Waste Silage Research Articles

Evaluation of Associative Effects on Degradability, Fermentation Parameters, and In Vitro Methane Production as a Result of Variation in the Ruminants Diets Constituents

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different forage sources and forage-to-concentrate ratios on digestibility, energy concentration, fermentation parameters, and in vitro estimate of methane. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design using a 3 × 6 factorial arrangement with three forages varying the chemical composition (pineapple crop waste silage [PS], corn silage [CS], and Tifton hay [TH]) associated with concentrate feed (C) in six combinations, using triplicates for each ratio. We evaluated in vitro digestibility, metabolizable and net energy, pH, redox potential, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and methane production. The in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) decreased (p = 0.0011) with the inclusion of concentrate. It was also affected by the forage source, but this fact was only observed in CS up to the 50:50 ratio. In TH, this fact occurred from the 80:20 ratio, and this behavior was not observed in the PS. Data on methane production, VFA, and fermentation parameters varied according to forage source and concentrate inclusion. In conclusion, the inclusion of concentrate reduces methane production, increasing the system’s energy contribution. Overall, the different forage sources and the inclusion of concentrate change digestion and fermentation parameters.

Physico-chemical Characterization of Tofu By-Product Silage Supplemented with Fine Rice Bran and Chestnut Tannin as Silage Additives

This study seeks to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of tofu waste silage with the inclusion of refined rice bran and chestnut tannins as additives. This study employed an experimental method using a completely randomized design, comprising four treatments and five replications. The treatments included are T1: Fresh Tofu Waste (FTW as control), T2: FTW + 5% fine rice bran (DM basis), T3: FTW + 1% chestnut tannin (DM basis), and T4: FTW + 5% fine rice bran + 1% chestnut tannin (DM basis). The variables measured were temperature, humidity, pH, mold growth, aroma, texture, color, and dry matter loss. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test was applied at a 5% significance level to assess significant differences between treatments. The findings revealed that the inclusion of fine rice bran and chestnut tannin had a significant impact (P<0.05) on the temperature, humidity, pH, mold growth, aroma, texture, color, and dry matter loss of fresh tofu waste silage. In conclusion, the addition of 5% fine rice bran and 1% chestnut tannin resulted in tofu waste silage with superior physico-chemical quality, as evidenced by the lowest dry matter loss compared to the other treatments.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Silase Limbah Sawi Putih (Brassica pekinensia L.) terhadap Konsumsi dan Kecernaan Energi dan Protein pada Ternak Babi Grower

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of using chicory waste silage (Brassica pekinensis L) in rations on energy and protein consumption and digestibility in grower pigs. The livestock used were 12 grower phase landrace crossbreed pigs aged 3-4 months with initial body weights ranging from 29-52 kg and an average of 36 kg (CV = 17.72%). This research used an experimental method with a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of four treatments and three replications so that there were 12 experimental units. The treatments used were R0: 100% basal ration, R1: 90% basal ration + 10% chicory waste silage, R2: 85% basal ration + 15% chicory waste silage and R3: 80% basal ration + 20% chicory waste silage. The variables studied were ration consumption, energy consumption, protein consumption, energy digestibility and protein digestibility. The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on all variables. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the use of chicory waste silage (Brassica pekinensis L) in rations at levels of 10%, 15% and 20% has the same effect on energy and protein consumption and digestibility

Characteristics of Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Application in High-Moisture Broccoli Waste Silage

Four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from naturally ensiled broccoli waste were characterized, and their effects on the fermentation quality of high-moisture broccoli waste silage were studied. The four isolated strains were assessed using the morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. The four strains were added to broccoli waste at three moisture contents (90%, W0; 87%, W1; 80%, W2) and ensiled for 60 days. All strains (CB89, CB94, CB112, and CB120) grew at 15–45 °C, pH 3.0–7.0, and in 3.0–6.5% NaCl and were identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum by 16S rDNA sequencing. Inoculation of CB120 significantly (p < 0.05) increased lactic acid, starch, and non-structural carbohydrate content, and significantly (p < 0.05) decreased pH values and aerobic bacteria count compared with control (CK) at all three moisture contents. In conclusion, CB120 improved the fermentation quality and nutritional value of broccoli waste silage at three moisture contents and could be applied as a promising additive for high-moisture material.

Investigation of the effect of different additives on the qualities, <i>in vitro</i> degradation, and rumen fermentation profile of indigo waste silage

<abstract> <p>Natural indigo dye production produces indigo waste as a by-product. Our purpose of this study was to examine the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>), cellulase (CE), molasses (MO), and their combinations on the silage quality, <italic>in vitro</italic> degradability, and rumen fermentation parameters of indigo waste silage. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used for the experiment. Indigo waste was chopped and ensiled in a small-scale silo with no additive (control), Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>, MO, CE, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>:MO, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>:CE, MO:CE, and MO:CE:Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>. After 30 days of storage, the silages were tested for quality and chemical composition, as well as an <italic>in vitro</italic> fermentation. The ruminal fluid inoculum was collected from two beef cattle with a body weight (BW) of 200±10 kg, and the inoculum had been pre-heated before being transported to the laboratory. Silage with MO, CE, or their combination increased the amount of lactic acid (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). The silage pH was lowest in MO:CE (4.5) and was highest in Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>:CE (10.6) in indigo waste (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). In comparison to the control (19.5% CP), the CP content of all additives increased by 20.7% to 21.5% (<italic>p</italic> = 0.02). The addition of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>:MO and Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>:CE resulted in a reduction of NDF content by 60.7% and 59.4%, respectively, in comparison to the control group (72.4%) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). Silage with additives had no effect on the cumulative gas production or gas kinetics, except that the constant rate of gas production for the insoluble fraction (c) was higher in MO (<italic>p</italic> = 0.03). <italic>In vitro</italic> dry matter degradability (IVDMD) was higher in CE and MO and highest in MO:CE-treated silage (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). The <italic>in vitro</italic> organic matter degradability (IVOMD) increased in Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>:MO compared with the control (<italic>p</italic> = 0.03). The additives alone or in their two combinations in silage reduced the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) concentration (28.0 to 31.5 mg/dL) when compared to the control (32.7 mg/dL) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). In addition, the highest total volatile fatty acid (VFA) level was found in the silage of the MO (92.9 mmol/L) compared with the control (71.3 mmol/l) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). The proportion of propionic acid and butyric acid increased (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01) whereas acetic acid decreased (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01) in the rumen of silage with MO and CE. In summary, the addition of MO and CE has the potential to be used in the silage of indigo waste.</p> </abstract>

Impact of Replacing Different Levels of Potato Waste Silage with Barley on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Rumen and Blood Parameters of Fattening Lambs

Impact of Replacing Different Levels of Potato Waste Silage with Barley on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Rumen and Blood Parameters of Fattening Lambs

Evaluation of Nutrient and Digestibility of Agricultural Waste Total Mixed Ration Silage as Ruminant Feed

Difficulties in feeding ruminants, which generally use field grass, can be modified by utilizing forage waste from corn, rice and cassava using the total mixed ration (TMR) silage model to obtain feed that is rich in nutrients and long lasting. The study aimed of the study was to determine the nutritional value and digestibility of TMR silage using forage and concentrate waste from corn, rice and cassava. The research design used a completely randomized design with 3 treatments of agricultural waste and 6 replications. The treatment is CWS (corn waste silage); RWS (rice waste silage) and CVWS (cassava waste silage). The parameters tested were crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF, WSC, RFV, NH3, rumen PH, VFA, In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The results showed that CVWS (cassava waste silage) increased crude protein, RFV and reduced NDF, while CWS (corn waste silage) reduced crude fiber and ADF, increased NH3 production, VFA and in vitro digestibility

Boiled potato waste silage as an alternate roughage for goats

A feeding trial (60 days) was conducted to gauge the nutritional attributes of boiled potato (Solanum tuberosum) peel waste silage and to analyse its feeding effect on intake and utilization of nutrients in goats. Twelve local, non-descript, adult male goats were randomly divided into two groups. Each group was given ad lib. wheat straw, concentrate mixture @ 20 g/KgW0.75 and silage @ 75 g/KgW0.75 Based on variation in source of silage the groups were classified as maize silage (MS) or potato peel waste silage (PPS) groups. Despite the higher crude protein concentration PPS could be successfully ensiled with achievement of necessary pH fall, possibly due to effect of boiling on starch granules to render it readily fermentable and/or heat damaged CP. In both the groups live weight of the goats was maintained throughout the trial. The PPS formed about 20.2% of the total ration intake (on DM basis). Nutrient digestibility (%) was similar between dietary groups, except NFE and NDF digestibility, which was considerably higher in PPS group. It may be concluded that the ensiled boiled potato peel waste may be utilized as a constituent of adult goat ration without compromising nutrient intake, digestibility, plane of nutrition and nutrient balance.

Performa Entog (Cairina moschata) Jantan Yang Diberi Berbagai Imbangan Pakan Berbasis Silase Limbah Sayuran dan Dedak Padi

Muscovy duck performance is influenced by quality feed, easy to obtain and does not compete with humans. The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of male mussels fed a balanced feed of vegetable waste and rice bran silage on the performance of male mussels and to obtain a formulation of a balanced diet of vegetable waste and rice bran silage that produced the best mussels performance. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) of 4 treatments with 5 replications. The treatment used was 4 feed balances, namely rice bran with vegetable waste silage, respectively P0 = 100: 0; P1 = 75 : 25; P2 = 50 : 50, and P3 = 25 : 75. The variables observed were ration consumption, body weight gain, ration conversion, and feed efficiency. The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and if there was a significant difference it was further tested using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that ration consumption, ration conversion, and feed efficiency had significant differences. Meanwhile, body weight gain did not have a significant effect. It can be concluded that feeding vegetable waste silage has a significant effect on increasing ration consumption, but reducing ration conversion and feed efficiency. The treatment that produced the best male musk performance was shown at P0.

Chemical composition and gas production kinetic parameters of sweet potato vine waste silage after preserved for short and prolonged periods

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batata L.) culture produces by-products with animal feeding potential, such as vines. Given that sweet potato vines are seasonal and highly perishable, the adoption of conservation strategies such as silage becomes necessary to ensure their availability during food shortage periods. The knowledge of the optimal conservation period of this type of silage is limited, with very few studies available on this topic. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentative characteristics, and in vitro gas production kinetics of sweet potato vine silage after 45 and 120 days of conservation and to compare them with those of fresh sweet potato vine. The sweet potato vines were collected, cut into 2-3 cm pieces, and ensiled for 45 and 120 days. After this period, the nutritional value was determined using the standard methods of AOAC. The gas production and kinetics were fitted to the exponential equation proposed by Ørskov and McDonald. It was found that the sweet potato vine can be successfully preserved as silage, regardless of the conservation period, and that it shows a high potential for being used as an alternative food source for ruminants. In vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility were not much different for the fresh sweet potato vine, and the silage was conserved for 120 days. However, the silage for 120 days had lower accumulated in vitro gas production compared to the fresh sweet potato vine. It was concluded that the silage conservation period did not produce significant changes in chemical composition or in vitro digestibility, with the sweet potato vine showing good nutritional values both fresh and after a conservation period. Therefore, sweet potato vine silage can be used as an alternative food source in ruminant diets.

Physical Quality of Sago Waste Silage with Different Concentrations of Cattle’s Rumen Liquid

Physical Quality of Sago Waste Silage with Different Concentrations of Cattle’s Rumen Liquid

Evaluation of Associative Effects of In Vitro Gas Production and Fermentation Profile Caused by Variation in Ruminant Diet Constituents

This study aimed to investigate the associative effects caused by changes in the proportions of feed ingredients (forage-to-concentrate ratio) and the forage source in ruminant diets on in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters. The study consisted of two assays conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 10 factorial arrangement consisting of three forages (pineapple crop waste silage [PS], corn silage [CS], and Tifton hay [TH]) associated with concentrate feed (C) (binary mixture) in 11 proportions, with triplicates of each combination. For the first assay, the asymptotic volume of gas did not show any difference among (p = 0.059) CS and PS (p = 0.464) and their proportions. We evaluated the associative effect among forages and their proportions and noticed there was an effect on gas production between the combination of forage and concentrate for the CS (p = 0.003) and PS (p = 0.003). In the second assay, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.05) were affected by the forage source and concentrate inclusion. In conclusion, forages with a high content of soluble carbohydrates presented the lowest gas production, as well as higher concentrations of propionic acid and ammonia nitrogen. The associative effect on in vitro gas production was more pronounced in the first 12 h incubation. The different forage sources and the inclusion of concentrate change fermentation parameters.

The impact of wheat straw and alfalfa additives on quality and in vitro digestibility of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) waste silage

BackgroundSeed pumpkin waste is a significant portion of the vast quantities of vegetable waste generated annually, which has the potential to be used as feed for livestock. The disposal of pumpkin waste, which is unsuitable for human consumption, has the potential to reduce conflict between humans and cattle for agricultural land. This study examined the quality, aerobic stability, and in vitro organic matter digestion of silage generated by combining seed pumpkin waste with wheat straw and alfalfa in varying proportions. MethodsThe consisted of seven different mixtures of pumpkin seed waste with wheat straw and alfalfa. The mixtures were, control (100% pumpkin), P85S15 (85% pumpkin, 15% wheat straw), P80S20 (80% pumpkin, 20% wheat straw), P75S25 (75% pumpkin, 25% wheat straw), P70S15A15 (70% pumpkin, 15% wheat straw, 15% alfalfa), P60S20A20 (60% pumpkin, 20% wheat straw, 20% alfalfa), and P50S25A25 (50% pumpkin, 25% wheat straw, 25% alfalfa). These mixtures were compressed into 1.5-liter glass jars and then ensiled. The silages were opened after a fermentation period of 60 days. The pH, ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined after the fermentation period. ResultThe pH values of the silage mixtures varied between 3.57 and 4.19. Aerobic stability values (CO2 formation) increased with the addition of straw and alfalfa. Fleig score calculations were ranked as ‘good’ and ‘very good’. ConclusionIt is concluded that pumpkin waste, which has high moisture content, can be used as a source of roughage in animal feeding when the silage is made with the additives of wheat straw and alfalfa. The use of pumpkins as silage is of great significance in Turkey, as it serves to reduce environmental pollution and offers an alternative source of ruminant roughage. This may be achieved by making a silage mixture that incorporates pumpkins, wheat straw, and alfalfa.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Acceptability of Graded Levels of Ensiled Cabbage Waste and Wheat Offals as Ruminants’ Supplemental Diet

Animal nutritionists are now searching for new non-traditional feed sources to enhance ruminants’ diets due to price increases and the unavailability of some unconventional feed ingredients. In a Completely Randomized Design, wheat offal was substituted with cabbage waste silage in diets 1 to 5 at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%, respectively for 30 days to assess the physicochemical characteristics and acceptability of the new diets by Yankasa rams. Temperatures of 29.00 ± 0.14 and 28.05 ± 0.78 °C, respectively, were noticeably lower in diets 4 and 5. Diets 4 (4.26) and 5 (4.38) considerably lowered (P > 0.05) the pH. All of the diets had good silages based on color, smell, and texture, with diet 5 having a firm and wet texture. Diets 4 and 5 had sweet aromatic odour. With increasing the amount of cabbage waste in the silage, the dry matter dropped, going from 80.11 to 46.88% in diets 1 and 5, respectively. Diet 4’s lowest CP of 12.68%, is sufficient for ruminant feeding. In diet 4, the values of crude fiber and ether extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Although there were substantial differences (P < 0.05) in each diet’s fiber content, the NDF, ADF, and ADL all fell within the acceptable range for excellent silage. All the silages made in diets 1 to 5 were acceptable by Yankasa rams, but diet 5 ranked highest in terms of coefficient of preference (CoP). According to all findings, cabbage waste could be a valuable silage additive in ruminants’ diets. Wheat offal can be replaced by cabbage waste up to 30% and 40% in the diet of ruminants with good silage formation and better CoP.

Ratio of supplement for <i>Saccharum edule Hassk</i> waste ensilage

<em><span>Saccharum edule Hassk (Terubuk)</span></em><span> is a plant of the Poaceae family that after consuming its flowers as vegetables, <em>Saccharum edule Hassk </em>waste in the form of leaves and stems can be used as alternative animal feed. Improving the nutrition of crushed waste as an alternative feed can be done through ensilage using several mixed ingredients that can maximize the fermentation process. The study aimed to analyze the effect of differences in the ratio of starter microbial with a mixture of silage, such as molasses and rice bran, on the quality of the <em>Saccharum edule Hassk </em>waste silage. The research was conducted using leaf and stem material using the anaerobic fermentation method. The ratio of microbes, molasses, and rice bran used was 0.00067%:2%:4% (S1), 0.0008%:3%:6% (S2), and 0.001%:4%:8% (S3). The fermentation time was 14, 21, and 28 days. The results obtained showed that pH <4 was achieved by S1, S2, and S3, at 21 and 28 days of fermentation. Fleigh value (NF) of S1 and S2 at 21 days of fermentation was 72.47% while in S3 it was 72.20%. The NF at 28 days of fermentation was 85.53% in S1, and 85. 67% in S2 and S3. The highest protein content is in S2 at 10.37 ± 0.69% (p>0.05) in a fermentation time of 21 days.</span>

Determination of In vitro Nutrient Digestibility of Silage based Diets with Varying Levels of Crude Fibre using Pig Faecal Inoculum

Background: The in-vitro nutrient digestibility and fermentation mimicking gastrointestinal process of pigs is a convenient method for rapid and cheaper measurement of degradation of feed ingredients. In the present study silage based diets containing varying levels of crude fibre were subjected to in vitro digestibility evaluation using pig faecal inoculum to determine the best crude fibre level for feeding pigs. Methods: Eight diets were prepared namely, B1, B2, V1, V2, V3, M1, M2 and M3 having 6.28, 8.43, 8.03, 10.0, 11.96, 8.17, 10.31 and 12.06 per cent crude fibre (on dry matter basis) respectively, where diets B1 and B2 were basal diets, V1, V2 and V3 contained vegetable waste silage; M1, M2 and M3 contained maize silage -as additional fibre source. An in-vitro study was carried out to investigate the nutrient digestibility of diets involving enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation using pig faecal inoculum. Result: The in-vitro total tract digestibility (IVTTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and organic matter (OM) was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in B1 diet than the other diets. The digestibility of DM, CP and OM of B2 diet was also significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the M2, M3, V2 and V3 diets but comparable to M1 and V1 diets. The IVTTD of crude fibre (CF) was higher in V3 diet (25.85%) and lowest (P less than 0.001) in M1 diet (11.65%) and both showed a highly significant (P less than 0.001) difference (to other diets. The DM, CP and OM digestibility were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in the diets containing normal fibre sources than silage containing diets. Cumulative gas production (ml/0.5g feed) at 24 h of in-vitro fermentation were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in B2 (34.95) and B1 (31.00) diets than other diets. As the CF level in diets increased from 6 to 12%, the digestibility of nutrients linearly decreased except CF digestibility. It was revealed from the study that the level and sources of crude fibre in diets influenced the digestibility of nutrients.

Fish waste silage, a green process for low feedstock availability. A Review

Introduction. Different fishing activities generate a waste volume related to the processing species (viscera, heads and bones), the discards of the companion fauna, species of low commercial value and the losses related to handling problems. Fish meal production is the most common process for recovery nutrients from these fish processing byproducts. However, those places with reduced infrastructure or where the volume of wastes produced do not justified the economic equation for conversion into fish meal or oil, the biological silage could be the technology of choice to promote a sustainable waste management. Objective. To compilate, organize and summarize literature related to biological fermentation of fish waste and its applications. Development. A bibliographic review was carried out (January 1994 - December 2020) referring to the comprehensive use of fishing residues mainly focused on the use of lactic acid bacteria in fish waste fermentation. The information was organized in different sections: fish silage, lactic acid bacteria and carbohydrate sources for biological silage. Conclusions. The studies analyzed in this review highlight the possibility of using a wide variety of carbohydrate sources, biological starters and fish waste fermentation conditions. The satisfactory results show the potential use of fish waste in different applications. This work could contribute to the fisheries that decide to adopt this kind technology in order to provide an innovative and viable recycling bioeconomy.

Aplikasi Silase Limbah Sayuran Sebagai Sumber Pakan Alternatif dalam Upaya untuk Meningkatkan Persentase Karkas Entog (Cairina moschata) Jantan

Carcass percentage can be affected by feed consumed, age, sex, and environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of giving vegetable waste silage in the ration on the percentage of carcasses, and to obtain the optimum percentage of male musk carcass feed formulations. The research was carried out experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD). A total of 80 male mussels were placed in 20 cage plots, so that each cage plot consisted of 4 individuals. The type of treatment used was R0 (100% rice bran) as control, R1 (75% rice bran + 25% vegetable waste silage), R2 (50% rice bran + 50% vegetable waste silage), R3 (25% rice bran + 75% vegetable waste silage). Variables observed included live weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage and carcass percentage (breast, thigh, back and wings). The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and if they showed significant differences then further tested using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the use of vegetable waste silage feed had no significant effect on carcass weight (p>0,05). However, vegetable waste silage can be used as additional feed for rice brand not lass than 25% and not more than 50%. The results showed that treatment R1 (75% rice bran + 25% vegetable waste silage) and R2 treatment (50% rice bran + 50% vegetable waste silage) produced good carcass and percentage carcass weight in male ducks.

Supplementing Proteolytic Enzymes Increased the In Vitro Nutrient Effective Degradability and Fermentation Characteristics of Pineapple Waste Silage

Pineapple waste silage (PAS) is an abundant agro-industrial by-product characterized by its high fiber content posing a high potential feed value as roughage for ruminants. Studies on its supplementation with proteolytic enzyme (PE) will help extend its utilization as an alternative nutritive feed source for cattle nutrition. Thus, this study aimed to determine the in vitro nutrient degradability and fermentation characteristics of fiber-rich but low-protein PAS supplemented with different levels of PE. Seven treatments were evaluated in this study: PAS without PE and PAS1 to PAS6, which corresponds to incremental levels of PAS supplementation as follows: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 1%, 2%, and 4%. The nutrient disappearance, nutrient effective degradability, and fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, ammonia-nitrogen, and pH values were evaluated in vitro. PAS without added PE showed a comparably good nutritive value (dry matter: 94.30%, neutral detergent fiber: 63.66%, acid detergent fiber: 34.78%) to that of commonly used corn silage in South Korea. With the supplementation of PE in PAS, the PE increased the effective degradability of different nutrients such as dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP). The effect of PE supplementation on the degradation of nutrients was consistent with improvements in in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Supplementing PAS with PE increased the total gas production and decreased the pH values, which are characteristics of heightened fiber degradation and fermentation. The ammonia-N concentration of the in vitro-incubated PAS was moderated by the addition of PE, which is likely due to the decrease in pH or in vitro acidosis and has shown a synergistic protease activity effect on nutrient degradation. Overall, supplementing PAS with PE increased the effective degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, OM, and CP, with the most dramatic effects observed in PAS3 and PAS6 (0.3% and 4%, respectively).

Quality of Chemically Processed Flying Fish (Hyrundicthys oxycephalus) Waste Silage

Flying fish are the fish that are widely found in the waters of the Makassar Strait, especially in Majene Regency. During the harvest season, flying fish leave a lot of waste that pollutes the environment. This research aimed to evaluate flying fish waste silage's physical and chemical qualities. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications groups. To process the sample, formic acid at concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 3%, and 3.5% was used. Anova was applied for data analysis, followed by Duncan's test if the treatments differed significantly. Parameters observed were chemical quality, including crude protein and fat content, total bacteria count, and pH, while physical-chemical quality included aroma, color, and texture of flying fish waste silage. The results showed that the addition of formic acid to fly fish silage had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on protein, fat, pH, and total bacteria levels but had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the aroma, color, and texture of the hay. This research concludes that chemically processing flying fish silage with the addition of 2.5% formic acid can increase the protein content to the optimum level in the P1 treatment resulting in the highest protein content of 48.81% and the fat content of 1.63%, pH 3.5, total bacteria 4 x 104, sour taste, gray color and liquid texture that can be safely used as raw feed.