Waste Generation Research Articles

Residents’ willingness to pay for sustainable solid waste management services: a case of Glenview suburb, Harare, Zimbabwe

AbstractSolid waste generation is an inevitable outcome of anthropogenic activities, which is an issue of concern in Zimbabwe. Among other challenges, inadequate finance is a key challenge to reach sustainable waste management. This study focuses on residents’ willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services. Analytical case study research design, employing quantitative and qualitative data collection, analysis and presentation was adopted. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observations while analysis was done using SPSS and content analysis. Results indicated that most respondents were house owners (53.92%) and 46.08% were tenants. Solid waste generated consists of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Solid waste collected by the city council (57.84%), private collectors (36.27%) while remaining is collected by other individuals and scavengers. Interviews and questionnaires outcomes denote that solid waste was collected once a week (43.14%), twice a week (3.92%) and rarely collected (38.24%). Solid waste is disposed through open dumping, burning, pits and landfilling, although most of the disposal strategies pose environmental health problems. Solid waste mismanagement is attributed to lack of awareness, weak legal framework and shortage of resources, specifically finance. Questionnaire respondents (66.67%) argued that proper solid waste management is important and needs to be improved. Participants (65.69%) revealed that they were willing to pay for improved solid waste management, however, 34.31% were unwilling. Willingness to pay for improved solid waste management was determined by educational level and house ownership status. Improving residents’ willingness to pay for proper solid waste management requires an integrated approach and increasing residents' awareness.

Revolutionizing smart textiles: a comprehensive review of conductive ink printing for sustainable and adaptive wearable applications

Purpose The demand of species monitoring for the benefit of various sectors such as industrial, medicinal and ecological has surged rapidly in the recent past. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to articulate the major developments in synthesizing conductive inks for the structurization of miniaturized as well as disposable or reusable electrochemical equipments. Design/methodology/approach This section is not applicable to a review paper. Findings Numerous times the need for the use point becomes significant for achieving accurate as well as swift quantification. As an alternate, the wearable and effectual reuseable electrochemical sensors are being practiced. The technique of fabricating devices using conductive inks encompasses novelty, as it provides flexibility in designing the electrodes. The increase in the popularity of inks development is governed by its features of simplicity, reduced cost and waste generation, high production and eco-friendly engineering procedures. Further, the electrochemistry aspects of conductive inks highlighting the importance of their compounds and binders has also been discussed emphasizing on the conductive materials. Originality/value This paper is an original review work. This paper will be helpful for manufacturers/researchers from smart wearable textile sector in envisaging innovative developing techniques of sensors as well as biosensors through conductive inks.

Developing WasteSAM: A novel approach for accurate construction waste image segmentation to facilitate efficient recycling

The escalating volume of construction activities and resultant waste generation underscores the imperative for developing sophisticated segmentation models to facilitate efficient sorting and recycling processes. This study introduces WasteSAM, an enhanced iteration of the segment anything model (SAM), specifically tailored to address the intricate complexities inherent in construction waste imagery. Drawing upon a comprehensive dataset comprising over 15,000 masks representing five distinct categories of construction materials, WasteSAM exhibits notably superior segmentation capabilities. Quantitative analysis demonstrates significant performance improvements, with WasteSAM outperforming the original SAM model by an average of 23.9% in dice similarity coefficient and 30.0% in normalized surface distance metrics. The integration of stereo-image techniques in refining the training dataset has facilitated WasteSAM in more accurately discerning the three-dimensional structure of waste materials, thereby augmenting the precision of waste classification. Noteworthy is the model’s adeptness in handling intricate textures and patterns across diverse imaging modalities, including varying lighting conditions and complex object interactions. While showing promising results, this study also highlights the need for high-quality, diverse datasets that reflect real-world construction site complexities, rather than merely larger datasets.

Microplastics in global rivers: Sustainable practices

AbstractSustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for implementing sustainable practices by 2030, but their effects on microplastic pollution over time are limited. Here, we aimed to understand better the effects of improved centralized‐sanitation and reduced production and consumption on point‐source inputs of microplastics into rivers from 2010 to 2100 with a 10‐year time step for 10,226 sub‐basins globally. We developed scenarios with sustainable practices and implemented them into the MARINA‐Plastics model. Our baseline scenario followed the “middle‐of‐the‐road” socioeconomic pathway, where global microplastics (MIPs) in rivers will almost triple by 2100. European and Asian rivers were major MIP pollution hotspots in the past whereas Africa will join them in the future. Better centralized‐sanitation may reduce MIPs in rivers globally in the long‐term by 2100, while controlled waste generation may reduce MIPs in rivers in the short‐term by 2030. Our insights could guide policymaking in implementing SDG 6 and 12. We argue that combined sustainable practices could reduce MIP in global rivers in the short‐ and long‐term.

Inventory analysis and environmental life cycle impact assessment of hotel food waste management for bio-circular economy development in Zimbabwe.

This study is an inventory analysis and environmental life cycle assessment of hotel food waste management that seeks to inform efforts towards the development of bio circular economy in Zimbabwe. An audit of food waste generation and an inventory analysis of the prevailing food waste management practices at three selected hotels was undertaken. The greenhouse gas emissions from the prevailing disposal of food waste at dumpsites and the proposed biological treatment of food waste were evaluated using the Tier 1 FOD method and Tier 1 method of biological treatment using the 2019 refined 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines. Environmental life cycle assessment was also conducted for the open dumping, composting, and anaerobic digestion. The average food waste generation within the Zimbabwean hospitality industry was estimated at 1.63kg/guest/day, with a minimum and maximum of 1.01 and 2.25kg/guest/day, respectively. Source-separated food waste is currently being collected indiscriminately by municipal waste collection trucks for final disposal at the official landfills or dumpsites. This calls for the need for an offtake system of the source-separated food waste in the form of composting or anaerobic digestion. Study results showed that the disposal of food waste at solid waste disposal sites contributes to the highest greenhouse gas emissions, followed by composting with a 75% reduction in greenhouse emissions. Anaerobic digestion brings about a maximum reduction in greenhouse emissions of 97%. Environmental life cycle assessment results also show that anaerobic digestion is the best method leading to net negative environmental impacts.

Students’ Perception Towards Solid Waste Management and Environmental Sustainability of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Campus, Awka

Nigeria’s rising population makes waste generation an inevitable endeavour. In the journey of national development, waste generation is static. With a population of over 170 million, Nigeria produces a staggering volume of solid waste, of which less than 20% is collected through a formal system. Waste generation on the Nnamdi Azikiwe University campus, Awka, has remained contentious as generated waste is neither categorised nor recycled for re-usage purposes. The survey research method was adopted for this research, with the questionnaire utilised as research instrument. This study included the entire population due to size manageability. Statistically, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were fit for purpose and, hence, utilised. Findings revealed that biological processing of waste and environmental waste management education would result in the environmental sustainability of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University campus, Awka. This study recommends that the university management prioritise building a biological waste processing facility and champion the creation of environmental waste management education awareness for improved harmful waste generation and control.

Sustainable practices in ophthalmology-steps towards environmental stewardship in healthcare.

The healthcare sector, responsible for approximately 4-5% of global carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions, significantly impacts the environment due to its high energy consumption and waste generation. As aspecialty, ophthalmology has adisproportionately large environmental impact because of the high annual volume of ophthalmic surgeries. In recent years, significant organized efforts have focused on reducing ophthalmology's carbon footprint while maintaining quality patient care. As one example, EyeSustain is acoalition of 50global ophthalmology societies collaborating to advance sustainability in the delivery of eye care through education, research, and advocacy. Education and advocacy are critical to raising awareness and promoting the implementation of sustainable practices among physicians. Many of these practices can and should be applied throughout the broader healthcare system, and EyeSustain is amodel of how other specialties can organize education and advocacy efforts through medical societies. We review current initiatives, advocacy efforts, and waste-reduction strategies aimed at reducing the environmental footprint of ophthalmic procedures.

EDI&S SO08 A novel approach to environmentally sustainable surgical theatre by rationalising surgical instrument set – a qualitative analysis

Abstract Background The surgical theatres are a major source of hospital waste generation. The NHS has set a net zero supply chain target by 2045. This aim is supported by the RCS intercollegiate green theatre checklist to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. One key area identified in this process, that will support the net-zero target is surgical instrument tray rationalisation. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was identified as one of the most common surgical procedures performed in England. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the impact of rationalising the number of surgical instruments, enabling surgeons to drive towards net zero surgery. Method Our Trust participated in this study, in collaboration with NHS England sustainable procurement team and the innovation agency. Total 58 cholecystectomies performed across two sites, Pinderfields and Dewsbury were included in this prospective audit undertaken from January – March 2023. The surgical tray checklists were used to record the actual instrument usage and noted the redundant and supplementary instruments. This data presented to a surgical advisory group, who agreed on routine instruments and proposed removal of redundant. A green pilot tray was approved and used for cholecystectomy. Qualitative questionnaire feedback was collected from surgeons and operation theatre staff from both sites. Results The instrument use matrix revealed almost 50% instruments from the previously used major tray were never used in any of the 58 cholecystectomy surgeries performed. Subsequently, based on the use matrix data, we switched from using major tray containing 84 instruments, to a reduced size tray containing 46 instruments including re-usable metal ports. Survey results revealed tray rationalisation led to easier and faster surgery preparation, improved efficiency and a reduction in waste, thereby reducing the cost to the Trust. It was also noted that having a smaller tray means less time to count instruments during the surgical pause. Conclusion The results of tray rationalisation are very positive and have demonstrated cost savings, carbon reduction and time saved preparing for surgery and the post-operative instrument count. This pilot study has shown that by making the surgical set smaller, savings have been achieved from a reduction of slots required per machine cycle for decontamination. Tray rationalisation goes some way towards the net goal of zero carbon surgery and delivering a sustainable future.

An assessment of household solid waste management in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India

<p>Rapid industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and migration from rural areas have resulted in increased solid waste generation in developing cities, which is commonly regarded as the most significant urban issue. The improper disposal of waste and inefficient collection methods is a significant problem in most of the municipalities in Indian cities. This challenge is further compounded by unscientific waste treatment practices, lack of modern technology, and limited resources. This study aims to assess the status of solid waste generation and disposal across different household income groups and to evaluate how Mainpuri manage and handles the solid waste management system. The study is based on primary data collected through a household survey in Mainpuri city, covering a sample of 1,836 households from various income groups. The data used in this assessment was collected from household surveys and government records. Although there is a recycling plant in operation, its capacity is inadequate to address the increasing waste generation and demands of the community. This shortfall underscores the need for enhanced waste management strategies and infrastructure to effectively cope with the rising volumes of solid waste. As a result, large quantities of solid waste accumulate in low-lying areas near the Isan River and the proximity of the plant. Without a comprehensive solid waste management plan in the municipality, the situation is likely to deteriorate further. Mainpuri City urgently needs a sustainable strategy to effectively manage its solid waste, addressing both current challenges and future demands. Implementing such a strategy is essential for improving public health, environmental conditions, and overall quality of life in the city.</p>

Traditional and modern methods of construction: Comparative study of the sustainability of single‐family homes

AbstractModern construction methods, such as additive manufacturing, are aimed to enhance the efficiency and quality of construction processes while potentially reducing waste generation and material use, thus contributing to sustainability performance (SP). However, comprehensively understanding the sustainability trade‐offs associated with these methods is crucial for guiding both research and practical applications toward sustainable development. This study aims at quantifying the SP of various construction methods for housing, including traditional, prefabricated, and additive manufacturing approaches. A sustainability index, integrating economic, environmental, social, and technological criteria, is utilized to assess different alternatives. Findings reveal promising aspects of 3D printing technologies, such as potential cost reductions through scale increase and process optimization, minimized material waste generation, creation of skilled employment opportunities, and enhanced construction flexibility and ease. Nevertheless, challenges persist, notably significant greenhouse gas emissions and limited supplier availability. Addressing these challenges is imperative for advancing the sustainable implementation of additive manufacturing in construction.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Landfilling with Sustainable Waste Management Methods for Municipal Solid Wastes

Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation continues to increase exponentially, leading to the need for better disposal methods. Approximately 50% of the MSW is landfilled in the United States (US). Landfilling is known for its negative effects on the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of some of the most common waste treatment methods and propose an alternative and environmentally friendly integrated waste management method (IWM). The LCA was conducted using OpenLCA. Replacing landfilling, incineration, and composting with recycling, gasification, and anaerobic digestion (IWM) reduced the global warming potential from 899 kg CO2 eq to −14.6 kg CO2 eq. The same trend was observed for acidification (from 0.21 kg SO2 eq to −1.1 kg SO2 eq), ecotoxicity (from 2363.8 CTUe to 1.22 CTUe), eutrophication (from 0.5 kg N eq to 0.3 kg N eq), smog formation (from 4.4 kg O3 eq to 1.85 kg O3 eq), ozone depletion (from 2.1 × 10−5 kg CFC-11 eq to 0 kg CFC-11 eq), respiratory effects (from 2.8 × 10−3 kg PM2.5 eq to −7.25 × 10−3 kg PM2.5 eq), cancer (from 2 × 10−5 CTUh to 1.2 × 10−7 CTUh), and non-cancer effects (from 6 × 10−5 to 1.4 × 10−5 CTUh). The results show that an integrated waste management approach with recycling, gasification, and anaerobic digestion can dramatically reduce the environmental and health impacts of municipal solid waste disposal. Policy reforms, technical innovation, economic investment, and social engagement are needed to change waste management paradigm.

OpenPrep: Sensor Event-driven Open Column Chromatographic Sample Preparation System.

We propose a sensor event-driven, open-column chromatographic sample preparation system─OpenPrep. This system replaces the problematic flow selector valve with a noncontact built-in sensor, eliminating carryover and clogging issues, which are commonly encountered in pump-driven chromatographic systems. The innovative valveless column-flow design, combined with a compact gantry dispenser and motion stage-based fraction collector, reduces the sample flow path to a disposable component with a postcolumn dead volume of only 0.5 mL. This configuration is superior to conventional dynamic flow systems owing to its ability to minimize sample consumption, eluent loss, and cleaning waste generation. Thus, OpenPrep can be ideal for preventing cross-contamination. Owing to the rapid flow-transfer and stop approach, OpenPrep achieves higher reagent delivery accuracy and precision compared to ISO 8655-2 piston-operated pipettes, by minimizing liquid residue on the dispensing tip. Sensor-driven flow control ensures precise eluent collection and automatic regulation of the mobile-phase flow rate through an online calibration algorithm, meeting all the requirements for accurate and reproducible column flow control. OpenPrep features an open architecture for both hardware and software, offering high flexibility for analyzing samples with considerable variations in radioactivity and matrix compositions, such as radioactive waste. The proof-of-concept implementation of a multistage sequential separation strategy, using five resin columns to separate Re, Sr, Fe, and Ni from a single sample, demonstrates that OpenPrep provides enhanced flexibility and reconfigurability, improved operational efficiency, and cost-effective customization. Excellent chemical yields were obtained for Re, Sr, and Ni in the range of 83-97%, with less than 2.6% relative standard deviation at a flow rate three times faster than the gravity method. Additionally, improved recovery performance of Fe was achieved by applying a slower flow rate compared to gravity flow.

Research on Education for Sustainable Development with Design-Based Research by Employing Industry 4.0 Technologies for the Issue of Single-Use Plastic Waste in Taiwan

The social impacts of prevailing circular economy (CE) strategies remain under-researched despite the considerable attention that CE has received from scholars and in industry. Existing CE indicators primarily focus on business models from a decision-making standpoint, overlooking consumer engagement and alternative solutions. Boasting one of the highest recycling rates globally, Taiwan faces challenges in optimizing collected resources. This study delves into recycling plastic waste by integrating consumer behavior within CE strategies, leveraging open-source resources and additive manufacturing technologies to align with the United Nations Agenda 2030, particularly Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 (Quality Education), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action). These resources facilitate the transformation of plastic waste into reusable materials. Employing an exploratory and participatory action research approach, this research uses the Precious Plastic Universe (PPU) database to identify potential resources from post-consumer polymer waste. Subsequently, it explores tools for converting collected waste into usable polymers. Lastly, the study investigates integrating collected polymer waste into student design projects to enhance creativity and problem-solving skills for sustainable development, employing additive manufacturing tools at the National Taiwan Normal University Department of Design. Thematic analysis of the data revealed several recurring patterns, including the role of consumer behavior in plastic waste generation, the development of creativity and problem-solving skills among students, and the challenges of working with recycled materials. These themes were observed in quantitative data (collected single-use polymers) and qualitative insights from student observations and interviews. Through thematic analysis, the study highlights key factors contributing to successful CE integration, providing a model for future educational and industrial applications of sustainable design.

Plastic Waste to Fuel or Biofuel

This project is concerned with the methods of changing plastic waste to fuel known as pyrolysis which is thermal degradation of materials in an atmosphere devoid of oxygen. This is accomplished by applying tremendous heat to the plastic causing degradation into smaller hydrocarbon products which include liquid fuel, gas and char residue among other things. The liquid fuel can be upgraded further to produce various useful hydrocarbons such as diesel and gasoline, and the gases may be used as a means of recovering energy. This project aims to show how plastic waste which is usually a problem can be turned into a useful source of fuel to cut down waste and improve energy practices. This project can be described as an important strategy in addressing two key problems of global significance: management of plastic waste and sustainable energy generation. With the increase of global plastic pollution and fossil fuels waning, there is an urgency in coming up with new strategies to resolve these environmental dilemmas. Such a solution includes the process of changing plastic waste into diesel fuel which not only reduces plastic waste but also enables the harnessing of an energy source.

3D Printing of Highly Electrically Conductive Zinc for Sustainable Electronics Applications

AbstractThe increasing use of electronic devices raises concerns about resource availability and end‐of‐life management, particularly regarding conductors for interconnects and sensing elements. While gold and silver are the leading materials for interconnects, they pose challenges related to scarcity, cost, and toxicity. Zinc offers a promising alternative due to its good electrical conductivity, non‐toxicity, abundance, and affordability. However, challenges in achieving high conductivity and waste generation from processing techniques like screen‐printing remain. To address this, a zinc ink optimizes for 3D printing is proposed, using active zinc particles in a shellac matrix. The methods, including chemical and photonic sintering, achieve conductivities of up to 8.74•104 S m⁻¹ on paper substrates, with stable performance over a range of 30%–70% relative humidity at 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C respectively. Potential applications in high‐conductivity transducers for humidity sensing and metal‐air batteries are demonstrated, achieving a maximum power output of 3.5 mW and an open‐circuit voltage of 1.25 V. The integration of digital material assembly of zinc, reliable high‐performance operation, and non‐toxicity pave the way for innovative advancements in sustainable electronics, including applications in environmental sensing, e‐textiles, and healthcare.

Production of a Wood–Plastic Composite with Wastes from Disposable Masks and Corrugated Cardboard: A Sustainable Post-Pandemic Approach

The increasing demand for disposable textile products, personal care items, and electronic commerce has led to a substantial rise in waste generation, particularly from nonwoven fabric masks (wNWFs) and corrugated cardboard (wCC). This study assessed the feasibility of utilizing these waste materials, which were produced in significant amounts during the COVID-19 pandemic, as both a matrix and reinforcement filler in wood–plastic composites (WPCs). The WPC was fabricated using either two extrusion cycles or thermokinetic homogenization, with both processes being followed by hot pressing. The formulations consisted of virgin polypropylene (vPP), wNWF, and wCC in proportions of 45, 45, and 10 wt %, respectively. The results demonstrated that the composites produced via two extrusion cycles exhibited a tensile strength that was 85% higher and three-point flexural strength three times greater than those produced through thermokinetic homogenization. These findings contribute to advancements in scientific and technological knowledge and offer an efficient solution for managing these types of waste, which continue to be generated post-pandemic.

Study on chloride ion penetration performance of recycled composite micro powder concrete under freeze-thaw environment

With the increasing generation of construction waste, the rational utilization of recycled micro powder has become crucial for the efficient development of construction waste resource recycling. This study investigates the chloride ion penetration performance of Recycled Composite Micro Powder Concrete (RCMPC) under freeze-thaw conditions. By incorporating Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP) and Recycled Brick Powder (RBP) in a ratio of 2:8 to replace various proportions of cement, specimens with different water-to-binder ratios (0.35, 0.45, 0.55) were designed and subjected to freeze-thaw cycles (FTC), pore structure analysis, rapid chloride ion migration, and diffusion tests. The results indicate that the frost resistance of the concrete decreases with the addition of Recycled Composite Micro Powder (RCMP). As the RCMP content increases, the mass loss rate and relative dynamic modulus decline, while the thickness of the damage layer increases. Moreover, the chloride ion migration coefficient and diffusion coefficient exhibit a linear increase with the number of FTC, with specimens containing higher RCMP content showing poorer chloride ion penetration performance. Based on the experimental results, this paper establishes a chloride ion diffusion model for RCMPC considering freeze-thaw damage, which demonstrates good predictive capability for the chloride ion diffusion behavior of RCMPC in freeze-thaw environments, providing a theoretical basis for its application in cold and marine regions.

Chemical Recycling of Epoxy Thermosets: From Sources to Wastes

As one of the most widely used thermosets due to its excellent performances, epoxy resin (EP) is widely used in various fields and often employed as a component of composite actuator devices, strengthening their mechanical properties. However, the expanding production of EP inevitably leads to the accumulation of waste end-of-life equipment and the corresponding increasingly serious environmental problems. This review summarizes the recycling strategies of EP, divided into two perspectives: recycling from wastes and sources. Chemical recycling is expected to be the future of waste EP treatment, and we discuss the chemical recycling methods of existing waste EP based on different mechanisms, including the selective cleavage of ester bonds, C–N bonds, and C–O bonds. On the other hand, epoxy vitrimer networks based on various dynamic covalent linkages are also outlined, which can respond to multiple external stimuli and provide materials with recyclability from the origin. Therefore, the use of epoxy vitrimer actuators can prevent waste generation throughout the whole lifecycle. We present some issues of concern in both waste-based and source-based recycling strategies and emphasize the significance of scaling-up. Finally, we summarized the current situation and present some future perspectives with the aim of making practical contributions to environmental issues.

Innovation and Sustainability in the Amazon with the Use of Blockchain

Objective: The general objective of this study is to model the implementation of a blockchain system for solid wastemanagement in a government agency. The specific objectives of the results are to identify the main challenges in implementing a blockchain system for solid waste management in Public Management (1); characterize the blockchain models identified in this investigation (2); and develop a blockchain system model for solid waste management in a government agency (3). Theoretical Framework: The Theory of New Public Management, discussed in Madan and Ashok (2022), is the basis of this study, considering the notes of these authors, who address the dominant paradigm in public administration. Method: This research has a qualitative or mixed approach, as it includes parametric elements based on architecture such as blockchain, supported by bibliographical research and documentary analysis. The bibliographical research was based on elements of an integrated solid waste management system, through a framework, as conceptualized in the specific topic of this study. The Content Analysis method was used to research documents and other textual or audiovisual databases on solid waste management and blockchain technology. This research method allowed us to extract relevant information from the data collected, organize it into thematic categories, and interpret it in light of the theoretical framework obtained. By applying Content Analysis, patterns, meanings, and nuances were identified that could enrich the understanding of the phenomenon studied, ensuring an in-depth and contextualized analysis. Results and Discussion: The scenario of research on solid waste management in Brazil is marked by significantchallenges that reflect the complexity of the country's socioeconomic and environmental context. According to Agência Brasil (2023), the generation of solid waste has increased alarmingly, with data from 2021 indicating that more than 80 million tons were produced, of which only 32.5% were correctly disposed of. Thisreality highlights the urgent need for effective and innovative public policies that address integrated waste management. Research Implications: The relevance of implementing a blockchain system in public governance is highlighted, considering the growing demand for innovative and sustainable solutions. Originality/Value: This study is of interest to government managers, academics involved in applied research onblockchain in waste management, politicians and other leaders committed to excellence in management, and other professionals committed to promising results in the relationship between innovation and sustainability in organizations.

Simulation-based genetic algorithm for optimizing a municipal cooperative waste supply chain in a pandemic

The quantity of medical waste produced by municipalities is on the rise, potentially presenting significant hazards to both the environment and human health. Developing a robust supply chain network for managing municipal medical waste is important for society, especially during a pandemic like COVID-19. In supply chain network design, factors such as the collection of non-infectious waste, transporting infectious waste from hospitals to disposal facilities, revenue generation from waste-to-energy initiatives, and the potential for pandemic outbreaks are often overlooked. Hence, in this study, we design a model incorporating COVID-19 parameters to mitigate the spread of the virus while designing an effective municipal medical waste supply chain network during a pandemic. The proposed model is multi-objective, multi-echelon, multi-commodity and involves coalition-based cooperation. The first objective function aims to minimize total costs, while the second objective pertains to minimizing the risk of a COVID-19 outbreak. We identify optimal collaboration among municipal medical waste collection centers to maximize cost savings. The COVID-19 prevalence risk level by the waste in each zone is calculated pursuant to their inhabitants. Additionally, we analyze a system dynamic simulation framework to forecast waste generation levels amid COVID-19 conditions. A metaheuristic based on the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II is used to solve the problem and is benchmarked against exact solutions. To illustrate our approach, we present a case study focused on Tehran, Iran. The results show that an increase in the amount of generated waste leads to an increase in the total costs of the supply chain.