Chicken Eggshell Waste Research Articles

Analisa Perbandingan Biaya dan Mutu Beton Menggunakan Serbuk Cangkang Telur untuk Mereduksi Pemakaian Semen

Concrete is a very important construction material in construction so that the use of concrete is widely used. In the use of conventional concrete, there are many problems that arise, such as the use of so much cement that can affect the environment. In this study, the use of eggshell powder will be used to reduce the amount of cement in the proportion of the concrete constituent mixture as well as in the use of powder and can reduce the cost of using cement which is relatively expensive. In addition, chicken egg shell waste contains calcium carbonate where it is known that one of the constituent ingredients of Portland Cement (SP) is calcium carbonate. This study uses SNI 03-2834-2000, to calculate the proportion of the concrete mixture. Testing the compressive strength of this concrete using cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 150 mm (0.15 m) and a height of 300 mm (0.30 m) as many as 15 samples with the amount of chicken egg shell powder used at 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. From the results of testing the average compressive strength at the age of 7 days and then converted to the age of 28 days, the average compressive strength at 0% eggshell percentage is 25.76 MPa, 1% is 22.80 MPa, 2% is 20.43 MPA, 3% is 20.13 MPa, 4% is 19.98 MPa. The greater the percentage of chicken egg shell powder, the compressive strength of the concrete decreases. For the cost of 0% concrete mix is Rp. 11,414.5, 1% is Rp. 11,342.5, 2% is Rp. 11,270.5 3% is, Rp. 11,198.5, 4% is Rp. 11,150.5 the cost of concrete using egg shell powder relatively cheaper.

Evaluation of the potential use of chicken eggshell waste to manufacture dense/porous bi-layered red floor tiles

Chicken eggshell waste is a significant global source of waste, which calls for sustainable valorization approaches. In light of this, this study introduced a novel approach for the valorization of chicken eggshell waste as a porogenic material to manufacture dense/porous bi-layered red floor tiles. Chicken eggshell waste was used as a substitute for the red floor tile paste by up to 25 wt% in the porous bottom layer. The bi-layered red floor tile specimens were produced by double uniaxial pressing and fired at 1220 ºC. The effect of chicken eggshell waste on the technical properties (linear shrinkage, apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, and three-point flexural strength) and fired microstructure of the bi-layered red floor tile specimens was examined. The results indicated that the chicken eggshell waste, mainly composed of CaCO3, influenced the densification behavior and technical properties of the bi-layered ceramic tiles. The findings also suggested that up to 10 wt% of chicken eggshell waste can be used to produce lightweight bi-layered red floor tiles, which can reduce the fired density by up to about 5.4 %, meeting technical requirements comparable to low water absorption floor tiles (BIb group - ISO 13006). These new dense/porous bi-layered red-firing floor tiles are promising for applications in ventilated facades, thus contributing to sustainable development.

A novel approach to heavy metal immobilization in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: Investigating the use of chicken eggshell waste and CaO addition

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is a significant byproduct of waste-to-energy processes, and poses substantial environmental and health hazards if not treated properly. The process of Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) efficiently immobilizes hazardous elements present in the fly ash through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The objective of this research is to thoroughly examine the feasibility of using chicken eggshell waste powder as a stabilizing agent for heavy metals, specifically targeting Pb, in MSWI fly ash. Experimental analysis involved varying eggshell waste to fly ash weight proportions, extending from 0.0 (control group), 7:3 up to 9.5:0.5 ratio, with designated curing durations of 2 and 72 hours, and maintaining a liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio at 1.0 mL/g. In the two-hour curing period, the immobilization efficiency of Pb reached 100% with the addition of only 1.5% eggshell waste. Optimal ratios for Pb stabilization in MSWI fly ash were identified: maximum 2% eggshell waste for 2-hour curing and 1.5% for 72 hours due to elevated Pb and Cd levels of 7:3 ratio. Adding CaO mitigated these levels, enhancing stabilization and compliance with landfill criteria. The results demonstrated that the addition of CaO led to efficient immobilization of Pb, achieving approximately 99%. In addition, the observed enhancement in compressive strength resulting from the incorporation of CaO highlights its effectiveness in enhancing the stabilizing process of MSWI fly ash. By demonstrating the effectiveness of eggshell waste and CaO in stabilizing hazardous elements, this study advocates for scalable solutions and further research on long-term stability and environmental impacts.

Investigation of the mechanical, thermal and wear properties of eggshell/PLA composites

Abstract The current study investigated the potential application of agricultural waste chicken eggshell (CES) as a reinforcement in composites made of poly (lactic acid) (PLA). With the use of twin extruder and injection molding machine, polymer composites have been developed. The performance of the composites was assessed with respect to its mechanical, thermal, and wear properties. It was shown that the increase in eggshell content led to the increase in void content and water absorption. Despite the increase in void content, the mechanical properties, in particular, micro-hardness, tensile strength and flexural strength were significantly improved. Conversely, when the eggshell content increased from 0 to 30 wt%, the impact strength was decreased. A slight decrease in fracture toughness was observed. Thermal properties, such as thermal stability and thermal degradation temperature, were improved with an increase in eggshell content. PLA, PLA-CES-10, PLA-CES-20, and PLA-CES-30 composites exhibited increase in erosion rate by 13.8 %, 10 %, 9 %, and 6 %, respectively, when the impact velocity was increased from 30 m/s to 50 m/s. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test (α < 0.05). Overall, PLA/eggshell based polymer composites performed exceptionally well, in addition to their environmental benefits, pollution control, waste utilization, and reduced production cost.

Development of chitosan by using a zeolite‐supported CaO derived from waste chicken eggshell to remove Acid Red 1 dye from the aqueous solution

AbstractZSM‐5 zeolite modified with acetic acid eggshell and chitosan was impregnated in three distinct proportions. As nanocomposites (NCs), the purpose of the composites was to adsorb Acid Red 1 dye (AR‐1) from an aqueous solution. The characterization of chitosan@CaO/zeolite NCs included (CHT)1@(CaO/ZT)1, (CHT)1.5@(CaO/ZT)1, and (CHT)1@(CaO/ZT)1.5, as determined by FTIR, XRD, EDX, BET, TGA, and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. In a bulk system, the adsorption of the AR‐1 dye onto (CHT)1@(CaO/ZT)1.5 was analyzed in terms of solution temperature, pH, contact time, and NCs dosage. The most favorable parameters for achieving efficient dye adsorption were: a pH of 2, an adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g/25 mL of dye solution, and 20 mg/L of dye concentration at 22°C temperature. The reaction reached equilibrium after 120 min. The estimated adsorption efficiency of the AR‐1 dye by the prepared NCs is 99.70%. The mechanism by which the dye was sequestered onto (CHT)1@(CaO/ZT)1.5 was exothermic. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the pseudo‐second‐order adsorption kinetic model held true at different temperatures with a value of 0.99, indicating that the model accurately described the chemical interaction between the adsorbent and Acid Red (AR‐1). Adsorption processes are characterized as exothermic, feasible, and spontaneous when the Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and enthalpy (ΔH°) changes have negative values, respectively. It was determined that the Langmuir model best described the isotherm behavior of AR‐1 dye adsorption onto (CHT)1@ (CaO/ZT)1.5. Under ideal conditions, the surface was found to be homogeneous and had a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 84.03 mg/g.

One-pot synthesis of regenerative calcium counterions from waste chicken eggshells for SO2-to-sulfur reduction

Abating sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions is increasingly critical for addressing environmental concerns and safeguarding human health. In this study, we propose a novel, sustainable approach utilizing in situ eggshell waste-derived calcium-based materials for the catalytic thermal reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur. Our research focuses on the facile synthesis of calcium-based compounds, proceeding from chicken eggshells to CaO, CaSO4, and finally CaS, for treating hazardous SO2 gas in a one-pot reactor. The effects of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), temperature, and catalyst stability were studied. Optimal conditions for sulfur yield (71.32%) and SO2 conversion (43.38%) were achieved at 800 °C with a GHSV of 117 L h/g. Our findings demonstrate that the calcium-based materials exhibit exceptional stability, maintaining activity for 6.5 h. Mechanistically, the synergistic pathways of Mars-Van Krevelen and Eley-Rideal mechanisms underlying the SO2 reduction process were elucidated. This research presents a sustainable solution for converting SO2 into a valuable sulfur commodity, and contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goal No. 12 on Sustainable Consumption and Production. By harnessing CaS derived from eggshell waste, our work underscores the potential for environmentally friendly practices in addressing industrial emissions and advancing sustainable resource utilization.

Pemberian Unsur Hara Fermentasi Dari Limbah Cangkang Telur Ayam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.)

Research on the provision of fermented nutrients from chicken eggshell waste on the growth of red chili (Capsicum annum L.) aims to analyze the concentration of chicken eggshell nutrients that have the best effect on the growth of red chili (Capsicum annum L.). The research was carried out from April 2023 to June 2023 at the Biology Green House, Faculty of Science and Technology, PGRI Palembang University. Using the experimental method Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 5 treatments namely P0 (control), P1 (100ml/L water), P2 (150ml/L water), P3 (200ml/L water), and P4 (250ml/L water) ), The treatment was repeated 4 times and the results showed that the best concentration was in the P4 treatment with a dose (250 ml/L of water) for plant height (14.87), number of leaves (12) and stem diameter (0.65).

Chicken Eggshell Powder as Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Through In Vitro Studies

Identifying the most effective material with antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a challenging task considering the rising concerns about drug resistance. Various experiments through in vitro and in vivo studies to obtain antibacterial agents using abundant and easily available raw material sources have been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to acquire semiconducting nanoparticle material derived from purebred chicken eggshell waste that could effectively function as an antibacterial agent. The waste treatment was carried out using a top-down method applying the thermal decomposition method with calcination temperatures of 700 and 800 ºC for 30 hours. XRD analysis results showed CaO as a major phase and this was further supported by Rietveld calculation. The size of the crystalline phases obtained ranged from 10–45 nm, while FTIR analysis showed the appearance of CaO bond at a wave number of 715.65 cm-1. Furthermore, SEM analysis showed a rough folded particle surface with a pore percentage of 48.20%. Based on the UV-Vis DRS analysis results, chicken eggshell powder had band gap energy characteristics of 2.07, 2.74, 3.71, and 5.96 eV for sample B, as well as 4.60 and 5.82 eV for sample C. Activation of purebred chicken eggshell powder as antibacterial was performed both qualitatively and quantitatively using photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic methods. Qualitatively, both samples showed antibacterial activity, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1,000 µg/mL.

Chicken eggshell waste and almond flour as potential ingredients in sustainable product development

Chicken eggshell waste and almond flour as potential ingredients in sustainable product development

Synthesis of CaO-Fe and CaO-Ag nanocomposites using raw and hydrolyzed waste chicken eggshell and investigation of their antimicrobial, biofilm inhibition activity, DNA cleavage ability, and antioxidant activity properties

AbstractIn this study, CaO-Fe and CaO-Ag nanocomposites were synthesized and various biological properties were characterized. E. coli cell viability, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antibiofilm, and DNA cleavage properties were examined. All nanocomposites, namely raw CaO-Ag (R-CaO-Ag), hydrolyzed CaO-Ag (H-CaO-Ag), raw CaO-Fe (R-CaO-Fe), and hydrolyzed CaO-Fe (H-CaO-Fe), were found to have good antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties. They showed antioxidant activity of 83.33%, 70.60%, 74.73%, and 72.78%, respectively, at 200 mg/L nanocomposites. When DNA cleavage properties of R-CaO-Ag, H-CaO-Ag, R-CaO-Fe, and H-CaO-Fe were evaluated at different concentrations, single-strand break was observed for all samples. It was shown that R-CaO-Ag was more effective against S. aureus and C. tropicalis, and H-CaO-Ag was more effective against E. hirae. It was found that the antimicrobial activities of R-CaO-Ag and H-CaO-Ag were higher compared to R-CaO-Fe and H-CaO-Fe. The microbial cell viability of nanocomposites was examined at three different concentrations. Even at the lowest concentration (125 mg/L), high values of E. coli inhibition were found as 98.65%, 100%, 90.24%, and 88.63%, respectively. Also, it was observed that all nanocomposites exhibited excellent biofilm inhibition activities. The antibiofilm abilities of one Gr (+) and one Gr (−) microorganism at three different concentrations were investigated. Biofilm inhibition percentages of R-CaO-Ag, H-CaO-Ag, R-CaO-Fe, and H-CaO-Fe were found as 65.83%, 86.5%, 89.67%, and 93.62% for S. aureus at 500 mg/L, respectively, while it was 50.06%, 90.68%, 71.69%, and 92.36% for P. aeruginosa, respectively, at 500 mg/L.

Catalytic conversion of biomass-plastic blend to high-quality bio-oil via co-pyrolysis using chicken eggshell waste as deoxygenation catalyst: A feasibility study

Energy shortages and reliance on fossil fuels have led to the discovery of new technologies to reduce the environmental impact by taking advantage of excess plastic and turning them into usable alternative fuels using the pyrolysis method. However, the oil produced contains highly oxygenated compounds, which are considered a downside to the fuel characteristics, along with a low by-product yield. Therefore, feasibility study of calcined eggshells as a deoxygenation catalyst in the co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB)/high-density polyethene (HDPE) blend and compare it quantitatively and qualitatively with bio-oil produced using a commercial zeolite-based catalyst, ZSM-5 and Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) at 500 °C operating temperature, 10 ft3/min N2 flow rate, 10 wt% catalyst loading, 1:1 HDPE:EFB ratio and 75 g feedstock with 60 min operating time in a stainless-steel fluidised bed reactor. Natural and calcined chicken eggshells were characterised using TGA/DTG, while the bio-oil produced was characterised using GC–MS. By using FCC catalyst, the highest oil yield (13.2 wt%) with high oxygenated compounds was obtained. The oil with the highest hydrocarbon yield (61.62 %) and lowest oxygenated compound content (38.38 %) was obtained using a calcined chicken eggshell (CES) catalyst. Calcined chicken eggshell (CES) catalysts showed better performance than commercial catalyst in terms of the quality and average yield of bio-oil produced. This study confirmed that the presence of a catalyst in the co-pyrolysis of EFB and HDPE can improve the yield of bio-oil and enhance its quality.

The catalytic effect of calcium oxide and magnetite loading on magnetically supported calcium oxide-zeolite catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

This research focuses on developing a magnetically supported catalyst for efficient transesterification reaction of used cooking oil (UCO). The catalyst consists of calcium oxide (CaO) and ZSM-5 zeolite, which were synthesized using waste chicken eggshell and rice husk. Meanwhile, magnetite (Fe3O4) was used as a magnetic component. Various magnetic zeolite-supported CaO catalysts (CaZ/Fe) were prepared with different amounts of CaO (10, 30, 50, and 80 wt% of zeolite) and Fe3O4 (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 of CaO-zeolite:Fe3O4 ratio). The results identified the 50CaZ/0.5Fe catalyst as the most effective. The catalyst displayed a high surface area, strong basicity, and ideal morphology, thus contributing to a higher biodiesel yield of 91%. The recovery rate of the 50CaZ/0.5Fe catalyst was 88%, suggesting minimal loss and easy catalyst separation post-reaction using an external magnetic field. It also displayed superior stability, obtaining 85% biodiesel yield after 4 uses. The activation energy calculated in the kinetic study was 14.085 kJ/mol. Moreover, the properties of the synthesized biodiesel met the standards set by the ASTM D6751. Overall, the 50CaZ/0.5Fe catalyst with good magnetic behaviour and exhibits excellent catalytic activity suggested that this catalyst is promising for application in biodiesel production.

Effect of Reaction Parameters on CO2 Absorption from Biogas Using CaO Sorbent Prepared from Waste Chicken Eggshell.

This study provides an efficient and straightforward approach to eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2) by absorption using a calcium oxide (CaO) sorbent derived from chicken eggshells. The sorbent concentration, stirring speed, and contact time were varied. The optimal condition for CO2 removal was a 10% calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) suspension at 600 rpm with 20 min interaction. This optimum condition conferred the ever-highest absorption (98.71%) of CO2 through Ca(OH)2 suspensions from eggshell-derived CaO. X-ray diffraction was used to identify crystallographic phases and optimum conditions revealed calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formation with the highest intensity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed peaks for the carbonate (CO32-) group, field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphological and structural properties of the sorbent before and after CO2 absorption, and thermogravimetric analysis was performed to understand the reaction mechanism. According to the kinetic analysis, the sorbent can be fully decomposed with a minimum activation energy (Ea) of 89.09 kJ/mol.

Fabrication of sustainable closed-cell aluminium foams using recycled fly ash and eggshell powder

Closed-cell aluminum foams are a novel materials which consists of unique properties such as good mechanical strength combining low mass and high stiffness, high energy and sound absorption, corrosion resistance, and recyclability. In spite of these potential properties, the usage of expensive constituents (stabilizing and foaming agents) and processing methods of making foams hinder its wide spread usage in industrial applications. This work involves the use of cost-effective constituents for processing aluminium foams by stir casting technique. The industrial waste fly ash (Class-F) is used as a source of stabilizing agent and for the first time the viability of waste chicken egg shell is used as a foaming agent to produce sustainable aluminium foams. Ex-situ characterization investigations are carried out on the manufactured foams in accordance with industry standards. It is evident that the produced foams have a fine cell structures with appreciable compressive strength and energy absorption characteristics. The experimental findings indicate that eggshell powder can be used as a cost-effective foaming agent for synthesizing aluminium foams and fly ash as foam stabilizing agent.

Can waste eggshell replace commercial zeolites as catalyst for bio-oil production?

The utilisation of calcium oxide (CaO) from waste chicken eggshells, fishbone, and dolomite as a catalyst in the co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and high-density polyethene plastic (HDPE) was investigated and compared with existing commercial zeolite catalysts (HZSM-5, NaY, and FCC). In-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis of EFB-HDPE was performed for each CaO and zeolite-based catalyst. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the hydrocarbon content of the bio-oil produced by pyrolysis. The highest hydrocarbon content (61.62%) was obtained from the calcined eggshell (CES) catalyst and was comparable to that of the commercial zeolite catalyst, HZSM-5, with a hydrocarbon content of 53.53%. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis, and Particle Size Analysis (PSA) have proven the viability of CaO-based catalysts in the co-pyrolysis process for bio-oil production via fast pyrolysis. The CES achieved the desired pore diameter (175.15 nm) which was exhibited in the morphology analysis (SEM) and exhibited a uniform arrangement of calcium oxide particles and a porous structure. This finding provides fundamental insight into CaO from organic waste as a suitable alternative to zeolite catalysts in the co-pyrolysis of organic and inorganic feedstocks.

Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite derived from waste chicken eggshells for cyanide removal application

In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized from waste chicken eggshells using wet chemical precipitation method. The entire process involved the conversion of raw chicken eggshells to calcined form to finally HAp via precipitation. The functional groups in the synthesized sample were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. HAp was also characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to describe its morphology and elemental composition, respectively. The potential of HAp for cyanide removal in aqueous solution was further investigated via batch sorption with 3 × 2 factorial experimental design to determine the effects of initial cyanide concentration and HAp dosage. The highest percent removal was 50.31% attained at 64 mg L−1 cyanide concentration and 0.3 g HAp dosage after a 30-min contact time with solution pH maintained within the range 8.5–9.5. Two-way ANOVA results show significant main and interaction effects of the varied factors to the cyanide removal efficiency at 95% confidence level.

Fabrication, Thermo-Mechanical, and Morphological Characterization of Hydroxyapatite-Reinforced Polyurethane Biocomposites as Dye Adsorbent for Effluent.

Petrochemical costs, limited fossil fuel reserves, and concerns about greenhouse gas emissions have raised interest in developing renewable approaches for synthesizing biobased polyurethanes. This study aims to solve these problems by making nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforcement from waste chicken eggshells and adding it to polyurethane synthesis through in situ polymerization. The novelty of the research lies in the utilization of HA as a reinforcement material and renewable resources for polyurethane production. The results confirm that HA was successfully added to the polyurethane backbone. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the NCO groups were changed to urethane linkages. TGA examination demonstrated that the samples exhibited thermal stability up to 457 °C with a mass loss of 61%, indicating enhanced thermal stability. DMA measurements showed improved mechanical properties of the synthesized polyurethanes, with storage modulus (E'), complex modulus (E*), and compliance complex (D*) values of 0.177, 22.522, and 0.660 MPa-1, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed the homogeneous surface and well-dispersed HA reinforcement. Swelling characteristics revealed an optimum absorption of 30% H2O, 35% CH3OH, and 45% CCl4. Polyurethane composites exhibited significant chemical resistance and hydrolytic stability in acidic and basic media. Additionally, the composites demonstrated efficient adsorption of methyl orange from wastewater, with the PUHCI series achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 85.50 mg/g under optimal conditions of 0.030 g/mL dose, 45 °C temperature, 2.5 h contact time, and pH 6.0..

Analisis Kuat Tekan dan Absorpsi Mortar untuk Pasangan Dinding Bata dengan Bahan Tambah Bubuk Cangkang Telur

The development of development in Indonesia is progressing rapidly and therefore it does not result in a negative impact on the environment, one of the ideas that can be done to solve this problem in terms of construction is by utilizing waste from egg shells. Waste Egg shell powder is produced from crushed dried chicken eggshell waste. The eggshell contains 97% calcium carbonate. The high calcium content in eggs has the potential to be used as an additive in the manufacture of cement. This study aims to determine the compressive strength and absorption of mortar by being a substitute for cement by 2.5% to 15%. The method of testing the compressive strength and absorption of mortar refers to SNI 03-6825-2002 and SNI 03-6433-2000. The amount of mortar is 42 cubes with a cube size of 5x5x5 cm3. Each variation has 21 mortar cubes for compressive strength and 21 mortar cubes for absorption. The range of flow values used is 105% -115%. The mortar specimens were soaked for 26 days and the test was carried out at 28 days of age. The greatest value of mortar compressive strength occurs in 2.5% eggshell powder of 11.64 MPa with a percentage increase in compressive strength of 20.37% from normal mortar. The greatest mortar absorption occurred in 7.5% eggshell powder by 15.03% and the smallest absorption occurred in the addition of 2.5% eggshell powder by 6.94%.

Thermogravimetric catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over iron modified chicken eggshell wastes

Among the major concerns of our current world include the accumulation of plastic wastes and the exhaustion of petroleum resources. Efforts to resolve these issues have contributed to multiple research and alternatives to be explored. One of the attractive alternatives that have been approached is the pyrolysis of plastic wastes. The use of catalysts offers multiple advantages in pyrolysis and different types of catalysts have been investigated in recent years. The potential of discarded natural wastes is acknowledged and studies to use food waste as a catalyst are to be developed in this research. The main objective of this project is to investigate the pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over iron (Fe) modified waste chicken eggshell (WCE) as the catalyst. The pyrolysis was conducted at a temperature of 30 – 700℃ via a Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). WCE was washed, dried, and calcined in the furnace at 900℃ for 4 h. Fe was loaded (5 wt%) on the calcined WCE via the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method. The catalyst to HDPE mass ratio was fixed at 1:1. For comparison purposes, the commercial calcium oxide (CaO), calcined WCE, and Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil − 5 (HZSM-5) were utilised in the pyrolysis of HDPE. Catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE over WCE and CaO had almost completely degraded with mass loss of 99.50% and 99.83% respectively at Phase II followed by pyrolysis of HDPE (94.05%), HZSM-5 (77.50%) and Fe/WCE (31.40%) samples. Among tested catalytic samples, the WCE catalyst works best to degrade HDPE into the highest volatile matter which attributes to higher pyrolysis oil yield.

Environmental remediation by hydroxyapatite: Solid state synthesis utilizing waste chicken eggshell and adsorption experiment with Congo red dye

This study reports the adsorption efficacy of hydroxyapatite (HAp) for removing Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. HAp was synthesized utilizing chicken eggshell as a precursor of Ca source. Solid state synthesis method was implemented which comprised calcination at 950 °C (E-HAp950). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of bi-phasic HAp with 15.5% of β-TCP. Elemental composition was evaluated by XPS and EDX analysis. FESEM analysis revealed the particles are of plate and spherical shaped also confirmed by the TEM images. DLS particle size, zeta potential, BET surface area and point of zero charge were also evaluated. Adsorption efficacy of E-HAp950 for removing CR was evaluated by batch adsorption experiment. Maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 9.64 mgg−1 which was best explained by the non-linear fitting (R2 = 0.98) of Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption kinetics profusely followed pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999) with qe (experimental) being very much closer to qe (calculative) for this model. Thus, hydroxyapatite prepared by utilizing eggshell waste through solid state method has the potential to remove toxic dyes.