Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends Research Articles

Effect of Dwell Angle and Two-Stage Fueling Approach on the Engine Parameters of CRDi Engine using WCO Biodiesel Blends

In this paper, the impact of dwell angle and two-stage fueling technique on engine efficiency and tailpipe emissions in a 3.5 kW powered four-stroke diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends were investigated. An experiment with single-cylinder high-pressure CRDi equipped diesel engine was executed at two different dwell angles (5° CA and 10° CA) with varying pilot fueling quantities of 10% and 20% at nozzle fueling pressure of 600 bar. The outcomes revealed that the combined effect of dwell angle and two-stage fueling techniques had enhanced the BTE by 8.13% for B20P20 pilot fueling timing (PFT) of 28° bTDC, whereas BSFC lowers for B20P20 blend at pilot fueling timing of 33° bTDC. Comparing B20P20 PFT at 28° bTDC to PFT at 33° bTDC, CO, HC and smoke emissions drop by 72.72%, 37.04%, and 93.75%, respectively. The nitrogen oxide reduction is unaffected by two-stage fueling strategy among all the test sample fuels and significantly higher for the biodiesel blends than mineral diesel.

Influence of varying concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles and engine speed on the performance and emissions of diesel engine operated on waste cooking oil biodiesel blends using response surface methodology

For a few decades now fast depleting fossil fuels has been a major challenge. Fast expanding population and increased rate of urbanization has increased energy demand. This makes the current scenario worse. Fossil fuels' emissions are another challenge. Apart from fossil fuel emissions, the untreated disposal of waste cooking oil presents another environment’s sustainability challenge. The treatment of waste cooking oil as fuel presents a tangible solution to challenge. In this research article, impact of the engine speed and the concentration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in diesel-biodiesel blended fuels on the engine’s performance. The emission characteristics of a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine has also been examined. TiO2 NPs were produced by a sol-gel methodology. The diesel-biodiesel combination was fortified with TiO2 NPs at 40, 80 and 120 ppm. These mixtures were used to power the diesel engine, which was then run at 1150, 1400, 1650, 1900 and 2150 RPM. Interaction between engine speeds and nanoparticle concentrations and investigation of their combined effect on engine performance and emissions was done using response surface methodology. The minimum BSFC of 0.33994 kg/kWh and maximum BTE of 25.90% were found for B30 + 120 ppm biodiesel blend at 2150 rpm as compared to all other tested fuels. The emissions including CO and HC emissions were recorded as 25.61486 kg/kWh and 0.05289kg/kWh respectively at 2150 rpm for B30 + 120 ppm biodiesel blend while NOx on the contrary side exhibits a slight escalation with increasing engine speed and nanoparticles concentration. The findings of the experiments demonstrated that adding TiO2 nanoparticles to diesel–biodiesel blends is an effective way to enhance the performance of diesel engines while simultaneously reducing the emissions. It was also discovered that the mathematical model that was built can efficiently estimate the performance of the engine and the emission levels.

Effects of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel on Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine

With their higher sustainability index, biofuels, environmentally-friendly and renewable nature is a viable alternative energy source in the transportation sector. This study presents the effect of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on performance, combustion, and emission from a compression ignition engine. The biodiesel was blended with diesel in varying proportions of 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel (designated as B5), 10% biodiesel in diesel (B10), 15% biodiesel in diesel (B15), 20% biodiesel in diesel (B20), 50% biodiesel in diesel (B50), and 85% biodiesel in diesel (B85). Simulation of a 2-cylinder diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel was carried out using Ricardo Wave software and the results obtained were validated. The engine speed was varied from 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition using a positive valve overlap of 32°. Performance results showed that WCO biodiesel blends at 1200 rpm produce brake-specific fuel consumption of, 0.240109 kg/kWhr, 0.241996 kg/kWhr, 0.244331 kg/kWhr, 0.24661 kg/kWhr, 0.26089 kg/kWhr, 0.27947 kg/kWhr and 0.28798 kg/kWhr for B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B85 and B100 respectively, as compared to 0.239383 kg/kWhr of diesel fuel while the brake power and torque reduced at full load with varying speed. Combustion analysis showed similar trends between diesel and biodiesel blends whereas biodiesel blends produced shorter ignition delay, shorter combustion duration, and lower heat release rate. Emission levels of CO, reduced by 1%, 10%, 15%, 22%, 48%, 68% and 74% with B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B85 and B100 respectively at 1600 rpm when compared to diesel fuel. HC emission was reduced by 9% with B100. NO<sub>x</sub> levels slightly increased when B5, B10, B15, and B20 at 1200 rpm and B10 and B15 at 1600 rpm were fueled in the engine. The exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of B5, B10 at 1600 rpm was higher than diesel fuel and B5, B10 at 2400 rpm to 3200 rpm EGT was higher than diesel fuel. Generally, biodiesel blends showed better emission levels and other combustion and performance levels are within acceptable limits.

Thermal and vibration analysis of CI engine using diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

Compression Ignition (CI) engines can operate on blend of diesel, and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBD). In order to reduce the consumption of diesel, a rapidly depleting fossil fuel, can be replaced with WCOBD, which was derived from waste cooking oil (WCO). To support this, an experimental analysis is carried out on combustion, performance, emission and vibration characteristics of CI engines using blends of diesel and WCOBD. As a result, the WCOBD is recommended to replace the diesel partially in order to address the issues raised due to large usage of diesel and re-use of cooking oil. The large usage of diesel causes pollution. Similarly, the re-use of cooking oil leads to severe health issues such as cancers and lungs related diseases. The diesel and blend of diesel and WCOBD such as BD10 (Blend of 90% diesel and 10% WCOBD), BD20, BD30 and BD40 are used as fuels in the test engine. According to the experimental results, at full load and 1500 RPM, the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of the engine utilizing BD20 is 32.36%, with a Rate of Pressure Rise (RPR) of 4.48 bar/0CA. Further increase in WCOBD% resulted in decreased BTE. At BD20 CO and HC emissions decreased marginally. In comparison to other fuels, BD20 has a reduced vibration acceleration i.e., 0.10 m/s2. Therefore, it can be inferred that the engine without any modifications can operate on BD20 blend as it has a modest BTE, RPR, and low vibration and low emission as compared to other WCOBD blends.

Synthesis of methacrylate–vinyl acetate–N-phenylmethylpropionamide terpolymers as pour point depressants and combined with methyl palmitoleate to improve the cold flowability of waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

Biodiesel, especially waste cooking oil biodiesel, which is economical and widely sourced, is considered to gradually replace petro-diesel by its blend with diesel in a certain ratio, but poor cold flowability is one of the key factors affecting the generalization and application of biodiesel blends. Therefore, studies should exploit new and efficient pour point depressants (PPDs) that can significantly improve the cold flowability of biodiesel blends at small dosages. Herein, a series of methacrylate–vinyl acetate–N-phenylmethylpropionamide terpolymers (RMC-VA-NPM, R = C12, C14, C16, C18) was synthesized by radical polymerization and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography as PPDs. Then, these PPDs were applied to 20 vol% waste cooking oil biodiesel and 80 vol% petro-diesel (B20), which contained the optimal blend of biodiesel and petro-diesel. In this work, C14MC-VA-NPM (15:1:1) at 2000 ppm showed the best improvement of effect on improving the cold flowability of B20. Correspondingly, the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP) were reduced by 14 °C and 16 °C, respectively. Notably, the combined PPDs (PPDC-3) composed of C14MC-VA-NPM (15:1:1) and methyl palmitoleate (a component of biodiesel) at a 4:1 mass ratio had a better depressing effect. The 1000 ppm PPDC-3 reduced the CFPP and PP of B20 by 17 °C and 20 °C, respectively. The depressing effects were also compared with previous reports. In addition, B20 with PPDs was used for in-depth mechanism study using differential scanning calorimetry, rheological analysis, and polarizing optical microscopy.

Optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics with cerium oxide nanoparticles mixed waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

The study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, and direct injection diesel engine with variable compression ratio using nanoparticles blended biofuel. The cerium Oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been blended in corresponding ratios with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. Further, response surface methodology (RSM) based Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach was used to evaluate engine performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and emission characteristics (such as NOx, CO, and CO2 emission). In addition, the quadratic models were obtained to investigate the influence of input parameters on each output response with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desirability approach was used to obtain the optimal engine performance and emission characteristics. The analysis revealed that WCO blended with CeO2 nanoparticles fuel improves CI engines’ performance and reduces their hazardous emissions. The compression ratio of 14:1 at 10.29% blend composition and 50 ppm concentration level of nanoparticles with composite desirability of 0.858 was found to be the engine’s optimal operating conditions. At optimal conditions, BTE, BSFC, NOx, CO, and CO2 were 36.62%, 0.2204 kg/kW-h, 168 ppm, 0.0192%, and 1.132% respectively.

Effects of Injector Nozzle Number of Holes and Fuel Injection Pressures on the Diesel Engine Characteristics Operated with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

This work covers the impact of varying injector nozzle hole numbers (INHNs) and fuel injection pressures (IPs) on fuel atomization, performance, and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The primary goal of this research was to improve fuel characteristics. Increasing INHNs and fuel IPs have a substantial impact on the blended fuel viscosity and density, which leads to increased atomization and mixing rates, as well as combustion and engine efficiency. The fuel atomization was checked by varying the INHNs with an operating diesel fuel using the ANSYS Fluent spray simulation work. The experimental test was performed on the fuel blends of waste cooking oil (WCO)–diesel blends from 10 to 30% (with an increment of 10%) by evaluating the performance and emission parameters. The fuel IPs were altered on four, such as 190, 200 (default), 210, and 220 bar with a modification of INHN of 1 (default), 3, and 4), each 0.84, 0.33, and 0.25 mm in orifice size, respectively. The simulation result shows that the INHN-4 has better fuel atomization. Whereas the experimental test revealed that the increment in blending ratio of WCO was up to 30%, INHNs and fuel IPs enhanced the BSFC and BTE and reduced exhaust emissions. The results indicate that increasing the fuel IP up to 210 bar with a 4-hole INHN for B30 was the optimal combination for the overall enhancement of BSFC and BTE, as well as lower CO and HC emissions with a minor rise in NOx when compared to the baseline diesel.

Experimental analysis of real-world emissions using ultra-low carbon intensity biodiesel for a light-duty diesel vehicle in Monterrey metropolitan area

Experiments were conducted employing a light-duty diesel vehicle filled with complete characterized 5%, 10%, and 20% volume ultra-low carbon intensity waste cooking oil biodiesel blends for determining real-world emission rates and emission factors, which were compared to those of petroleum diesel for three driving modes, namely, low, medium, and high cruise speed, and transient conditions. Chemical characterization of blended and pure fuels allowed to discard any quality influences on the fuel performance during the on-road tests. Five percent volume blends showed the best all-around performance of all blends in comparison with petroleum diesel in terms of emissions reduction, along with its lowest fuel consumption, hence, representing a potential blend that can be considered as good additive for petroleum diesel, applicable only at the specific conditions of the present work. The benefit from the use of ultra-low carbon intensity biodiesel blends was clear from greenhouse gases emissions point of view, given the lifecycle emission diminishing of 93.8% mass in CO2 equivalent emissions, if the biodiesel is produced using waste cooking oil collected within the city limits.

Exploration of combustion behavior in a compression ignition engine fuelled with low-viscous Pimpinella anisum and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

In today's world due to a greater demand for fossil fuels, many alternative solutions such as extracting energy from waste and also from green biofuels have been offered. Among various studies, a new approach on the usage of low viscous Pimpinella anisum as a green biofuel with waste cooking oil biodiesel blend in the diesel engine efficiently has shed new light in the field of alternative renewable sources of energy. The aim of this work is to eliminate the usage of conventional fuel in a diesel engine by incorporating binary green fuel (Waste Cooking Oil biodiesel blended with Pimpinella anisum as low viscous oil) effectively. The enhancement of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) biodiesel production was done by employing the transesterification process. Calcium oxide heterogeneous catalyst was prepared using eggshell and it was doped with barium of 4–8 %wt. to improve the catalytic efficiency. Pimpinella anisum oil with its promising properties such as low viscosity, high O2 content, and high boiling point is better suited to the diesel engine and was prepared by steam distillation method. Binary fuels were prepared by blending Pimpinella anisum oil (A) with WCO biodiesel (B) in 90%, 80%, and 70% of volume. The engine was tested with pure diesel and WCO biodiesel for comparative study. The addition of Pimpinella anisum elongated the period of ignition delay. Among the tested fuels, B20A80 has shown better heat release rate (HRR) and cylinder pressure, bringing brake thermal efficiency (BTE) near to that of diesel since the biodiesel operation decreases BTE in diesel engines. It also has shown the reduced formation of soot, Carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 81.43%, 43.8%, and 18.6% respectively. A slight increase of 2.49% in Oxide of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in compared with the operation of diesel was observed.

Autoignition behavior and emission of biodiesel from palm oil, waste cooking oil, tyre pyrolysis oil, algae and jatropha

Alternative fuels have recently been researched on diesel substitution, with the target of reducing dependence on petroleum-based fuel in addition to reducing environmental pollution. Thanks to its regenerability and ability to absorb emissions, the opted biofuel tends to be advantageous. The present study explored the autoignition behaviour, in particular the ignition delay and process of combustion that strongly influence exhaust emissions. The analysis used biodiesel blends obtained from palm oil, waste cooking oil, algae, jatropha and tyre pyrolysis oil at various blending ratio from 2% to 20%. These blending ratios were achieved independently through a specific blending technique with pure diesel at different volumetric concentrations. The ignition delay was assessed by means of a rapid compression machine (RCM) under variant injection pressure at an elevated ambient temperature of the reaction chamber. This study discovered significant differences in ignition delays and combustion efficiency when different biodiesel blends were operated under higher injection pressures and higher ambient temperatures. The shortest ignition delay of biodiesel blend fuels is achieved at low blending concentrations, implying that lower concentrations of biodiesel encapsulate a lower fuels viscosity, preceded by excellent spray atomization, premixing, and ignitability. In addition to these implications, the shortest ignition delay was undoubtedly influenced by higher injection pressure and higher temperature conditions in which the expansion of the fuel's molecular bound to the CH bonding deteriorates and bonding energy dissociates. Emissions are lower than pure diesel with an increased concentration of blends; waste cooking oil-biodiesel blends experienced positive effects on the CO, HC and nitrogen oxides (NOx) via variant injection pressure; while significant improvements in HC were noticed for most fuels, corresponding to the elevated ambient temperature circumstances.

Experimental Investigation on the Performance of a CI Engine Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

In this study, different performance parameters of a Compression Ignition (CI) engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with diesel in different percentage volumes of 5 % biodiesel and 95 % diesel (W5), 10 % biodiesel and 90 % diesel (W10), 15 % biodiesel and 85 % diesel (W15) and 20 % biodiesel and 80 % diesel (W20) were tested experimentally. First, biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil by transesterification process. The physical-chemical properties of biodiesel and W20 were tested. The tested properties of W20 were found to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards near to diesel fuel. Subsequently, test of diesel and biodiesel blended fuels were carried out using 15:1 compression ratio on Kirloskar Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine at 1500 rpm on varying loads. The engine performance parameters for biodiesel blends such as Indicated Power (IP), Brake Power (BP), Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and Mechanical Efficiency (ME) against load in comparison to diesel fuel were obtained and verified those with diesel fuel. IP for diesel, W5, W10, W15 and W20 at load of 12 kg are 4.3 kW, 4.8 kW, 4.7 kW, 4.75 kW and 4.2 kW respectively. ME of W20 at 12 kg load is less by 4.1 % than diesel. The difference in SFC of diesel and W20 at 12 kg load was 0.27 kg/kWh. The experimental outcomes confirm that the IP and SFC of blended biodiesel were slightly superior. Correspondingly, BP and BMEP were also found comparable to diesel fuel.

Effect of Pour Point Depressants Combined with Dispersants on the Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel‐Diesel Blends

AbstractPoor cold flow property is a major issue that hinders the application of biodiesel‐diesel blends. In this work, a series of methacrylate‐benzyl methacrylate‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone terpolymers (RMC‐MB‐NVP, R = C12, C14, C16, C18) was synthesized and used as the pour point depressants (PPD) for waste cooking oil biodiesel blends. To further improve their depressive effects, dispersants, including Tween (40, 60, and 80), Span (40, 60, and 80), phthalic acid esters (PAE), and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (FAPE; FAPE 5, FAPE 7, and FAPE 9), were optimized and combined with the C14MC‐MB‐NVP terpolymers. The effects of C14MC‐MB‐NVP terpolymers and combined PPD (PPDC) on the cloud point (CP), cold filter‐plugging point (CFPP), and pour point (PP) of biodiesel blends were studied. Here, results showed that the presence of dispersants can efficiently enhance the solubility and dispersibility of polymeric PPD in biodiesel blends; thus, the PPDC presents better depressive effects. Among them, C16MC‐MB‐NVP (5:1:1) combined with FAPE 7 dispersant at 4:1 mass ratio (PPDC‐FAPE 7) showed the best synergistic effect, and the CP, CFPP, and PP of B20 treated with 2000 ppm PPDC‐FAPE 7 decreased by 4, 10, and 19 °C, respectively. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscope, and rheological analyses were performed to rationalize the action mechanism of these PPD and dispersants in biodiesel blends.

Effect of novel bio-waste derived nano particles as additives on the performance of diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

Abstract Calcium oxide nanoparticles obtained from biowaste through calcination process is used as nanoadditives in the blend of B20 (80%Diesel + 20%Waste cooking oil biodiesel). Performance and emission characteristics are examined for single cylinder four stroke, diesel engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. B20 blend of Waste cooking oil biodiesel is doped with calcium oxide nano particles in 5 quantities as 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 10 ppm, and 125 ppm. Diesel has high brake thermal efficiency values among all the fuels blends with 125 ppm CaO nano additives. Diesel has the lowest NOx emissions and the blend with 125 ppm Cao Nano additives produced less NOx values among the blends. Carbon emissions are comparatively lesser for the biodiesel blends compared to diesel.

Analysis of the Performance of Diesel Engine Fueled using B50-B100 Biodiesel Based on Simulation

This alternative research fuels in the form of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In addition, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of waste cooking oil biodiesel blends in the performance testing of a one-cylinder diesel engine simulation modeling. The method used by the author in this study is to use a simulation method. Performance-based diesel motor performance tests are performed using HSD, and also with variations of used cooking oil biodiesel fuel mixtures. From the performance test results at full load, it was found that the comparison of the value of the power mix of biodiesel waste cooking oil with HSD decreased power. At B50 decreased power (6.38%), B60 (7.6%), B70 (8.9%), B80 (10.2%), B90 (11.4%), and B100 (12.7%) at maximum RPM. The torque value obtained in the biodiesel fuel mixture also decreased compared to HSD in the same cycle. The lowest SFOC value is produced by HSD fuel. SFOC HSD value is lower than cooking oil biodiesel mixture which is higher (6.8%) B50 fuel, up (8.3%) B60, up (9.83%) B70, up (11.4%) B80, up (12.9%) B90, and up (14.5%) B100 at full load and maximum RPM conditions.

Experimental investigation on performance of a CI Engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with alcohol and Nanoparticle additives as fuel

In this study conventional fossil diesel, biodiesel made from waste cooking oil with different proportion with diesel, biodiesel diesel with alcohol additive and Nano particles are used as fuel. Experimental results reveals that blends of WCO biodiesel has similar characteristics that of diesel. Brake thermal efficiency is increasing when Nano particles are used compared to fossil diesel. B10Ai1% has highest brake thermal efficiency, lowest brake specific fuel consumption and lowest energy consumption than that of other tested fuel. Among all the test fuels used B10Ai1% has better performance. BTE BSFC and BSEC were found to be 20.10%, 0.405 Kg/Kwhr, 17914.71kj/kg respectively. For Nano fuel BTE, BSFC and BSEC were found to be 16.90%, .491 kg/kwhr and 21293.3 kj/kg respectively which were better than diesel.

Experimental Investigation on Spray Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel/Diesel Blends at Different Injection Parameters

Biodiesel is a promising alternative solution for the energy crisis, as it is renewable, biodegradable, non - toxic and it has a fully competitive edge with petrol diesel in most technical aspects. Because of the increasing global request for diesel fuel consumption, consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels, exhaust emissions, all these led to search about alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the potential alternatives for depleting fossil fuels. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel is one of the best solutions and alternatives available to all countries of the world. Inedible plants and vegetable oils such as Jatropha oil, Karanji Pongamia oil, Neem oil, Jojoba oil, Cottonseed oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil, Deccan hemp oil, Kusum oil, Orange oil, and Rubber seed oil were used as biodiesel in diesel engine. Biodiesel is produced by chemical methods from vegetable oils, but the use of vegetable oils is a high cost.Scientists searched for other sources and at the same time has a low cost. They found that waste cooking oil is the ideal solution to that problem. Four methods to minimize the high viscosity of vegetable oils to enable their use in common diesel engines without operational problems such as engine charges have been investigated: blending with petro diesel, pyrolysis, microemulsification (solvent blending), and transesterification. Transesterification is by far the most common method. Only the transesterification reaction leads to the products commonly known as biodiesel, i.e., alkyl esters of oils and fats. Biodiesel was produced from waste Cooking-oil by transesterification process have been applied for most countries to improve and raise the national energy return. Blends of WCOB and diesel were used instead of pure diesel fuel in diesel engine. However, the spray characteristic of the injected fuel depends on different parameters such as fuel injection pressure, the temperature of the injected fuel, ambient pressure, fuel viscosity, and fuel density.In internal combustion engines, such as the diesel engine used to conduct the experiment, a 20 mm window and a transparent glass box are used to facilitate the visualization of spray characteristics. The spray characteristics of the diesel/ waste cooking oil biodiesel blends fuel were studied experimentally at different injection pressure and temperature. Spray characteristics of biodiesel WCOB / diesel under various injection pressures of 150 to 300 bar and injection temperature of 25 to 275 oC have been measured and illustrated by sparing the fuel blends in a surrounding area using a high-speed Digital camera. In this work, the biodiesel/diesel blend of B40D60 has been tested. The experimental data shows the WCOB biodiesel of B40D60 gives longer spray tip penetration and spray angle are smaller than those of diesel fuels at different pressure and temperature.

Real-world exhaust emissions and fuel consumption for diesel vehicles fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

The real-world exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of on-road diesel vehicles, fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel blends, were measured using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). Two light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) and two heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) filled with four mixed fuels with blend ratios of 0% (neat diesel), 5% (B5), 20% (B20), and 100% (B100) (biodiesel in traditional fossil diesel) were tested. The results show that the total fuel consumption (biodiesel + traditional fossil diesel) did not clearly decrease, but blending biodiesel into traditional fossil diesel could clearly decreased the consumption of traditional fossil diesel, reduce the countries' dependence on oil imports. Converting waste cooking oil into biofuel and blending with diesel is a three-win alternative, dealing simultaneously with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, food security, and energy security. The CO, HC, NOX and PM2.5 emissions for all of the tested vehicles decreased with increasing biodiesel content in the blend, with the exception of PM2.5 and NOX for D3, the NOX emissions showed a decrease with increasing biodiesel content in the blend for most vehicles in this study. The effect of emission reduction for all biodiesel blending proportions under highway (HW) condition is better than that under Non-highway (NHW) condition. The degree of reduction in CO, HC, NOX, and PM2.5 emission increased with increasing biodiesel content in the blend under HW section. Under the NHW section, the emission factors for lower biodiesel blend proportions (below 12.5%) especially for B5 were higher than those for neat diesel. The biodiesel blend reduced CO, HC, NOX and PM2.5 emissions compared with neat diesel under different driving modes except for individual condition (especially for B5 under acceleration mode). Increasing the biodiesel content of the blend lowered the CO, HC, NOX, and PM2.5 emissions for acceleration and deceleration modes.

Emission and Performance Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends in a Single Direct Injection Diesel Engine

The use of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as feedstock, and microwave heating technology are favored to reduce the cost of biodiesel. In order to identify the effect of using biodiesel from WCO Methyl Ester (WCOME) blends on diesel engine emissions and performance, WCOME blends were tested in a single-cylinder Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine at a constant speed of 2500 rpm and with five loads. For comparison, commercial diesel fuel, Petron Diesel Max (PDM), and biodiesel mixture from palm oil (POME) were also used. The performance and emission test results of the five test fuels: PDM, BP10, BP20, BW10, and BW20 were then compared with simulation results created by using GT-Power software. The experimental results indicated that using POME and WCOME blends led to increments in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) of up to 5.9% and reduction in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of up to 29.3% compare to PDM. These biodiesel blends also increased nitrogen oxide emissions and decreased carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions for all engine loads at a constant speed of 2500 rpm. The experimental testing of the cylinder peak pressure demonstrates significant increase with the increase of engine load for the four test fuels. All the simulation graphs show similar trends.

Study on Combustion Performance of a Diesel Engine Fueled by Synthesized Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

The waste cooking oil or used cooking oil is the best source of biodiesel synthesizing because it enters into the so-called W2E field, whereas not only get rid of the used cooking oils, but produce energy from the waste fuel. In this paper, biodiesel was synthesized from the used cooking oil and specifications are tested. From 1 liter of used cooking oil, 940 ml is gained. The remaining of a liter is glycerine and water. A Blend of 20% of biodiesel with 80% of net diesel by volume is formed. Blends of 100% diesel and 100% biodiesel are prepared too. The diesel engine combustion performance such as Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, mean effective pressure, and engine outlet temperature are studied in this paper. Cylinder pressure variation with crank angle is analyzed. The concentrations of hydrocarbon and nitrogen pollutants are measured. The results showed a significant enhancement in engine power and pollutant gases emitted. There is positive compatible with other critical researchers.

Effect of Fuel Injection Pressure on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Direct Injection Engine Fuelled With Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Mixture

- In the recent years, biodiesel has become a promising solution to the rapid depletion of the fossil fuel reserves as well as to the alarming amount of discharged pollutants. But inherent properties such as low volatility, high density and high viscosity have been pointed at for inducing most of its drawbacks. Many studies have been undertaken in order to inhibit these deficiencies. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of varying injection pressure on performance and emission characteristics of a four-cylinder, four-stroke, compression ignition direct injection engine fuelled with mineral diesel fuel and 20%, 40% and 60% waste cooking oil biodiesel blends (B20, B40 and B60). To that end, five injection pressures were tested: the original 200 bar, 220 bar, 240 bar, 260 bar and 280 bar. Experiments were conducted in accordance with the procedure dictated by DIN 70020. This study revealed that implementing the injection pressure up to 240 bar induces significant improvement in the performance characteristics for all tested fuels to varying degrees. The B20, under this optimized injection pressure was found to offer the best performances characteristics. Increasing injection pressure has proven its worth within a restricted limit. Indeed, for 260 bar and 280 bar, for all tested fuels, performance and smoke level characteristics were found to be dwindling.