Waste Sunflower Oil Research Articles

Obtaining films from secondary products of oil and fat production

The work is devoted to vegetable oils, the production and generation of waste during the processing and refining of oils, as well as waste generated during deep-frying of products. The question is raised about the possibility of using oil refi ning waste and oil waste for products manufacturing, and not just for the creation of biofuels. For instance, the possibility of obtaining fi lms during oil hardening and using them for packaging production is discussed. Preliminary results of the formation of films from waste sunflower oil are presented, which make it possible to find options for their use.

Investigation of performance and emission values of new type of fuels obtained by adding MgO nanoparticles to biodiesel fuels produced from waste sunflower and cotton oil

Biodiesel was produced using the transesterification method from waste sunflower and cotton oil. As a result of the analysis of the new type of nanoparticle-added biodiesel fuels we produce, the parameters with a decrease in emissions are CO, HC, and smoke emissions. There is a partial increase in NOx emissions. In addition, nanoparticle addition made a positive contribution by increasing thermal efficiency. The produced MgO nanoparticle-doped biodiesel fuel samples were compared with diesel fuel. As seen in these comparisons, nanoparticle additives contributed positively to reducing emission values. These improvements were observed as a 31.25 % reduction in CO in the WSOB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample, 41.6 % reduction in HC in the COB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample and 36.92 % reduction in smoke (soot) in COB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample. A comparison was made between the fuel samples in our study, biodiesel produced from waste sunflower and cotton, and fuels produced with nanoparticle additives of 50, 75, and 100 ppm. It was observed that the most efficient fuel sample in terms of emission values and performance was COB5 + 100 ppm MgO nanoparticle additive fuel. The biodiesel fuel sample produced with COB5 + 100 ppm MgO nanoparticle additives provided a 3.25 % improvement in thermal efficiency compared to biodiesel without additives. A positive effect on the heat transfer coefficient was observed as a result of the data on the new type of nanoparticle doped biodiesel. With the impact of this contribution, parameters such as positive contribution to in-cylinder temperature, ignition delay, and combustion time were positively affected in the same direction. Another positive effect of nanoparticle additive to biodiesel, thermal efficiency, increased by 1.1 % in the COB5 + 100 ppm MgO fuel sample. Depending on the decrease in emission rate, it was concluded that the nanoparticle additive added to the fuel greatly benefits the environment.

Assessing Waste Sunflower Oil as a Substrate for Citric Acid Production: The Inhibitory Effect of Triton X-100

In this study, waste sunflower oils were evaluated as substrates for citric acid (CA) production by Yarrowia lipolytica IFP29 (ATCC 20460). This strain was selected based on its capacity to produce organic acids in a selective medium. Attempts were made to optimize the process using the Taguchi statistical method in terms of the oil polarity, oil concentration, fermentation time, and Triton X-100 concentration. The results indicated that Y. lipolytica IFP29 utilized waste sunflower oil as a substrate and produced a maximum CA of 32.17 ± 1.44 g/L. Additionally, Triton X-100 inhibited the production of CA. For this reason, this process could not be optimized. These results were obtained by periodically adjusting the pH with NaOH during the fermentation period. On the other hand, a new experimental design was created without Triton X-100. As a buffering agent, 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid monohydrate (MES) was used to prevent a drop in pH; the maximum concentration of CA was found to be 20.31 ± 2.76. The optimum conditions were as follows: 90 g/L of waste sunflower oil with a polarity of 16 and 12 days of fermentation. According to the analysis of variance results, the effects of factors other than polarity on CA production were found to be significant (p < 0.05).

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT BIODIESELS’ BLENDS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Internal combustion (IC) compression ignition (CI) engines running on diesel, play a dominant role of today’s economies, particularly in the agriculture and transport sectors. However, because of diesel associated concerns greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, coupled with depletion of its reserves together and fluctuations in prices, the biodiesel has gained popularity as a promising alternative fuel. Unfortunately, engines running on biodiesel are associated with decreased power output, poor fuel atomization and increased nitrogen oxides emissions. Biodiesels have been blended with diesel to improve on its properties, however, it has been a difficult to obtain the best blending level, since they are sourced from a variety of vegetable oils whose fuel parameters and interactions differ considerably, causing variation in their combustion processes. Thus, the research aimed to investigate the effects of biodiesels’ blends with diesel on engine performance parameters. Five biodiesels from waste vegetable oil, canola, sunflower, oleander, and coconut oil were characterized and blended with diesel at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% by volume. The blends were tested in a 3.5 kW CI engine at maximum speeds and loads. Experiments indicated the biodiesel blends lead to reduced lower heating value, increased density and kinematic viscosity compared to diesel. The blends resulted into increased fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides, while, reducing on brake thermal efficiency and carbon monoxide emissions.

The Impact of Utilizing Waste Sunflower Oil as a Biodiesel Blend on Four-Stroke Engine Performance and Emissions

The blending of biodiesel with petroleum diesel attracts much attention due to its high potential in reducing emissions. In this work, waste sunflower oil was converted to biodiesel by the trans-esterification method, and it was blended with petroleum diesel in three ratios (10, 30, and 50%). The impact of using these blended fuels in a four-stroke engine on engine performance and exhaust emissions at three engine loads (2, 4, and 6 N.m) was investigated and compared with the use of petroleum diesel and biodiesel. The engine performance was evaluated by determining the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), engine effective power (Ne), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and noise intensity. The evaluation of emissions from the engine exhaust was carried out by measuring the levels of carbon oxides (CO and CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), and particulate matter (PM). The results show that blending diesel with up to 30% biodiesel can reduce CO, HC, and PM emissions by 29.6 ± 1%, 26.0 ± 4%, and 31.0 ± 3%, respectively. However, this decrease is associated with increasing CO2 and NOx emissions by 18.5 ± 2.5% and 29.0 ± 6%, respectively. In addition, the engine showed acceptable performance when using up to 30% biodiesel, where the increase in fuel consumption was limited to 5.8 ± 0.3%. In addition, the engine’s effective power increased with the blending ratio of 10% by 2.0 ± 0.6%, but then decreased with the blending ratio of 30% by only 2.0 ± 0.6%. The noise intensity was also decreased by 2.4%, while BSEC and BTE were reduced by only 2.9 ± 0.9% and 3.5 ± 1%, respectively. The results of this work provide deep insights regarding the utilization of waste sunflower oil as biodiesel to be blended with petroleum diesel, which is a considerable novel approach in the energy and environmental sectors.

Analiza uticaja različitih vrsta goriva na potrošnju i izduvne emisije brodskog dvotaktnog dizel motora

Two-stroke diesel engines are a vital component of merchant ship propulsion, but their use of heavy fuel oil contributes significantly to environmental pollution. This paper explores the impact of different fuel types on the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a two-stroke diesel engine used in maritime transport. In an effort to reduce these negative impacts, alternatives in the form of high-quality diesel fuels and their blends with biodiesel have been investigated. An experimental method was applied to analyse the performance of the two-stroke diesel engine, commonly used in commercial maritime traffic. Pure Euro diesel and various blends of Euro diesel with biodiesel obtained from waste sunflower oil were used in different proportions (7%, 20%, 25%). Exhaust emissions, including CO, CO 2, NO x , SO 2, and O 2 , were monitored during four different engine operating regimes. The experiment was conducted on the training ship Jadran, part of the Navy of Montenegro, while the ship was docked in the homeport. The engine load during moored ship operations represents a specific propulsion characteristic known as the heavy propeller loading, as referred to in the literature. The results of this research provide insights into the efficiency of different fuel types on the performance and ecological aspects of the two-stroke diesel engine under real operational conditions in maritime traffic.

Physicochemical assessment of vegetable oil used to fry some Nigerian food items

The escalating global energy demand, projected to rise from 442 EJ in 2023 to between 623 and 710 EJ by 2035, has intensified the search for sustainable energy alternatives to fossil fuels. Biodiesel, particularly from waste cooking oil (WCO), presents a promising solution due to its affordability and environmental benefits. This study investigates the physicochemical properties of neat and waste sunflower oil used to fry bean cakes (Akara), fish, and puff-puff in Nigeria, aiming to identify the impact of frying duration and fried substances on oil quality. The study’s findings reveal significant changes in the oil’s properties post-frying, with notable variations in pH, moisture content, boiling point, density, viscosity, flash point, saponification value, protein content, fat content, acid value, free fatty acids (FFA), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The results indicated that the moisture content increased from 34.6% in neat oil to 47.9% in oil used for frying bean cakes, while the boiling point decreased from 243 °C to 226 °C in oil used for frying fish. The kinematic viscosity and density also varied, with the lowest viscosity (26.48 mm2/s) observed in oil used for frying fish and the highest density (911 kg/m3) in oil used for frying bean cakes. The flash point of WCO samples ranged from 248 to 258 °C compared to 260 °C in neat oil, and the saponification values varied significantly, indicating different levels of oxidation and deterioration. The study concludes that frying fish has the most detrimental effect on oil quality, as evidenced by the highest acid value (7.2 mgKOH/g) and significant changes in FFA and FAME concentrations. These insights into the physicochemical alterations of WCO highlight the potential for its optimized use in biodiesel production, offering a sustainable energy source while addressing waste disposal challenges.

Effects of Leek Powder and Sunflower Oil in Guar Gum Edible Coating on the Preservation of Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

This study investigated the effects of various guar gum edible coating formulations, incorporating different proportions of waste leek powder and sunflower oil, on weight loss, color parameters (L*, a*, b* values, and ΔE), texture, and shrinkage of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms during a 7-day storage period. The goal was to assess the potential impact of these coatings on preserving the mushrooms’ quality over time. The results showed that the coatings had a significant effect on reducing weight loss compared to uncoated samples. The lowest weight loss was observed in the 0.5% leek powder and without sunflower oil, while the highest was in 2.5% leek powder and 0.1% sunflower oil. Shrinkage was also positively affected by the coatings, with 1.5% leek powder and without sunflower oil showing the most promising results. The L* values of the coated samples declined slightly, indicating better color preservation, while the a* values exhibited stable redness/greenness. On the other hand, b* values increased, indicating an increase in yellowness during storage. The ΔE values were lower for the coated samples, suggesting less color deviation compared to uncoated ones. Overall, the study indicates that these edible coatings have the potential to maintain the quality of mushrooms during storage, leading to better preservation and extended shelf life.

Tribological property evaluation, optimization and performance of waste sunflower oil based green cutting fluid with silicon dioxide nanoparticles as additive

Mineral oil-based cutting fluids are hazardous and non-biodegradable, and their widespread usage has had a terrible effect on the environment and living things. The creation of a novel, ecologically sustainable cutting fluid technology is essential to avoid the above crisis. Commercial mineral oil alternatives are considered to possess identical lubricating properties as vegetable oils. Most vegetable oils are edible, so waste-cooking sunflower oil (WSO) is selected from this group to serve as the base stock for the green cutting fluid. The green cutting fluid is created using silicon dioxide nanoparticles as an additive and food-grade emulsifiers like Tween 80 and Span 80. According to the experimental findings, 0.05 weight percent silicon dioxide nanoparticles in the green cutting fluid performed better on a pin-on-disc tribometer.

Investigation of the combination of microwave heating and calcium alginate capsule rejuvenation healing methods for cold mix asphalt considering the type of compaction effort

Healing behavior of asphalt mixes can affect the pavement life and life cycle cost. Effects of encapsulated rejuvenators and microwave heating methods (as two approaches to improve self-healing behavior) on the cold mix asphalt (CMA) were studied separately and simultaneously at different compaction conditions (i.e., different types and levels of compaction). For this aim, capsules of calcium alginate (CAG) loaded with waste sunflower oil (WSO) and waste engine oil (WEO) were used as encapsulated rejuvenators and iron (Fe) powder was used as a heat conductive material to spread microwave heating into the samples. Moreover, the synergetic effect of powder-based heat-absorbing additives and encapsulated rejuvenators on the healing performance (HP) was also investigated. The chemical test results showed that the Fe powder is compatible with the bitumen emulsion. Pre- and post-healing semi-circular bending (SCB) fracture experiments were conducted before and after healing to check for the effect of the healing method and compaction effort on the HP of CMA. The results indicated higher effectiveness of the microwave heating rather than the encapsulated rejuvenators for facilitating the healing of cracked areas in asphalt mixes. Combining microwave heating and encapsulated rejuvenation methods was not successful in improving the HP, and the healing index was reduced 10 to 15% when both methods were combined. Compaction condition was more influential than the healing method, and the adverse impact of inadequate compaction could not be compensated with any healing methods. It was shown that the healing index can be improved by more than 10% when a proper compaction was applied to the specimens.

A micromodel investigation on the flooding of glycolipid biosurfactants for enhanced oil recovery

Biosurfactants can enhance oil recovery by decreasing the interfacial tension between water and oil, and altering the rock's wettability. In this study, the effect of two low molecular-weight glycolipid biosurfactants (rhamnolipid and sophorolipid) on enhancing oil recovery was investigated. The biosurfactants were economically produced from waste sunflower oil. The qualitative oil dispersion experiments were used to evaluate the biosurfactants’ ability to separate oil, Surface tension and interfacial tension tests were carried out at various salinity rates. The potential of rhamnolipid and sophorolipid solutions to alter carbonate rock from an oil-wet state to a water-wet state was studied using the wettability test by measuring the contact angle. Moreover, the effect of rhamnolipid and sophorolipid biosurfactants on breaking the emulsion and improving the sweeping efficiency in porous media was investigated and compared using the micromodel test. Then three distinct homogeneous, heterogeneous, and layered patterns were created and tested in order to completely investigate the difference in oil displacement mechanism in three micromodels, and the impacts of the biosurfactant injection zone's permeability on oil recovery to design injection well patterns. The test results showed that these two biosurfactants were effective at separating crude oil from water. It was further observed that the rhamnolipid solution at 1000 ppm concentration and 60,000 ppm salinity reduced the interfacial tension to 5.42 mN/m, and the sophorolipid solution at 5000 ppm concentration and 80,000 ppm salinity reduced it to 7.93 mN/m. The rhamnolipid solution increased the contact angle between the oil drop and the carbonate rock from 41.42° to 109.26°, and the sophorolipid solution increased it from 32.16° to 104.12°. Also, the micromodel flooding test confirmed that in the case of rhamnolipid solution at the optimal concentration and salinity, the amount of oil recovery was measured as 80, 70, and 74% in the homogeneous, heterogeneous, and layered micromodels, respectively, while for the sophorolipid solution at the optimal concentration and salinity, it was recorded as 71, 61, and 69%, respectively. The micromodel results did not prove the fingering phenomenon under injection of either rhamnolipid or sophorolipid. Furthermore, proper distribution and breaking of the emulsion into micron size were confirmed. Accordingly, one can conclude that both surfactants (rhamnolipid and sophorolipid) have the potential to be utilized in oil field operations.

Investigations on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a dual-fuel diesel engine fueled with induced bamboo leaf gaseous fuel and injected mixed biodiesel-diesel blends

The present paper briefly elaborates upon the combination of waste palm and waste sunflower oil methyl ester as post-mixed biodiesel blends being injected into a four-stroke compression ignition engine, which is also fueled with inducted bamboo leaf generated producer gas (BLP.gas) that includes gaseous components of CO (carbon monoxide), H2 (hydrogen), CH4 (methane), and CxHy (hydrocarbons). The objective of the present research is to evaluate the overall performance, emission, and combustion behavior of a Kirloskar TAF1 modified dual-fuel diesel engine fueled with induced bamboo leaf-derived gaseous fuel at a fixed mass flow rate of 21.69 kg/h and injected mixed biodiesel-diesel blends. Initially, diesel fuel and post-mixed methyl ester were examined in dual-fuel mode with a fixed gas flow rate for different loads. It can be seen from the analysis that brake thermal efficiency got reduced by 4.66% and brake-specific fuel consumption increased by 5.26% for PMOME20 (20% post-mixed oil methyl ester + 80% diesel fuel) + BLP. gas with respect to diesel fuel at extreme loading conditions. Moreover, smoke opacity, carbon monoxide, and unburnt hydrocarbons were reduced by 11.22%, 20.44%, and 10.36%, respectively. On the other hand, oxides of nitrogen were reduced by 19.17% at maximum load for PMOME20 + BLP. gas in dual-fuel operation in contrast to that of petroleum diesel. In light of this, the current research concluded that the use of biodiesel and BLP. gas for dual-operative engines may be regarded as an appropriate option for reducing pollutant environment and petroleum fuel scarcity.

High linoleic waste sunflower oil: A distinctive recycled source of self-healing agent for smart metal coatings

High Linoleic Waste Sunflower Oil (HLWSO) is a new self-healing agent viable to be encapsulated. Meanwhile, the unique mechanism behind the synthesis of microcapsules is deeply illustrated; the emulsification process of HLWSO by anionic surfactant and microencapsulation of HLWSO. In addition, the application of microencapsulated HLWSO in the coating matrix by the layering method is presented followed by a detailed explanation of the self-healing mechanism of a smart coating incorporating the polymerization mechanism of HLWSO developed by the diene structure. Microencapsulation of high linoleic waste sunflower oil (HLWSO) is a wall formation process in which urea-formaldehyde (UF) is attached with emulsified HLWSO to form a microcapsule. In this study, the HLWSO from recycled cooking oil is uniquely bonded with a diene structure, thus possessing the ability to dry fast and be encapsulated via the in-situ polymerization method. The microencapsulated HLWSO was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier Transformation Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimum microcapsules synthesized from HLWSO resulted in a smooth shell structure with 2.88 μm diameter microcapsules at 0.31 μm shell thickness and 66% core content. It was demonstrated that increased stirring speed decreases the size, shell thickness, and core content of the microcapsules. The FTIR results indicated that HLWSO as a core, while urea-formaldehyde acted as a shell of microcapsules. The scratch on the coating matrix embedded with HLWSO was healed after five days. The corrosion rate of optimum sample was 0.0574 mm/year, with an optimum reduction of 58% from the reference sample. This study revealed that the HLWSO from recycled sources is a viable self-healing agent to be microencapsulated. The smart coating embedded with HLWSO also displayed self-healing performance, reduced corrosion rate and beneficial for the advancement of corrosion control technology.

Effect of Tryptophane on Synthesis of Certain Exometabolites by Bacteria of Genus Acinetobacter, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus and Their Properties

The efficiency of integrated microbial biotechnologies for obtaining several practically valuable metabolites in one technological process is determined both by the maximum concentration of these substances and their properties. This is especially true for secondary metabolites, the composition and properties of which vary depending on the cultivation conditions of the producer. Aim. To research the effect of tryptophan (a precursor of auxin biosynthesis) in the culture media on the synthesis of certain exometabolites by Rhodococcus erythropolis IMV Ac-5017, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IMV B-7241, and Nocardia vaccinii IMV B-7405 as well as their properties. Methods. R. erythropolis IMV Ac-5017, A. calcoaceticus IMV B-724, and N. vaccinii IMV B-7405 were cultivated in a medium containing refined and waste sunflower oil, biodiesel waste, or ethanol as a carbon source. The concentration of tryptophan in the medium was 300 mg/L. Surfactants were extracted from the supernatant of the cultural liquid with a modified Folch mixture. Phytohormones were isolated from the supernatant by sequential extraction with organic solvents after surfactant extraction. Thin-layer chromatography was used for preliminary purification and concentration of phytohormones. Qualitative and quantitative determination of auxins was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of surfactants was analysed by the minimum inhibitory concentration. The activity of enzymes of surface-active glycoand aminolipids biosynthesis (phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase, phosphoenolcarboxykinase, and NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase) was determined spectrophotometrically during the oxidation of NADH or NADP. Results. It was found that the presence of tryptophan in the culture medium of the strains under study did not affect the number of synthesized surfactants, which was 1.80−1.90, 1.55−1.75, and 1.50−1.65 g/L, respectively. At the same time, cultivation of R. erythropolis IMV Ac-5017, A. calcoaceticus IMV B-724, and N. vaccinii IMV B-7405 in the media with tryptophan increased the number of phytohormones: it was higher than the amount of phytohormones synthesized during cultivation without a precursor. The introduction of tryptophan into the culture medium of the strains was accompanied by the formation of surfactants. These compounds showed 2−4 times higher antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogenic bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens UCM B-1000, Pseudomonas syringae UCM B-1027T, Xanthomonas vesicatoria UCM B-1106, Pectobacterium carotovorum UCM B-1075T, Clavibacter michiganensis IMV B-102 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato IMV B-9167) than compounds synthesized on a medium without a precursor. The antimicrobial activity of surfactants synthesized by A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 in the presence of tryptophan either did not change compared to that for surfactants obtained without tryptophan, or increased slightly. Data on the activity of surfactant biosynthesis enzymes correlated with the indicators of their antimicrobial activity. In the presence of tryptophan in the culture medium of N. vaccinii IMV B-7405 and R. erythropolis IMV Ac-5017, NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the cells of these strains (a key enzyme for biosynthesis of aminolipids responsible for antimicrobial activity) increased almost by 1.4 times compared to that on a tryptophan-free medium. Conclusions. As a result of this work, it was found that the presence of tryptophan in the culture medium of researched strains did not affect the number of surfactants. The antimicrobial activity of surfactants against phytopathogenic bacteria either increased or remained unchanged compared to that established for surfactants synthesized without a precursor of auxin biosynthesis. The obtained data testify to the high efficiency of the potential use of surfactants complex preparations and phytohormones in crop production to stimulate the growth of plants and biocontrol of phytopathogenic bacteria.

Bio-diesel synthesis from waste sunflower oil: Experimental and multilayer perceptron neural network modeling

Transesterification being the most widely utilized way for biodiesel synthesis, the present work focuses on a single-step transesterification reaction between second-used sunflower oil and methanol as a reactant mixture with potassium hydroxide as a base catalyst. The parameter study exhibits encouraging results in terms of biodiesel/ ester conversion of the second used sunflower oil. Optimum parameters like temperature (62.3 °C), the molar ratio of methanol/ oil (1:5), and potassium hydroxide (2.85 wt%) were estimated for maximum biodiesel conversion (97.06 %). An artificial intelligence (AI) based formalism known as multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) is utilized to develop the prediction model for biodiesel conversion (ml) (y0). The input space of the MLPNN-based model comprises of four operating parameters, viz. temperature (oC), second used sunflower oil (ml), methanol (ml), and reaction time (min). The proposed model is trained with the error-back propagation methodology. The high correlation coefficient (CCTraining=0.978;CCTest=0.999) and low root mean square error (RMSETraining=80.392;RMSETest=27.891) values indicate the excellent accuracy of prediction and generalization of the developed model. As a result, the proposed model can be conveniently engaged for further designing of biodiesel synthesis experimentation.

Screening of microorganisms producing biosurfactants from renewable substrates

Biosurfactants are one of the promising biotechnological products applied in agriculture. Their use, however, is currently far from economically viable, due to the expensive feedstock for the growth of microorganisms. The solution to this problem can be to reduce the cost of production by using organic waste as a nutrient substrate. In this study, oil-containing wastes were considered as substrates - waste frying sunflower oil and petroleum-contaminated soil. At the first stage of research, we screened native waste microorganisms capable of synthesizing biosurfactants. As a result of the study, strains with the ability to form biosurfactants were isolated. Six strains (A, B, C, D, E, F) were isolated from waste frying sunflower oil, two strains (A1, B1) were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil. The highest yield of biosurfactants is typical for strains A and A1 - 0.429 and 0.502 mg ml-1, while the best ratio of biosurfactant mass to cell biomass is typical for strains A1 and E - 0.9 and 0.6. The most effective producer of biosurfactants turned out to be strain E with an emulsifying activity of E24 equal to 80% and a surface tension of the culture liquid of 27.1 mN m-1.

Parametric and kinetic study of simultaneous esterification and transesterification of model waste sunflower oil by using zirconium sulfate catalyst

Parametric and kinetic study of simultaneous esterification and transesterification of model waste sunflower oil by using zirconium sulfate catalyst

Catalytic Performance for Transesterification Reaction Using Waste Cooking Oils Over Nano-Calcium Oxide (n-CaO) Catalyst from Different Waste Bones

The trans-esterification processes of refined waste groundnut oil (WGO) and sunflower oil (WSO) was optimized using calcium oxide produced from three different animal bones after incineration and characterization. The bone samples were crushed and calcined at 600 oC into fine powders with particulate dimension size of 49 nm. The calcined bones such as, calcined fish bone (CFB), calcine cow bone (CCB), and calcined chicken bone (CCHB) were characterized using the transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Brunnar Emmet Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques.The powdered calcium oxide (CaO) was obtained from the waste animal bones to produced methyl ester (FAMEs). The effect of the catalyst dosage ratio on the physicochemical properties such as, yield, specific gravity, density, kinematic viscosity, and acid values of the produced biodiesel were studied and evaluated. The analysis of results using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software) showed maximum catalyst dosage and yield for groundnut-based biodiesel (GNB) with CCB at 3.0 wt.% with yield 95.0 % followed by sunflower based biodiesel (SFB) with CCB 4.0 wt. % with yield 95.0 %. The best optimal trans-esterification reaction conditions were a 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1 hour reaction period, a 333 K reaction temperature, stirring rate of 1000 rpm, and 3-4 wt. % CaO catalyst loading. This study revealed that waste cooking oils and the obtained calcium oxide were good sources of raw materials that canenhance optimal production of biodiesel that meet the American standards for testing materials ASTM requirements.

Performance comparison of empirical model and Particle Swarm Optimization & its boiling point prediction models for waste sunflower oil biodiesel

The absence of correlations for predicting the boiling point of biodiesels prevents fuel users to achieve effective engine performance. Among the quality regulator of rudimentary fuel properties is the boiling point and its absence in literature is preventing fuel handlers to achieve actual engine performance. In this study, the mechanism of sunflower oil methanolysis was investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The empirical model (EM) was utilized to correlate the optimal yield and trans -esterification variables for methylic biodiesel production. Thereafter, statistical regression techniques were employed to model the MBP of biodiesel vs. biodiesel fraction and MBP of biodiesel vs. kinematic viscosity. The yield of waste sunflower oil methyl ester (WSOME) (97%) was the uppermost at the methanol/SFO molar ratio of optimal of 6/1, KOH of 1 %wt, and retention time of 78 min. The PSO model exhibited an advanced coefficient of determination, and an inferior value of root mean squared errors related to the RSM model. PSO predicted values, as related to RSM predicted yield shows its dependability and expediency for prediction deprived of conservative experimentation. The fuel properties of the WSOME synthesized were within the ranges of established green fuel standards. The RSM with PSO has been exhibited efficient tools for exploring the methylic biodiesel production from WSO. Least square regression and parabolic equation correlated MBP as a function of bio-diesel fraction and MBP as a function of kinematic viscosity. In conclusion, the results of this study can be useful for biodiesel production from industrial waste oil and the prediction of MBP in the biodiesel industry.

Optimization of biodiesel produced from waste sunflower cooking oil over bi-functional catalyst

In the current global climate emergency and with the interesting environmental advantages of biodiesel, a look into the commercialisation of such greener fuel is essential. While raw materials account for the most in the production cost, time and energy can be economised using statistical models. The optimisation of free methyl esters (FAME) synthesised from waste sunflower oil over a novel CaO/Al2O3, and methanol was carried out at the alcohol and oil ratio of 12:1. The aim was to investigate the effect of operation parameters on the yield of the produced sunflower biodiesel, with the use of low cost and time efficient central composite response surface methodology. The chosen variables were catalyst loading, temperature, and time while the response was the yield. The catalyst loading was the most consequential parameter on yield. The linear regression model was obtained to predict responses given by these variables, with 95% confidence. The predicted and experimental yield was comparable with 92.773% and 95.665% respectively. A significant yield of 98.23% was obtained at optimal operating conditions of catalyst loading (2.5 wt%), time (5 h) and temperature (60 °C). The properties of optimised FAME were within international standard limits set for biodiesel except for the high concentrations of Ca and Mg.