markets; and increase awareness in consumers and policy makers on the dangers of heavy metal contamination in the food intake. Keywords: Heavy metals; Prevention of Food Adulteration Act; Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v4i1.2880 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.4, No.1, September 2008, pp 17-27