Waste Tire Powder Research Articles

Identification of patterns of strength formation of concrete using cement Portland Pozzolan (PPC) and waste tire powder in the condition of seawater curing

According to the national standard body in Indonesia, the compressive strength of 20 MPa concrete is medium quality concrete. Medium-strength concrete is usually used for floors, light construction, houses, warehouse factories, and sidewalks. The use of medium-strength concrete is very broad, it is necessary to continuously conduct research to produce new innovations. Previous research on the utilization of waste rubber tires has been carried out. Research on the development of concrete with the use of waste tire rubber powder is very interesting to do considering the waste of used tires that continues to increase along with the increase in the number of motorized vehicles in Indonesia. Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC) are the two types that will be used in this research to see its effect on concrete with waste rubber powder. These two cements also have different corrosion resistance. And seawater is one of the triggers of high concrete corrosion. Research on the development of concrete with the use of waste tire rubber powder is very interesting to do considering the waste of used tires that continues to increase along with the increase in the number of motorized vehicles in Indonesia. Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC) are the two types that will be used in this research to see its effect on concrete with waste rubber powder. These two cements also have different corrosion resistance. And seawater is one of the triggers of high concrete corrosion. This study aims to analyze how the compressive strength of PPC concrete compares with OPC and the addition of used tire powder under seawater treatment conditions. Six concrete variants were made and then tested for compressive strength. The compressive strength values of variants 1 to 6 were obtained as 20.78 MPa, 18.26 MPa, 19.56 MPa, 16.58 MPa, 13.03 MPa. The results show that tile powder is not effective in increasing construction strength, but the use of PPC cement is more effective than the use of OPC in improving construction, especially for cement use in buildings close to sea water

Surface Treatments Applied to Waste Tire Powder and Review of the Use of Waste Tire Powder in Polymer/Original Rubber Compounds

Atık taşıt lastikleri malzemesi ve miktarı bakımından son derece değerli bir atık formudur. Atık lastiklerin geri kazanımında henüz sürdürülebilir ve verimli bir teknoloji geliştirilemediği için bu atığın değerlendirilmesi konusunda araştırmacılar çeşitli uygulamalara yönelmişlerdir. Bunlar arasında atık lastik tozlarının çeşitli malzeme bileşimlerine katılarak değerlendirilmesi önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu uygulamalarda atık kauçuk tozunun katıldığı malzeme ile uyumunun kauçuğun yapısı gereği yeterince sağlanamadığı, bunun sonucunda malzeme özelliklerinin olumsuz etkilendiği görülmüştür. Kauçuk tozuna uygulanacak çeşitli yüzey işlemlerinin (yüzey modifikasyonu ve yüzey devulkanizasyonu) kauçuk tozu/matris uyumunu arttırdığına yönelik araştırmalar yoğun olarak sürdürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kauçuk tozuna uygulanan yüzey işlemleri detaylı olarak ele alınmış ve konuyla ilgili yapılan literatür çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar, kauçuk tozuna uygulanan yüzey işlemlerinin, tozun içine katıldığı malzeme ile uyumunu arttırdığını ortaya koymaktadır.

High-purity graphene and carbon nanohorns prepared by base-acid treated waste tires carbon via direct current arc plasma

As the accumulation of waste tires continues to rise year by year, effectively managing and recycling these discarded materials has become an urgent global challenge. Among various potential solutions, pyrolysis stands out due to its superior environmental compatibility and remarkable efficiency in transforming waste tires into valuable products. Thus, it is considered the most potential method for disposing these tires. In this work, waste tire powder is pyrolyzed at 560 °C to yield pyrolysis carbon black, and meanwhile, the purification effects of base-acid solutions on pyrolysis carbon black are discussed. High-purity few-layer graphene flakes and carbon nanohorns are synthesized by a direct current arc plasma with H2 and N2 as buffer gases and high-purity pyrolysis carbon black as raw material. Under an H2 atmosphere, hydrogen effectively terminates the suspended carbon bonds, preventing the formation of closed structures and facilitating the expansion of graphene sheets. During the preparation of carbon nanohorns, the nitrogen atoms rapidly bond with carbon atoms, forming essential C–N bonds. This nitrogen doping promotes the formation of carbon-based five-membered and seven-membered rings and makes the graphite lamellar change in the direction of towards negative curvature. Consequently, such change facilitates the formation of conical structures, ultimately yielding the coveted carbon nanohorns. This work not only provides an economical raw material for efficient large-scale synthesis of few-layer graphene and carbon nanohorns but also broadens the intrinsic worth of pyrolysis carbon black, which is beneficial to improving the recycling value of waste tires.

Compression and consolidation characteristics analysis of waste tire powder bed during gas pressurization

Pressurized conveying of waste tire powder was one of the key challenges in the feeding process. In this paper, the characteristics of powder bed compression behaviors during gas pressurization were studied by a visualization tank. Compared with the pulverized coal, the higher compressibility of waste tire powder bed revealed the serious consolidation problem in the high-pressure hopper. The source of bed consolidation was fluid dynamic force and constrained space. The intrusion probe was applied to the consolidation test of the compressed powder bed. The results showed that the gas pressurization enhanced the consolidation and the consolidation distribution existed along the axial direction. The maximum relative intrusion resistance was located at the compaction height of bed from 10.2 % to 22.2 %. This study was helpful in further optimizing the operation of pressurized conveying in the dry-fed gasification process of waste tire powder.

Rheological Analysis of Bitumen Modified by Waste Tire Powder Pyrolytic Oil Residue

Rheological Analysis of Bitumen Modified by Waste Tire Powder Pyrolytic Oil Residue

Polymerized activating highly-dispersible waste tire powder for viscoelasticity regulation of modified asphalt at a lower mixing temperature

This work explored polymerization activating fine waste tire powder modified asphalt at a lower mixing temperature. Different from common temperatures of more than 190 °C, traditional waste tire powder could not achieve the excellent properties of modified asphalt at 170 °C. Through styrene and methyl methacrylate monomers polymerized on the surface of 400-mesh waste tire powder, polymerized waste tire powder was successfully fabricated through changes in morphology and surface potential. Polymerized waste tire powder modified asphalt was 15 wt%. It was determined by dynamic shear rheology and nanoindentation. The excellent dispersion of polymerized waste tire powder in asphalt was proved by fluorescence microscopy. Compared with waste tire powder modified asphalt, the hardness of polymerized waste tire powder modified asphalt decreased by 21.27 %, and the viscoelasticity decreased by 92.26 %. It indicated polymerized waste tire powder modified asphalt performed good hardness and viscoelasticity regulation. This work inspired a new idea for modified asphalt and reclaiming waste tires, which would have good economic and environmental benefits.

Pengujian Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Pada Komposit Papan Partikel Berbahan Dasar Limbah Serbuk Kayu, Serbuk Ban Bekas dan Resin Polyester

Particle board is a board made of wood particles or other particle materials bonded with organic or synthetic adhesives and with the help of one or more elements of heat, pressure, humidity, catalyst and others. particleboard composites made from sawdust, waste tire powder and polyester resin on Bending and Water Absorption Tests. Comparison of composite material composition of particleboard waste wood powder, waste tire powder and polyester resin, namely 30% : 20% : 50%, 40% : 10% : 50%, 45%: 5%: 50% and 50% : 0% : 50%. The test standard is based on SNI 03-2105-2006. The results showed that the greatest bending strength value was obtained at the composition of 50%: 0%: 50% of 186.223 Kgf/cm². and the largest water absorption value was obtained at the composition of 45%: 5%: 50% at 2.581%.Keywords: Bending, Water absorption, Particle board, ,Wood powder, Used tire powder

Green thermoplastic vulcanized based on recycled polyethylene and waste tire powder

ThermoPlastic Vulcanized (TPV) is a class of polymeric materials capable of combining the high elasticity of elastomers with the recycling of thermoplastics. The production of TPV with recycled material contributes to the reduction of polymeric waste on the planet, reducing its environmental impact. In this study, recycled TPV samples were produced by combining recycled polyethylene and waste tire powder. The TPV samples were obtained in an internal mixer, changing the processing conditions, during the vulcanization and stabilization stages of the final torque. The results showed that by reducing the processing speed from 60 to 40 rpm, TPV samples were obtained with higher tensile strength and low swelling in oil. ANOVA statistical analysis confirmed that significant changes occurred due to processing speed variations. The DUNCAN mean parity statistical model was used for comparisons between pairs of TPV samples. Frequency sweeping rheological analysis confirmed the effect of adding tire powder on the samples’ elastic modulus. There were no changes in the viscous and elastic modules of the samples. The absence of significant changes in the final morphology of the TPV samples was attributed to the tire powder size. The increased properties of TPV samples are attributed to new crosslinking of the elastomeric phase during dynamic vulcanization.

Properties of Lime-Cement Concrete Containing Various Amounts of Waste Tire Powder under Different Ground Moisture Conditions.

Lime-cement concrete (LCC) is a non-structural concrete in which lime and cement are used as the main binders. However, although LCC has many applications in reducing the settlement of foundations and providing a support layer for shallow foundations, little research has been conducted to evaluate its behaviour in various moisture conditions. Previous researchers have studied the feasibility of using waste tires in conventional concrete to alleviate their negative environmental impacts. However, in field projects, rubber has not been widely used because its application leads to the strength reduction of concrete. In the case of LCC, attaining high strengths is not required and thus application of waste tire particles sounds reasonable. This research evaluated the impact of various rubber powder contents on the fresh, geotechnical and durability properties of LCC at different saturation degrees induced by the capillary action and groundwater level increment, which has not been studied before. The results of more than 320 tests showed that the application of tire powder increases workability and decreases the water absorption of LCC. Moreover, all 60-day cured specimens exposed to 100% saturation degree experienced a strength reduction of less than 10% by using rubber powder contents varying from 0 to 20%. Moreover, increasing the saturation degree from 0 to 100% decreased the average compressive strength by 13.5 and 22% for 60-day cured samples of two different mix designs. The results of this research confirm that LCC containing up to 10% rubber powder could be promisingly used underneath or close to the groundwater table without its strength and geotechnical properties being jeopardized due to rubber employment and/or exposure to ground moisture.

Polymerized Activating Fine Waste Tire Powder for Enhancement of Modified Asphalt at Lower Mixing Temperature: High Dispersion and Viscoelasticity Callback

Polymerized Activating Fine Waste Tire Powder for Enhancement of Modified Asphalt at Lower Mixing Temperature: High Dispersion and Viscoelasticity Callback

Optimization of compounding formulation for the development of high-preformance coating material using waste tire powder for gasket application

Nitrile butadiene rubber latex (NBRL) based gasket materials were extensively used in the past due to their excellent oil resistance, good abrasion resistance, and shock absorption as well as good high-temperature stability. Recently, carbon black has been introduced to further improve the oil absorption properties and thermal performance of the gasket materials which increased the total costing and makes the processing difficult due to the agglomeration of carbon black in NBRL. Thus, in this research, waste tire powder (WTP) was introduced to develop high-performance coating materials as an alternative to carbon black in NBRL gasket material. Optimization of new compounding formulation has been carried out by manipulating the WTP loading and hybrid WTP-carbon black filler loading. The filler loading was selected based on the desired surface texture and coating thickness. The experience was also carried out by varying the WTP, Sulphur, and plasticizer loading. The desired surface texture and thickness of coating materials were developed at WTP loading of 80phr and 90phr. Whereas, the optimum Sulphur loading was achieved at 1phr - 2phr, and plasticizer loading of 10phr and 15phr. From the experiments carried out, the optimum loading of WTP was 90phr which gives a fully contained gasket composite. Furthermore, DOP optimum loading is 15phr which gives a smooth surface appearance. Lastly, Sulphur with 1phr gives a more even surface texture as compared to 2phr loading.

Development of Absorption and Insulation Soundproof Board using Waste Tire Powder

Development of Absorption and Insulation Soundproof Board using Waste Tire Powder

The utilization of waste rubber tire powder to improve the mechanical properties of cement-clay composites

This study investigated utilizing waste tire powder as a cement replacement material in soil–cement blends. It also proposed improving cemented clays' strength and stiffness characteristics to decrease environmental impacts due to cement production and waste tire dumping. A light compaction method has been utilized to produce the samples of two densities (1600 kg/m3 and 1800 kg/m3), three cement dosages (7%, 10%, 13%), and five tire powder contents (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% weight of cement) cured for 7, 28, and 60 days. Mechanical properties of prepared blends have been assessed by unconfined compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests to determine the unconfined compressive strength, elastic modulus, and initial shear modulus of samples. The results showed that 2.5% tire powder can be utilized as an optimum value. To additionally clarify the featured mechanical properties of the blends, microstructure analysis of the samples has been performed with the XRF, XRD, and SEM. Correlations have been proposed to determine unconfined compressive strength (qu), initial shear modulus (G0), and modulus of elasticity (E) to be acquired utilizing just a single test. Moreover, a novel correlation has been developed to predict the unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus of any specimen through non-destructive testing. The final composites can be utilized in different structural and non-load bearing applications, such as a base, sub-base, embankments, rammed earth, and retaining walls dependent on the performance of the final composites.

High-quality syngas production: The green and efficient utilization of waste tire and waste heat from the steelmaking converter process.

This study proposes a new technology in which waste tire powders are injected into a converter vaporization cooling flue for gas recovery via pyrolysis using high-temperature waste heat. The higher temperature pyrolysis behavior of waste tire powder under different heating rates was investigated using a TG-MS technique. A drop tube furnace was used to simulate the converter vaporization cooling flue to investigate the effect of high temperatures on waste tire powder pyrolysis. The results indicated that secondary pyrolysis occurred above 900°C with low weight and weight loss rates, which were considerably lower than those observed in the thermal degradation stage. The main gaseous products formed were CO, CO2, H2, CH4, and H2O. The drop tube furnace experimental results indicated that high temperatures can facilitate the degradation of waste tire powder to generate more H2 and CO and improve the low heating values. At 1200°C, the H2 and CO contents were approximately 19.60% and 4.90%, respectively. The low heating value was 29.64MJ/Nm3. The char yield was in the range of 32.67%-37.33%; the fixed carbon content increased from 79.63% to 84.75%. The results provide preliminary verification of the feasibility of injecting waste tire powders into a converter vaporization cooling flue for gas recovery.

Designing of high-performance epoxy adhesive with recycled polymers and silica nano particles (SNPs) in epoxy/carbon fiber composite-steel bonded joints: Mechanical properties, thermal stability and toughening mechanisms

In this study, the effect of hybrid reinforcement comprising silica nanoparticles (SNPs) and a blend of equal percentages of acrylamide-modified waste tire powder and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on mechanical, thermal stability, and microstructure of the epoxy-phenolic adhesive was assessed using tensile test, TGA, and FESEM tests, respectively. To investigate the adhesion features, the formulated adhesive was applied in lap joint bonding of a stainless steel 316L to epoxy resin/carbon fiber composite. Based on the tensile test results, adding 10 wt.% modified waste tire powder- PET blend and 1 wt.% SNPs to the epoxy-phenolic adhesive increased the tensile strength, modulus, and the toughness of the dumbbell-shaped samples by 65.24%, 58.95% and 98.80% as compared with the neat epoxy-phenolic adhesive, respectively. Furthermore, the highest improvement of shear strength, modulus, and toughness in the steel-composite single lap joint was observed in the sample containing 10 wt.% modified waste tire powder-PET blend and 0.5 wt.% SNPs of 237.22%, 25.64%, and 279.66%. TGA results also indicated that the addition of 10 wt.% PET powder and 1 wt.% SNPs enhanced the initial decomposition temperature, maximum decomposition temperature, and residue char by 5.94°C, 3.64°C, and 59.45% respectively. The images of the fracture surface of the optimal samples in the tensile test showed that the debonding of nanoparticles, plastic void growth, and deviation from the main crack path are among the major mechanisms in the increase of the toughness of the samples.

Utilization of waste tire powder for gaseous fuel generation via CO2 gasification using waste heat in converter vaporization cooling flue

This study proposes a novel approach to effectively solve the problems associated with reusing waste tires by injecting waste tire powder into the converter vaporization cooling flue (CVCF) to obtain gaseous fuels via CO2 gasification using high-temperature waste heat. The gasification behavior was investigated in a CO2 atmosphere using a thermogravimetry (TG)-mass spectrometry (MS) (TG-MS) system. A settling furnace was used to simulate CVCF to investigate the effects of gasification temperatures. The activation energy (E) was calculated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozaw (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira- Sunose (KAS) methods. The main components in the gas phase were typically CO, CH4, H2, H2O, and C2H6 in a temperature range of 300°C–500 °C. The average activation energy of waste tire decomposition was 144.51 kJ/mol. The increase in temperature and decrease in particle size increased the amount of combustible gas and LHV value. The increase in the CO2/CO ratio decreased the content of residual coke from 12.62% to 11.98%. The lower heating values were determined to range between 8.75 and 10.27 MJ/Nm3. The research preliminarily confirmed the feasibility of injecting waste tire powders into the CVCF to generate gaseous fuels using waste heat via CO2 gasification.

The Influence of Waste Tire Powder on the Properties of Waste Tire Powder/Polypropylene Plastic Composite

The use of waste tire powder (WTP) as a polypropylene (PP) property enhancer in plastic composite has been prepared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and mechanical testing have been used to measure the properties of PP/WTP. Sample morphology shows that there are no impurities in post-fracture images on both PP and PP/WTP. Apart from that, it can be seen that the surface of PP / WTP is slightly smooth. PP and PP/WTP are nearly similar in the FTIR spectrum. During tensile and flexural tests, the PP/WTP value drops as the WTP amount increases. For elongation break and impact testing, PP/WTP at 40% WTP exhibits highest strength value compare to other samples. In all cases, WTP with smallest range of size (250–500 µm) shows better mechanical performance compare to other sizes. PP/WTP plastic composite has a highly great potential to be used in most plastic manufacturing industry and sustain the green environment by taking the advantage of waste tire powder.

Determination of Some Technological Properties of Injection Molded Pulverized-HDPE Based Composites Reinforced with Micronized Waste Tire Powder and Red Pine Wood Wastes

In this study, the effects of micronized waste tire powder (WTP) and red pine wood waste flours (RPF) concentrations on the properties of pulverized-high density polyethylene (P-HDPE) composites were investigated. Ingredients were first mixed in a high-intensity mixer, later passed through single screw extruder to produce extrudates and finally pelletized and dried before sample manufacturing using injection molding machine. Contrary to the fact that lignocellulosic materials increase the brittleness of composites, the presence of WTP improved hardness and impact properties of lignocellulosic-based composite by making them softer. Both WTP and RPF concentrations have significantly increased density, thickness swelling (TSW) and water absorption of composites. Rising percentage of RPF improved the flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength and tensile modulus values of composites. Addition of WTP, on the other hand, reduced these values. Although the presence of WTP has slightly increased the elongations at break (EatB) values in neat-HDPE, it decreased the EatB values of the composites having RPF in it. Thermal degradation started at 275 °C and 360 °C for RPF and WTP, respectively. With the loading of both fillers in the p-HDPE matrix, melting temperature of composites and crystallinity ratio of the polymer was slightly changed. SEM images showed improved dispersion of RPF due to MAPE usage. Through this study, some technological properties of injection molded P-HDPE based composites reinforced with WTP and RPF were determined and potential utilization of WTP in lignocellulosic-based composites was demonstrated.

Synthesis, characterization and life cycle assessment of carbon nanospheres from waste tires pyrolysis over ferrocene catalyst

Waste tires can be a promising carbon precursor for the production of carbon nanospheres (CNSs) because of their high carbon content, low price, and abundance. CNSs were synthesized from waste tire powder through a chemical vapor deposition method over the ferrocene catalyst at 800−900 °C. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Raman spectroscopy analyses characterized the as-synthesized CNSs. The obtained products had a spherical shape with a mean size of 50 nm. The least BET surface area, the total pore volume, and relative intensities of D- and G-bands (ID/IG) of the CNSs were found to be 65 m2/g, 0.73 cm3/g, and 0.98. Decreasing heating temperature and increasing residence time resulted in higher the BET surface area. The environmental burdens of the CNSs manufacturing from waste tire powder were assessed by a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) method, at the early stage of development. The results showed that climate change with 0.141 kg CO2 eq (for S1 sample) and 0.287 kg CO2 eq (for S2 sample) was the most detrimental effect of CNSs synthesis. S2 had the largest product environmental footprint (PEF) value of 21.1 compared to the S1 with a quantity of 12.3. The CNSs synthesis phase had the maximum environmental impact in the life cycle of S2. Among all materials, electricity consumption in the process was a significant contribution (more than 70 %) in categories such as eutrophication, climate change, and acidification. According to cumulative energy demand (CED), a total of 3.7 and 5.9 MJ were required to produce 1 g of S1 and S2 samples, respectively in which 3.3 and 5.3 MJ were non-renewable energy. Therefore, to improve the environmental proficiency of the system, the temperature and the time required for the feedstock conversion and CNSs synthesis processes should be declined.

Use of waste rubber and bionanofiller in preparation of rubber nanocomposites for friendly environmental flooring applications

One major environmental problem that cannot be solved on a large scale is the tire waste. Such tires accumulate to form waste mountains which cannot be easily handled. This study suggests a solution, if succeeded, that consumes half of this waste, when applied. The waste tire powder (WTP) is blended with natural rubber (NR) then mixed with a natural bionanofiller in the ratio of 1:1. This bionanofiller is the rice husk nanoparticles (RH-NPs) it was made by ball milling technique then added to WTP/NR in different concentrations; 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 phr to give WTP/NR nanocomposites. Another batch was prepared in which the RH-NPs were mixed with an unsaturated polyester resin adhesive (PEA). The effect of adding PEA in addition to RH-NPs on the prepared nanocomposites was also investigated. Morphological studies via SEM analysis revealed that, at low content of RH-NPs (2.5wt.%), the RH-NPs were homogeneously dispersed in the nanocomposite matrices. TGA analysis declared that the addition of RH-NPs enhanced the thermal stability of WTP/NR nanocomposites, especially for those containing PEA. Mechanical tensile properties including tensile strength, Elongation modulus and elongation at break percent lead us to the same results. Results of testing the antimicrobial activity showed that the addition of the bionanofiller had a significant effect in enhancing the antimicrobial activity (AMA) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, while the use of PEA affected badly AMA. Thus, the addition of RH-NPs in low percentages to WTP/NR composites enhances the mechanical, abrasion, thermal insulation properties as well as compression set. The prepared nanocomposites show antibacterial activity against S. aureus. This study offers a solution to manage a serious environmental problem by with a potential of being safely used in flooring applications such as kinder garden, hospitals and school playgrounds.