Waste Glass Research Articles

Waste glass powder as a high temperature stabilizer in blended oil well cement pastes: Hydration, microstructure and mechanical properties

Recycling waste glass for diversified utilization has received increasing attention in recent years. This work aimed to reuse waste glass powder (GP) as a high temperature stabilizer to replace silica flour (SF) in blended G class oil well cement (GOWC) pastes. Blended pastes containing 40 % and 66.7 % GP were prepared and compared to pure GOWC paste and blended paste containing 40 % SF commonly used in the oil industry. Under simulated field conditions in a steam injection well, these pastes were cured at 50 °C for seven days, followed by three rounds of thermal cycling curing at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP, 300 °C/13 MPa) conditions. The effects of GP on the hydration kinetics, hydration products, microstructure, and mechanical properties of hardened pastes were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the addition of GP or SF reduced the compressive strength of the pastes at 50 °C due to dilution effect. Compared with SF, GP exhibited higher pozzolanic activity, prolonged the induction period, and promoted the formation of more C-(N)-S-H gels with lower Ca/Si ratios, which led to an increase in the gel pores content of the matrix and partially compensated for the loss of compressive strength due to the dilution effect. Additionally, due to the pozzolanic reaction of GP, the content of CH in the matrix decreased and its crystal size became smaller. After three rounds of thermal cycling curing, the incorporation of GP significantly increased the compressive strength of the hardened pastes. The compressive strengths of the hardened pastes with 40 % and 66.7 % GP were 20.33 MPa and 22.25 MPa, respectively, which were 7.62 % and 17.79 % higher than those of the hardened paste containing 40 % SF. In addition, the compressive strengths of hardened pastes containing 40 % and 66.7 % GP after three rounds of thermal cycling curing decreased by 22.49 % and 5.52 %, respectively, compared to the pastes at the low-temperature stage, while that of the pure GOWC pastes decreased by 83.8 %. Characterization analyses indicated that GP could further reduce the Ca/Si ratio of the system, modulate the crystallization of the gels at high temperatures, and generate foshagite or xonotlite phases with high polymerization structure and thermal stability, instead of reinhardbraunsite. These products effectively refined pore structure and enhanced microstructure densification. Furthermore, the precipitation of Na+ ions during hydration did not affect the microstructure of the matrix. This study offers some guidelines for recycling waste glass, conserving raw materials, and producing sustainable blended cement pastes.

Synergistic effect of nano-to-macro waste glass of various particle sizes on ultra-high-performance concrete: Tradeoff between mix design parameters and performance through a statistical design approach

Ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC) is engineered for strength, ductility, and durability, aiming to address environmental and economic concerns associated with traditional ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). In this approach, we individually substituted traditional UHPC components—cement (C), silica fume (SF), quartz sand (QS), and quartz powder (QP) with ground waste glass materials (GWG). Recognizing that the performance of UHPC is influenced by the chemical interactions and packing density of its constituents, which primarily depend on particle-size distribution, our current study focuses on the synergistic effects of these factors. We explored how nano to macro size GWG can simultaneously replace all traditional UHPC components and affect its properties. Employing the Design of Experiment allowed the establishment of statistical equations. Contour diagrams predicted the individual and synergetic effect of mix design parameters on UHPGC's fresh and mechanical properties, with a high correlation (R2 ≥ 0.98) and low error (≤8 %). Validation with 18 additional mixtures confirmed the models' precision. Our research established the production of a superior UHPGC with 40%–100 % lower traditional components (C, SF, QP, and QS) and 65 % less superplasticizer demand. The embodied energy, CO2 emissions, and production cost reduced by 65 %, 38 %, 36 %, and 32 %, respectively. This approach can enhance UHPGC's integrity and environmental sustainability.

Iron-Induced Structural Rearrangements and Their Impact on Sulfur Solubility in Borosilicate-Based Nuclear Waste Glasses

Iron-Induced Structural Rearrangements and Their Impact on Sulfur Solubility in Borosilicate-Based Nuclear Waste Glasses

Mechanochemical activation of waste glass in alkaline composite cements with blastfurnace slag: A sustainable approach to recycling

This study investigates alkali-activated cements incorporating blast furnace slag and urban waste glass across varying slag:glass ratios (100:0, 25:75, 75:25, 0:100). Activation with 4 % and 12%Na2Oeq, coupled with two curing regimes (24h at 60 °C, followed by either 60 °C or 20 °C for 28 days), was explored. Prior to each formulation, part of the waste glass underwent mechanochemical ball milling with the required water and alkalis, to enhance the glass reactivity and to pre-dissolve SiO2 and other species to obtain a waterglass-like material in an environmentally friendly manner. Optimal strengths were achieved for slag binders (27 MPa) with 4%Na2O and 20 °C curing, while waste glass binders (48 MPa) required 12%Na2O and 60 °C. Composite formed cementitious products of CaO-(Al2O3)–SiO2–H2O gel, calcite, and hydrotalcite as reaction products, while 100 % waste glass binders displayed cementitious products of CaO–SiO2–H2O intermixed with silica gel. This approach holds promise for reducing environmental impact and promoting the efficient widespread and straightforward reuse of urban waste glass in construction materials.

Effects of Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement on the Structural Performance of Concrete

Effects of Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement on the Structural Performance of Concrete

Modifikasi Kereb dengan Inovasi Fitur Self-Glow Melalui Penambahan Fosforence dan Glass Bead

The increase in population in Indonesia occurs rapidly as the years go by, which is directly proportional to the need for adequate facilities and infrastructure for carrying out activities and mobilizing from one place to another. Fulfillment of multi-story parking facilities is often found in the basement. It can be supported by additional facilities that help vehicle drivers take advantage of limited land. This section is quite dark and can potentially harm drivers because it causes high installation and maintenance costs for electrical installations and lighting. In overcoming this problem, one alternative research effort is to innovate the addition of a self-glow feature by adding phosphorescence powder and glass beads to modifications to conventional carriages' road dividers. Using a layer variation of 30%P1 20%P2; (15%F1;60%T1); (20%F2;80%T2); (25%F3;100%); top coat 100:50 tested for drying time, adhesion test, low-temperature test, softening point test, shelf life test, gradation test, and reflectivity test according to SNI 03-6450-2000. Glass waste was chosen as an additional material because it has the same properties as glass beads in reflecting light. Phosphorescence powder can glow in the dark, while glass beads can reflect light. Then it went through various testing processes (30%P1; 25%; 100%F3), which is an efficient variation and has the quality of the results of the luminescence test and reflectivity test, namely Qd 417, and it can be seen that the water-based phosphorescence coating can light up to 50 minutes at exposure 46.2 lux.

Effect of glass waste powder and date palm seed ash based sustainable cementitious grouts on the performance of semi-flexible pavement

Cement plays a pivotal role in the production of semi-flexible pavement (SFP), however, it contributes to 8 % of global carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, reducing cement usage in grout production for porous asphalt mixtures is highly desirable to mitigate the overall carbon footprint. Additionally, the substantial generation of agricultural, industrial, and hazardous waste often ends up in environmental disposal without recycling. This research aims to repurpose glass waste powder (GWP) and date palm seed ash (DPSA) as partial substitutes for cement in SFP, aiming to curtail environmental pollution from cement production, decrease costs, and enhance waste and landfill management. Novel cement grouts were formulated by partially replacing Portland cement with GWP and DPSA at varying ratios (10 %, 20 %, and 30 %). These grout blends were assessed for flow characteristics and compressive strength. Furthermore, SFP samples were prepared by integrating 5 % styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified bitumen into a porous asphalt structure, subsequently filled with predefined cement grouts. Comparative analysis of compressive strength, Marshall stability, skid resistance, and moisture damage resistance indicated that SFP specimens modified with GWP and DPSA exhibited superior performance over conventional counterparts. Optimal results were achieved with a combination of 20 % GWP and 10 % DPSA replacement ratio, yielding denser microstructure, enhanced skid resistance, and improved adhesion and tensile strength, thereby enhancing overall SFP performance.

Efficient Compressive Strength Prediction of Alkali-Activated Waste Materials Using Machine Learning.

This study explores the integration of machine learning (ML) techniques to predict and optimize the compressive strength of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) sourced from four industrial waste streams: blast furnace slag, fly ash, reducing slag, and waste glass. Aimed at mitigating the labor-intensive trial-and-error method in AAM formulation, ML models can predict the compressive strength and then streamline the mixture compositions. By leveraging a dataset of only 42 samples, the Random Forest (RF) model underwent fivefold cross-validation to ensure reliability. Despite challenges posed by the limited datasets, meticulous data processing steps facilitated the identification of pivotal features that influence compressive strength. Substantial enhancement in predicting compressive strength was achieved with the RF model, improving the model accuracy from 0.05 to 0.62. Experimental validation further confirmed the ML model's efficacy, as the formulations ultimately achieved the desired strength threshold, with a significant 59.65% improvement over the initial experiments. Additionally, the fact that the recommended formulations using ML methods only required about 5 min underscores the transformative potential of ML in reshaping AAM design paradigms and expediting the development process.

Evaluating the shear performance of reinforced concrete beams using waste glass powder as a sustainable cement substitute

Evaluating the shear performance of reinforced concrete beams using waste glass powder as a sustainable cement substitute

Effect of waste glass powder on the properties of geopolymer planting concrete in Bayer process red mud base

Effect of waste glass powder on the properties of geopolymer planting concrete in Bayer process red mud base

Impact of GGBS and Wollastonite as Partial Cement Replacement on Concrete's Properties

Every feasible way to reduce CO2 emissions is being developed in this era of widespread global warming, with the production of cement being one of the main sources of emissions. Many materials, including fly ash, GGBS, silica fume, wollastonite, and waste glass powder, are utilized in place of some cement in order to address this issue. Reducing environmental pollution can be achieved by substituting ground granulated blast furnace slag and wollastonite for some of the cement. A naturally occurring mineral, wollastonite is less expensive than cement. The purpose of this work is to ascertain how the wollastonite-GGBS (W-GGBS) combination affects the durability and mechanical qualities of M40-grade concrete. We investigate the concrete's strength characteristics when wollastonite (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) is added. If the ideal percentage of wollastonite replacement is maintained, then additional cement can be substituted with mineral admixtures, like GGBS (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%). According to test results, using cement in place of 15% wollastonite produces better results than using the standard mixture. A mixture containing 15% GGBS and 15% wollastonite showed the biggest strength gain. Key Words: GGBS, mechanical qualities, durability properties, wollastonite

Nuclear waste glass alteration under the influence of iron, claystone, and cementitious grout: An integral study

To prepare for the future deep geological disposal of high-level waste, the alteration of two inactive nuclear glasses was studied in the presence of claystone, iron, and cementitious grout at 50 °C for a period of 4 years. The materials were immersed together in a synthetic water representative of claystone solution composition. Blank experiments were also carried out to study the independent behaviors of iron and glass in the synthetic water. The evolution of the solutions’ chemistry was monitored. At the end of the experiments, the glass and iron, as well as the neoformed phases, were characterized. Results showed that Si, Ca, Mg, and Fe are key elements. A competition exists between the retention/integration of species into glass gels and clay-like neoformations. Magnesium tends to be leached from glasses and form Mg-silicates. It would only integrate into the gel if it was widely available in the solution. Furthermore, iron could form Fe-silicates. Whether for Mg or Fe, the formation of silicates was detrimental to the glass since it involved the creation of a silicon sink and thus the conservation of a high alteration rate. Concerning calcium, in these experiments it appeared that this species tends to be integrated/retained within the gels. In the pH conditions existing here, it seems that there is no competition with a neoformation. The specific impact of the cementitious grout was also studied, and the results showed that the presence of this material in the system had a beneficial effect on glass alteration due to a significant Si supply in the solution, enabling a reduction in the glass alteration rate.

Bond behavior between recycled macro fibers and ultra-high-performance concrete matrix: Tests and property characterization

A green and cost-efficient ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has been proposed using discrete macro fibers recycled from waste glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). The tensile properties of such composites are significantly affected by the macro fiber/UHPC bond properties. However, there is very little work characterizing the bond properties of the macro fiber/UHPC interface. Furthermore. lack of study focused on the methods for macro fiber surface treatment and their effects on macro fiber/UHPC interfacial bonding. Therefore, the present study first carried out pullout tests in two series consisting of 128 pullout specimens. Series 1 aimed to characterize the bond behavior of the macro fiber/UHPC interface, while Series 2 aimed to investigate the effect of surface-modifying agents on macro fiber/UHPC interfacial bonding. The results demonstrated that the bond strength increased from 19.3 to 20.9 MPa when the embedded length of the 8 mm-wide fiber increased from 5 to 10 mm. The modification of neutral Nano SiO2 (NNS) enhanced the bond strength by up to 20.5 %, while alkaline Nano SiO2 (ANS) and silane coupling agent (SCA) showed a negative effect on bond strength. Then, the shear-lag theory was utilized for predicting the pull force-slip curves of the fibers embedded in UHPC, and then the bond parameters of the interfaces were obtained through an inverse analysis. A good agreement is exhibited with integral absolute error (IAE) from 4.5 % to 10.5 % between predicted results and test results.

Sustainable use of waste glass sand and waste glass powder in alkali-activated slag foam concretes: Physico-mechanical, thermal insulation and durability characteristics

In many countries, the safe removal of the massive volume of waste glass has emerged as a major environmental priority. However, the manufacture of concrete pollutes the environment with greenhouse gasses and consumes vast amounts of natural resources. As a result, the construction industry has recently been paying more and more attention to reusing glass waste to produce environmentally friendly building materials. This work aims to manufacture environmentally friendly alkali-activated foam concrete (AAFC) by examining the combined effects of waste glass powder (GP) and waste glass sand (GS) as partial substitutes for granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) and river sand (RS) respectively. The present study involved the experimentation of AAFC mixtures with GP contents of 0 and 10 % as a replacement for GBFS and GS contents of 0, 25, 50 and 100 % as a replacement for RS. Eight AAFC mixtures with fixed alkaline solution-to-binder (A/B) ratio of 0.5 were fabricated and cured at 80 °C for 24 h. The effects of different GS and GP contents on the oven dry density, flowability, water absorption, porosity, sorptivity, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, flexural strength, high temperature resistance and hydrochloric acid (HCI) resistance of AAFC mixtures were evaluated. Microstructure of the mixtures was analyzed by SEM and EDS. The findings indicated that the AAFC mixture with 50 % GS exhibited the best mechanical properties with a compressive strength of 3.48 MPa, representing a 71.4 % increase over the reference mixture. The mixture with 50 %GS also exhibited the lowest sorptivity regardless of GP content. Thermal conductivity enhanced by 4.6 and 7.0 % by replacing RS with 50 % GS at 0 and 10 % GP content. Replacing RS with GS and GBFS with GP increased the high temperature and acid resistance of the AAFC mixtures and the best high temperature and acid resistance were obtained for the mixtures containing 100 %GS and 10 %GP.

Case Study on the Re-use Potential of Insulated Glass Units

Glass is an energy intensive material that is essential to buildings and their energy consumption. Its transparency allows for natural daylighting and the use of solar heat gains. In the context of the refurbishment politics of the EU as a result of the Paris Agreement on climate goals, significant amounts of glass waste in form of windows and façades are to be expected. In order to minimize the environmental impact of glass by preserving the embodied carbon and substitute newly produced glasses, the Re-use of glass is considered to be of highest potential. When reusing panes, energy and raw material can be saved that otherwise would be consumed for the production of new glass. This way, the common principles of sustainability - sufficiency, efficiency and consistency - can be realized for the life cycle of flat building glass. The following case study estimates the potential of different scenarios for circular waste treatment of glass panes by applying the 9R Framework to insulating glass units (IGUs). The scenarios are defined and presented. A life cycle assessment (LCA) using identical system boundaries for these scenarios was executed and the results are compared to producing IGUs entirely with new glass. Finally, the feasibility of the strategies is evaluated and recommendations for the processing of glass in stock are derived.

Utilisation of waste glass from solar thermal collectors for the production of polymer concrete

The article discusses the use of waste tempered glass from damaged or decommissioned thermal solar collectors to produce polymer concretes. The waste underwent mechanical recycling to obtain powders of alternative grain sizes: below 2.0 mm and below 0.5 mm. To produce the polymer concrete, ground glass waste served as the fine fraction, and sandstone gravel as the coarse fraction. An epoxy resin acted as the binder for the resulting composite. The research conducted has demonstrated that glass waste from solar collectors can be successfully utilised as a fine fraction in polymer concrete technologies. It was observed that there are no significant differences between the grains at 0.5 mm and 2.0 mm, and both fractions yield the desired results. The resulting polymer concretes are characterised by high mechanical strength, significantly surpassing the properties of typical cement concretes. The compressive strength is at 110.7 MPa, and the flexural strength is at 41.2 MPa. The proposed recycling method allows for the effective management of waste that is difficult to reuse on an industrial scale.

Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic film with different microstructures from waste glass for oil/water separation

Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic film with different microstructures from waste glass for oil/water separation

Formulation of high-recycled-content hydraulic cements based on alkali aluminosilicate chemistry and mechanochemical processing techniques

The current study investigates the potential of various waste materials and industrial by-products for formulating high-recycled content hydraulic cement, leveraging alkali aluminosilicate chemistry principles. Through rigorous characterization employing X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), alongside alkalinity and alkali solubility assessments, the chemical and mineralogical compositions of waste brick, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, waste glass, gypsum, foundry sand, granulated blast furnace slag, and impounded coal ash were unveiled. Silicon and aluminum were found abundantly in these materials, with lime kiln dust and slag contributing calcium. A thoroughly crafted blend, enriched with alkalis, underwent mechanochemical activation to yield a hydraulic cement finely tuned to meet specific chemical ratios required for effective alkali aluminosilicate reactions. Upon hydration, this innovative cement exhibited rapid early strength development, achieving a commendable compressive strength of 32 MPa within 28 days a performance on par with standard Portland cement. Remarkably, the heat of hydration profiles revealed a prompt onset of hydration reactions, marked by a significant exothermic peak within the initial hours, in contrast to the gradual peak observed with Portland cement. TGA/DTA results further corroborated the thermal stability of the hydration products formed. Alkali-solubility assessments of the raw materials emerged as reliable indicators of their reactivity within the cement matrix, with solubility values exceeding 20 % for waste glass and impounded coal ash, signifying their high potential for alkali activation. The culmination of this research underscores the feasibility of re-composing waste materials to craft alkali aluminosilicate cement, offering performance akin to conventional options. These findings advocate for the adoption of sustainable material utilization in construction, paving the way for enhanced industrial symbiosis in cement production.

Waste valorization: Sustainable geopolymer production using recycled glass and fly ash at ambient temperature

This research explores the reutilization of waste glass powder (GP) and class F fly ash (FA) in the development of an advanced geopolymer, focusing on reducing natural resource consumption to serve as a green alternative for conventional concrete material. Investigating mix ratios of GP-to-FA (0-to-1), activated with 2–12 M NaOH, followed by ambient temperature curing, this study mainly assesses strength (compressive, and flexural) and durability at different ages. Mechanical properties concerning reaction kinetics and Al/Si ratio, reveal that GP initially acts as an inert filler with slow reaction kinetics, while significant strength improvement at later ages is attributed to the reaction between GP and FA. Optimal performance is achieved with a geopolymer mixture featuring a GP-to-FA ratio of 1:3 (Al/Si ratio of 0.51) and an 8 M NaOH solution, resulting in the highest compressive strength of 40 MPa and superior durability. Microstructural analysis (SEM-EDS, and 29Si MAS NMR) identifies the reacting product as calcium/sodium aluminate silicate hydrate (C/N-(A)-S-H) gel within the geopolymer matrix. Leaching tests further underscore potential environmental concerns related to excessive alkali leaching, necessitating meticulous mix design management. Embodied energy and carbon footprint assessments confirm the environmental friendliness of the GP-FA-based geopolymer. Overall, this research demonstrates the feasibility of producing effective geopolymers from dry waste at ambient temperature, emphasizing the potential synergy between waste glass recycling and the concrete industry towards sustainable construction practices.

A Comprehensive Overview of Recycled Glass as Mineral Admixture for Circular UHPC Solutions

This review article analyzes the influence of recycled glass (as sand and powder) beyond the durability, rheology and compressive strength of plain UHPC, even exploring flexural and direct tensile performance in fiber-reinforced UHPC. Interactions with other mineral admixtures like limestone powder, rice husk ash, fly ash, FC3R, metakaolin and slags, among others, are analyzed. Synergy with limestone powder improves rheology, reducing superplasticizer usage. Research highlights waste glass–UHPC mixtures with reduced silica fume and cement content by over 50% and nearly 30%, respectively, with compressive strengths exceeding 150 MPa, cutting costs and carbon footprints. Furthermore, with the proper fiber dosage, waste glass–UHPC reported values for strain and energy absorption capacity, albeit lower than those of traditional UHPC formulations with high cement, silica fume and quartz powder content, surpassing requirements for demanding applications such as seismic reinforcement of structures. Moreover, durability remains comparable to that of traditional UHPC. In addition, the reported life cycle analysis found that the utilization of glass powder in UHPC allows a greater reduction of embedded CO2 than other mineral additions in UHPC without jeopardizing its properties. In general, the review study presented herein underscores recycled glass’s potential in UHPC, offering economic and performance advantages in sustainable construction.