Waste Form For Disposal Research Articles

Investigation of bismuth-based metal-organic frameworks for effective capture and immobilization of radioiodine gas

In this study, we investigated the use of Bi-mna, a specific type of bismuth metal organic framework (MOF) for the capture and disposal of iodine, a key nuclide of concern in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and nuclear power plants. To find the suitable form of Bi-mna for the purpose, experiments were performed by synthesizing four different Bi-mna with varying reagent ratios and connecting iodine adsorption and conversion for immobilization. After iodine adsorption and characterization to investigate their adsorption mechanisms, the Bi-mna samples went through conversion for immobilization to fix captured iodine into the adsorbents. The converted materials are characterized to examine their thermal stability. The Bi-2mna, showing the best performance of adsorption and thermal stability after the conversion, was selected to explore its chemical stability. According to the test results, the converted compound showed relatively low leaching rate (3.06 ×10−5 g/m2∙day) compared with other iodine containing waste forms for disposal. Based on the results, we proposed the Bi-2mna as a candidate material as iodine adsorbent as well as waste form precursor. Environmental implicationRadioiodine a key nuclide of concern in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and nuclear power plants. Once ingested, it is accumulated in thyroid grand, causing negative health effects. Currently, a typical radioiodine adsorbent is silver-based zeolites. Despite a strong affinity to iodine of silver, it has a chemical toxicity that causes a potential issue in disposal. Therefore, it is substantially required to develop new type of adsorbents which are both good for capture and disposal of radioiodine. In this respect, we suggested a bismuth-based metal-organic framework as an alternative adsorbent to manage the life cycle of radioiodine.

Review of recent developments in iodine wasteform production.

Radioiodine capture and immobilization is not only important to consider during the operation of reactors (i.e., I-131), during nuclear accidents (i.e., I-131 and I-129) or nuclear fuel reprocessing (i.e., I-131 and I-129), but also during disposal of nuclear wastes (i.e., I-129). Most disposal plans for I-129-containing waste forms (including spent nuclear fuel) propose to store them in underground repositories. Here, iodine can be highly mobile and, given its radiotoxicity, needs to be carefully managed to minimize long-term environmental impacts arising from disposal. Typically, any process that has been used to capture iodine from reprocessing or in a reactor is not suitable for direct disposal, rather conversion into a wasteform for disposal is required. The objectives of these materials are to use either chemical immobilization or physical encapsulation to reduce the leaching of iodine by groundwaters. Some of the more recent ideas have been to design capture materials that better align with disposal concepts, making the industrial processing requirements easier. Research on iodine capture materials and wasteforms has been extensive. This review will act as both an update on the state of the research since the last time it was comprehensively summarized, and an evaluation of the industrial techniques required to create the proposed iodine wasteforms in terms of resulting material chemistry and applicability.

Resíduos sólidos no espaço rural: uma análise do assentamento Pindoba I em União dos Palmares

ABSTRACT: The general objective of this study is to verify how is the disposal of solid waste and its effects on settlement Pindoba I in Uniao dos Palmares. The work methodology is structured in a quantitative approach in the field of social data, economic, environmental and demographic, and a qualitative approach in relation to the perception of the population regarding the allocation of waste generated on the property. The data gave subsidy to an exploratory analysis with the support material such as pictures and interviews. The results show that residents in the settlement Pindoba I use some forms of waste disposal in the prayer being more frequent fires. Moreover, they do not receive guidance on how to appropriate treatment to be given to the waste produced and also reuses ment of such waste. With regard to the types of waste disposed in rural dwellings, we identified that are very similar to those deposited in urban areas. So classified: product packaging, plastic bags, glass, cans of aluminum, PET bottles, cardboard and some metals. This information pointed to the need for involvement of public officials with the improper disposal of waste generated by rural communities, forbut waste reuse and composting of organic waste will therefore be a good alternative because it is a rich rural environment in such waste. Selective collection also protect the environment, ensuring proper disposal of waste and reusing those recyclable. Thus, the public awareness of the correct way of disposal of these wastes would be a way of preserving the environment. KEYWORDS: Nesting Pindoba I, Rural, Rural Garbage, Ambiental degradation, environmental education.

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF NIZAM ZACHMAN OCEANIQUE FISHING PORT ACTIVITIES ON THE COMMUNITY AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

The existence of the Nizam Zachman Oceanique Fishing Port (NZOFP)-Jakarta had a socio-economic impact on the people in areas around the fishing port considered as buffer zones. the negative impact was observed on the environment in the forms of waste disposal (into waters and land), decreasing water quality, the emergence of odors and unavailability of clean water. The research used a case study approach with case units in the forms of stakeholders and the community perceptions around NZOFP. The analysis of the socio-economic aspects of the existing condition at NZOFP refers to the socio-economic data in the area around NZOFP, namely Penjaringan Muara Baru District, North Jakarta. The analyzed aspects were: (1) the number of workers involved in the NZOFP area; (2) Community income (respondent) and (3) Community perception of the existence of the NZOFP. The ratio of the number of workers in NZOFP and the total workforce in the Penjaringan area of North Jakarta was 82%. This number suggests that labor absorption through the sample data has met the standard of at least 20%. The results of the income analysis showed that 50% of the respondents had income above Rp. 3,100,000 (above the Minimum Wage of Workers in DKI Jakarta). The analysis of respondents 'perceptions of the exis NZOFP were in Medium (25%); Good (54%) and Very Good (19%). The analysis of respondents' behavior in disposing of garbage showed that knowledge and habit variables were factors influencing behavior, while the educational level did not affect.

Efektivitas Jenis Koagulan Poly Aluminium Chloride Menurut Variansi Dosis dan Waktu Pengadukan terhadap Penurunan Parameter Limbah Cair Industri Tahu

Tofus industry is a business built in the framework of the development of activities in the field of food that has a positive and negative impact on the environment. The negative impact of the tofus industry in the form of waste disposal that causes pollution problems that damage the environment Pollution environment. The result of solid waste (tofus waste) and liquids waste. Most of the liquid wastes produced by the tofu manufacture industry are viscous liquids that are separated from the clump of tofu called whey. Objective: To determine the effect of Coagulant PAC (Polyaluminium Chloride) with dose of 75 mg / l, 150 mg / l, 225 mg / l, 300 mg / l and slow stirring time 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes and 25 minutes in BOD parameters , COD and TSS liquid waste tofu. This type of research is a real experiment with a Pretest-Postest Research with A Control Group Design. this study can be performed using PAC as a coagulant with a dose and slow stirring time which is effective in lowering BOD, COD and TSS levels in tofus wastewater. The research was conducted at Integrated Laboratory of Poltekkes Tanjungkarang and samples were taken were tofus waste in Kelurahan Gunung Sulah Bandarlampung. The population in this study is the tofus waste generated from the tofu industry in Kelurahan Gunung Sulah. Samples taken in this study are liquid waste generated from the tofu industry in Kelurahan Gunung Sulah Bandar Lampung, taken early morning around 09.00 WIB. The results of this study contain an effective compound of administration of Polyalumunium Chloride (PAC), for all parameters of industrial waste know BOD, COD, and TSS, in accordance with Regulation of Minister of Environment No. 5 years 2014 is 765 mg / l, with a stirring time of 25 minutes.

Preparation and aqueous durability of Sr incorporation into rutile TiO2

TiO2 was employed as the waste form for disposal of simulated nuclide Sr. Preparation of Sr bearing rutile was explored under different sintering temperatures and Sr contents. The optimal treatment temperature was confirmed as 1 300 °C for the incorporation of SrO in rutile TiO2. Perovskite type SrTiO3 was prepared as the resultant product. The limited containment capacity of SrO in rutile was speculated to be 56.5wt%. As the SrO content increases, the as-synthesized sample exhibits more porosity because SrTiO3 phase demonstrates higher density than rutile and SrO. The 28 day normalized leaching rate (LRi) of Sr and Ti will decrease congruously as the SrO incorporation increases. The LRSr value is lower than 0.1 g·m-2·d-1, which is about 3 orders of magnitude higher than the LRTi value.

A DEGRADAÇÃO AMBIENTAL CAUSADA PELO DESCARTE INADEQUADO DAS EMBALAGENS PLÁSTICAS: Estudo de Caso.

Modern society is accustomed to living with the ease and versatility that high consumption forms offer. Given a high level of consumption, globalization, technological innovations that seek every day to ensure your space in the market, and thereby contribute to the socioeconomic balance. The modernization making life easier for the general public and the other side may generate environmental disorders is the case of plastic packaging has on the environment long term. With their disuse and dispose inappropriately environments, making them increasingly vulnerable human actions that occur due to cultural and behavioral habits of a large portion of the population that needs to reeducate themselves regarding the preservation and conservation of the environment. This research aims to inform and sensitize students and the school community about the environmental impacts caused by the improper disposal of plastic packaging in order to reduce their consumption and proper disposal in the environment by changing attitudes and behavior. Initially a literature review was done on solid waste, forms of waste disposal, waste sorting and plastic packaging. Later, it was used to apply a self lifting students’ prior knowledge articulated with the theoretical. As a result there was a recycling workshop and implementation of selective collection, accompanied by segments of the school and municipal representatives. The results show that many students did not know about the selective collection, however with the implementation of actions and continuous use of bins, the results were satisfactory, since the students have learned that it is possible to preserve the environment with simple everyday by reducing , reuse, re-education and recycling.

Resíduos químicos produzidos em equipamentos de análises hematológicas: conhecimento e práticas nos laboratórios

INTRODUCTION: The widespread use of technology and automated equipment in clinical laboratories has allowed to expand analysis capacity and information processing significantly. However, it has also augmented the use of chemical reagents in analyses, generating waste that, if improperly disposed, may cause serious environmental damage. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the knowledge and awareness of clinical laboratory professionals as to the potential environmental damage caused by chemical waste, adopted forms of disposal, and interest in receiving related information. METHODS: Interviews were conducted in a structured questionnaire in order to assess the total number of blood tests performed in the city of Curitiba and the forms of waste disposal generated by automated equipment. They were also developed to infer professionals' knowledge regarding solution development, recommended ways of disposal, and potential environmental hazard. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The vast majority (80%) of professionals in clinical laboratories believes to be responsible for the produced waste, but has no knowledge on the issue. This unawareness generates inadequate practices in 47% of surveyed laboratories, which discard waste directly into the sewer system. In order to avoid biological contamination, 20% of the laboratories treat their waste with sodium hypochlorite before disposal into the sewer system, and only 12% have sewage treatment, though its type is unknown.

Development of pyrolytic monolithic carbon composites for the conditioning of spent ion exchange resins

ABSTRACTThe pyrolysis of ion exchange resin beads that are used for the purification of water in reactor primary- and secondary-cooling circuits can result in stable and leach resistant carbonaceous products. However, free flowing beads are less desirable waste forms for disposal in sub-surface or surface repositories than monolithic masses of low porosity. We have investigated the pyrolysis of polymeric resin – cation exchange resin composites to give mechanically robust and chemically durable monolithic carbonaceous waste forms that are suitable for repository disposition. Also investigated was the dependence of product properties on various processing parameters (temperature ramp and final temperature). As a first approach, epoxy resins were used for the preparation of monoliths since such resins cure at room temperature and result in a relatively high carbon yield. Carbonaceous monolithic products were prepared at 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 °C using a temperature ramp of 2°C/min. The products were maintained at the chosen temperatures for a period of one hour. Mass losses, volume reduction, hardness and compressive strength were measured and mathematical functions are proposed to describe the measured values of these properties. The carbon monoliths were observed to be mechanically robust.

A Novel Waste Form for Disposal of Spent-Nuclear-Fuel Reprocessing Waste: A Vitrifiable Cement

A cement capable of being hot isostatically pressed into a glass ceramic has been proposed as the waste form for spent-nuclear-fuel reprocessing wastes at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). This intermediate cement, with a composition based on that of common glasses, has been designed and tested. The cement formulations included mixed INEEL wastes, blast furnace slag, reactive silica, and INEEL soil or vermiculite, which were activated with potassium or sodium hydroxide. Following autoclave processing, the cements were characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed three notable crystalline phases: quartz, calcite, and fluorite. Results of compressive strength testing ranged from 1452 to 4163 psi, exceeding the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)-suggested standard of >500 psi. From American National Standards Institute/American Nuclear Society 16.1-1986 leach testing, effective diffusivities for Cs were determined to be on the order of 10-11 to 10-10 cm2/s and for Sr were 10-12 cm2/s, which are four orders of magnitude less than diffusivities in some other radwaste materials. Average leach indices (LI) were 9.6 and 11.9 for Cs and Sr, respectively, meeting the NRC standard of LI > 6. The 28-day Materials Characterization Center-1 leach testing resulted in normalized elemental mass losses between 0.63 and 28 g/(m2·day) for Cs and between 0.34 and 0.70 g/(m2·day) for Sr. Strontium mass losses meet the <1 g/(m2·day) industry-accepted standard while Cs losses indicate a process sensitive parameter.

A Comparative Overview of Recycling in London and Hamburg

The level of recycling for household waste is significantly higher in Hamburg than in London, yet the extent of materials recovery in both cities is well below technically achievable levels. This paper shows that the higher level of recycling in Hamburg can be accounted for by three main factors: a higher density of recycling facilities combined with the use of more sophisticated collection systems such as a dual-bin service for putrescible wastes; a unified administrative structure for waste management under direct control of an elected regional government; and finally, a system of proportional representation in local government allowing environmentalist political demands to be directly translated into public policy. Despite these differences however, both cities face difficulties with the expansion of recycling derived from the weakness of the secondary materials market, the lack of legislative control over the size and composition of the waste stream, the fiscal constraints on local government and the expense of comprehensive recycling programmes in comparison with alternative forms of waste disposal. This paper concludes that the high cost of recycling presents a fundamental political dilemma for sustainable waste management policy in developed economies.