Wasps Research Articles

Thomas H. Reilly. Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952.

Thomas H. Reilly. <i>Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952</i>.

Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952, written by Thomas H. Reilly

Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952, written by Thomas H. Reilly

Lucretia Mott Essay Award 2021, Winner

This essay calls for a more careful evaluation of the legacy of Quakerism at Haverford College by paying close attention to Isaac Sharpless, his redefinition of the college’s religious mission and the practical implications of his vision on the student body. It argues that Sharpless redefined Haverford’s Quaker character in a way that allowed the college to expand its religious mission to include the sons of the white Protestant elite while largely excluding young men from less socially desirable Catholic, Black, and Jewish backgrounds. Haverford gained prestige as a result of this redefinition. At the same time, however, the student body gradually became more patrician and less Friendly, so that Episcopalians and Presbyterians outnumbered Quakers by the early 1920s, if not earlier. Based on this observation, the essay calls for a more robust discussion of the extent to which it is accurate to describe Haverford as a Quaker college.

The Vatican is a world project domination of the "Papal Empire of Rome"

In a series of articles about the Vatican, an attempt was made to investigate and communicate to the public the truth about the desire of this city-state for world domination. It has been proven that the Vatican is one of the global civilizational projects called the "Pontifical Empire of Rome". The activities of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) and the Roman Catholic Church (RCC), which have been openly intertwined with politics over the centuries, are discussed in detail. The peculiarities of the election of popes and papal congregations are highlighted, among which one of the most important is the Vatican's intelligence service, the so-called Holy Alliance. The role of Catholics and Uniates in the political processes, from which Ukraine has been feverish for more than a year, has been clarified. It was emphasized that if not for the political activities of the RCC and the UGCC, not only the Maidan of 2014 but also the Maidan of 2004 would not have succeeded. This story is not the distant past, but what the Vatican and the UGCC live on today. And not only lives, but also cultivates. The focus is on global civilization projects that play a significant role in the struggle for world domination. Today, the following players are involved: the Eternal Kingdom of Israel, the Papal Empire of Rome, the Imamate — a project of Shiism, WASP — White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, the Middle Empire (China), the Caliphate — the Sunni project, United Europe, Samurai project.

Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952, by Thomas H. Reilly

Thomas Reilly’s book argues that Chinese Protestant elites in institutions such as the National Christian Council, YMCA and YWCA had a disproportionate influence within the class of intellectuals and reformers trying to renew China as a nation. He suggests that Chinese Protestants, though making up only a quarter of 1 per cent of the Chinese population, made significant contributions to Chinese civil society through their institutional efforts in education, social reform, resistance to the Japanese invasion and, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, support for communism. In the introduction, Reilly sets out his argument: ‘More than preaching a message, the Protestant elite also played a social role, through their institutions, in Republican China that was far out of proportion to their numbers. In exercising this role, the Protestant elite often contributed a sense of legitimacy to social movements that might have been suppressed by the regime absent their participation’ (p. 2). He makes a distinction between the Social Gospel in China and the theology of the modernist movement, pointing out that the two are sometimes conflated but that in China the Social Gospel was embraced by many theological conservatives or fundamentalists. He also pointed to the international system of imperialism with which would-be reformers in China constantly contended. The introduction also includes a capsule history of Republican China (p. 5–6) and ends by narrating the fall of the Nationalists and the ascent of the Communists in 1949.

Dying bodies

Two enormous shifts in history shape Western culture as we know it today: the Protestant Reformation and what historical theologian Ephraim Radner names the ‘Great Transition,’ the health transition that brought modernity its unprecedented low mortality rates and lengthened lifespans. This article explores one geographical location and one specific time – Victorian London – to argue that the lingering effects of the Protestant Reformation and the growing impact of the Great Transition as this relates to the practices and rituals around the dead, particularly the dead child, were partly responsible for the reforms around the dead child in the home. Lydia Murdoch’s account of the rise of the mortuary movement, and her description of the discrimination against Irish Catholics by Protestant elites, forms the foundation for my argument. Rather than limiting the narrative to one of religious and class prejudice, I claim that religious motivation, and not only religious prejudice, worked with growing health reforms in order to bring about these historical shifts.

Puritan Spirits in the Abolitionist Imagination

Puritan Spirits in the Abolitionist Imagination

"Minneapolis: The Curious Twin": A Reexamination

"Minneapolis: The Curious Twin"A Reexamination Laura Weber (bio) "One might even say, with a measure of justification, that Minneapolis is the capital of anti-Semitism in the United States." —Carey McWilliams, writing in Common Ground, 1946. In the seventy-five years since the publication of Carey McWilliams's article, "Minneapolis: The Curious Twin," the notion of Minneapolis as the capital of mid-twentieth-century American anti-Semitism has achieved meme status. From major overviews (including by this author) to History Day papers, it is hard to find a single account of Minnesota Jewish history that does not note the shocking (and quoteworthy) appellation penned by McWilliams.1 Minneapolis was indeed fertile ground for a variety of anti-Semitic activity in the decades before and after the 1946 publication of "Curious Twin" in the magazine Common Ground. The article provided a measure of comfort to Minneapolis Jewry for illuminating its troublesome situation. More importantly, it moved elected officials to action, whether out of genuine concern, political posturing, or perhaps a bit of both. Proving or disproving definitively a subjective claim such as whether one city or another was "the" capital of anti-Semitism in the mid-twentieth century is beyond the scope of this article, yet as repetition of this phrase—shorthand for a complex situation—shows no signs of abating in recent works, I became curious about "The Curious Twin."2 What was the article's genesis? Who was the author? What was its contemporary reception? Just as Carey McWilliams (1905–1980) aimed to demythologize the character and culture of California in his influential writings on his adopted home state, this essay [End Page 59] similarly aims to "demythologize" his characterization of Minneapolis as the U.S. capital of anti-Semitism.3 The Jewish Communities of St. Paul and Minneapolis The "Curious Twin" of the headline refers to McWilliams's observation that the adjacent cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul were markedly different when it came to attitudes towards their Jewish citizens. In both St. Paul and Minneapolis, the first Jews to arrive were small numbers of Germanspeaking people from the eastern and southern United States, originally from Central Europe. These Jews were followed, beginning in the 1880s, by a much larger wave of Yiddish-speaking, more religiously observant, eastern European Jews who were pushed to emigrate by poverty, prejudice, and pogroms. A crucial difference between the two cities is that the German Jews arrived some two decades earlier in St. Paul than Minneapolis, migrating in the 1850s, as did many others, to take advantage of commercial opportunities during Minnesota's territorial period. In both cities Jews established shops selling ready-made clothing and dry goods. But in St. Paul they arrived alongside other White settlers from the eastern United States, including a significant population of Germans, with whom the Jewish merchants shared many cultural traits. In 1856 (two years before statehood) the Jews of St. Paul established the first synagogue in Minnesota, Mount Zion Temple. The Minneapolis Jewish community still numbered fewer than two hundred in 1877; its first synagogue, Shaarai Tov (today Temple Israel), was founded in 1878. The Jewish population of Minnesota was about one thousand in 1880.4 Historian Mary Lethert Wingerd suggests a reason for the differences between the two communities. St. Paul Jewish merchants joined with other Euro-American settlers to provide capital needed to fuel the territorial economy. This was in marked contrast to Minneapolis, where a commercially self-sufficient Anglo-Saxon Protestant elite controlled both the primary industries (in particular, lumber and flour milling) and the social mores of the city. As a result, employment opportunities for Minneapolis Jews in these industries, as well as most others, were closed. By the 1920s, for the most part, Minneapolis Jews had to be self-employed, either as proprietors of their own businesses or as professionals.5 Anti-Semitism, racism, and anti-Catholicism were on the rise in the United States in the 1920s and continued their upward trajectories in the [End Page 60] 1930s. This was by no means confined to Minneapolis or Minnesota.6 One source indicates that by the end of the 1920s Jews were excluded from 90 percent of the...

Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952. By Thomas H. Reilly. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. xvi + 242 pp. $99 cloth.

Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952. By Thomas H. Reilly. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. xvi + 242 pp. $99 cloth.

The Civilizing Mission Persists

AbstractU.S. government leaders have long considered Latin America their proverbial backyard and have recurrently intervened in the region. In earlier periods of U.S. imperialism, U.S. government leaders justified such intervention with reference to allegedly scientific racial hierarchies, which placed White, Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) at the top of this artificial hierarchy. In more recent episodes of U.S. imperialism leading into the twenty-first century, however, U.S. leaders have publicly used the language of democracy and human rights to justify intervention. In the instance of contemporary Venezuela, while U.S leaders indeed use the language of human rights and democracy, they also draw on racist tropes of Latin Americans to justify their intervention. Through interviews with U.S. foreign policymakers and analysis of U.S. government documents, I find that U.S. leaders depict former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez as an irrational, uncivilized, and beastly leader, who manipulates ideas of racial inequality to maintain power. In addition, U.S. leaders understand him as manipulating an uncritical mass of Venezuelans who cannot think for themselves. U.S. leaders believe it thus their duty to intervene in order to promote democracy and show Venezuelans their true political-economic interests. I connect these dynamics with a history of U.S. intervention into the region and a history of racist and imperial thinking that continues to shape the logic of U.S. foreign policymaking into the present.

Vandra Costello. Irish Demesne Landscapes, 1660–1740.

Vandra Costello. <i>Irish Demesne Landscapes, 1660–1740</i>.

Book Review: Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952 by Thomas H. Reilly

Book Review: <i>Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952</i> by Thomas H. Reilly

Thomas H. Reilly, Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952

Thomas H. Reilly, <i>Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952</i>

The S1A protease family members CG10764 and CG4793 regulate cellular immunity in Drosophila.

In nature, Drosophila melanogaster larvae are infected by parasitoid wasps and mount a cellular immune response to this infection. Several conserved signaling pathways have been implicated in coordinating this response, however our understanding of the integration and regulation of these pathways is incomplete. Members of the S1A serine protease family have been previously linked to immune functions, and our findings suggest roles for two S1A family members, CG10764 and CG4793 in the cellular immune response to parasitoid infection.

Like humans, wasps seem to recognize faces as more than the sum of their parts

Like humans, wasps seem to recognize faces as more than the sum of their parts

基于WASP模型的古蔺河水质控制研究

基于WASP模型的古蔺河水质控制研究

Новый высший класс: революционная смена элит в США

The article analyzes the emergence of a new political class or elite in the United States, which is called the minority elite. This article is the first in a series dedicated to this topic. The author formulates three interrelated prerequisites that have caused the emergence of the new elite: the spread of the Affirmative Action (AA) to all spheres of public life and, above all, to the education system; the phenomenon of “woke” capitalism; a long history of minority protest movements. Experts take the current protests for a revolution; the author proves the opposite statement: protests are a direct consequence and one of the stages of a step-by-step revolution. Its roots lie in the long-term training of personnel for the revolution and social technologies for it, in the creation of financial, informational and organizational infrastructures of protest movements, and in moral defeat and the surrender of the intellectual class. Over the decades, hundreds of protest movements of various sizes have been co-organized in the United States and dozens of professional protest organizations have been formed. One of them, Black Lives Matter, has its own program, strategy, tactics and a solid budget. The goal of the organization is to create its own ruling elite. The Protestant (WASP) elite ruled the country for more than two centuries, in the second half of the 20th century it was replaced by the so-called intellectual elite. Harvard University, by its decision to raise the level of acceptance tests in the 1960s, spawned new, intellectual elite, California universities, by abolishing tests in the 2010-2020s, bring to power a new social group – the beneficiaries of the AA. The black movement is confidently entering the final phase of its development – the placement of its representatives in state and federal authorities, political parties and other social institutions. Ideologues of identity politics, primarily racial, have arrogated to themselves the position of mentors and experts on social justice and the protectors of civil rights in society. Other protest organizations have joined the BLM, with socialist-oriented organizations in the lead. These organizations have effectively “hijacked” a wave of protests and are already working on a socialist agenda for the Biden-Harris administration, if elected.

Dwa kościoły. Budownictwo kultowe w międzywojennych Niemczech jako przestrzeń modernistycznych eksperymentów

The time between WW I and II was a period of intensive development of church architecture in Germany. In the new situation after the defeat in WW I on the wave of Christian renewal movements, the concept of the church as a building corresponding to its functions, as an object expressing the character of religion and the vision of a congregation as a community in modern society was re -formulated. The dynamically developing church architecture was an area of intense experiments (especially in the 1920s.), creating new forms, as well as devising new iconography by Rudolf Schwartz, Otto Bartning, or Dominikus Böhm. The paper draws attention to a certain community of the main antagonized Christian and Protestant denominations on the example of two buildings erected on the eastern periphery of the then Germany (from 1945 constituting the western part of Poland): the Catholic Church of St Anthony in Schneidemühl (now: Piła, Hans Herkommer, 1928–1930) and the Protestant Cross-Church in Stettin (now: Szczecin, Adolf Thesmacher, 1929–1931). The first was built in a small town as a representative seat of the Prelature, a branch of the Catholic Church in the Protestant region, near the then border with (revived again) Poland. The building is a continuation of an innovative and conservative concept realized by Herkommer at the Frauenfriedenskirche in Frankfurt am Main (1927–1929), and is a testimony to the search for forms expressing the rationalist aspirations for the renewal of the Catholic Church, however without abandoning the main principles of the Tradition. For this purpose, Herkommer applies ‘industrial’ forms used in the Bauhaus circle, creating a clearly avant-garde building: not only in the local context of a small border town of eastern Germany, but also in the Catholic tradition of sacred architecture. Hiring an avant-garde architect and using modernist forms was the decision of one man: Monsignor Maximilian Kaller, the leader of the Prelature. The Church of the Cross in Szczecin was raised in a luxurious district of a great Protestant city, so it was the parish church of the Protestant elite. Although built of brick and clearly referring to the tradition of the Gothic architecture of this region, the Church of the Cross also reveals its striving for the maximum reduction of forms and the use of the language of abstraction. When building a Protestant church, Thesmacher resorted to forms applied primarily in Catholic architecture, especially to the forms used by Herkommer. Thesmacher created a facility expressing attachment to the local tradition and manifesting the modernity of the Evangelical church in Pomerania. As a result, both churches are a testimony to functionalist aspirations, although, of course, the functions differed from those on which, for example, the founders of the Bauhaus were focused.

Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. Employed for the Management of Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera litura in Indonesia

Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are minute polyphagous wasps and endoparasitoids of lepidopteran eggs. The objective of this study was to identify Trichogramma species emerging from the eggs of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) attacking corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae) in Bunga Raya, Siak, Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia, and individuals from an unidentified species obtained from a commercial laboratory in Jatisari, Karawang, West Java, Java, Indonesia. The emergence rate of Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. Khan & Ikram (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on an infestation containing eggs of both pest species, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn ex Benth. (Fabaceae) also was evaluated in a nursery in Pangkalan Kerinci, Riau. Two Trichogramma species, namely Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and a new species, T. yousufi sp. nov., were recovered from the eggs of O. furnacalis in Bunga Raya. Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was identified as the species reared in the laboratory in Jatisari. Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. was compared and separated from its closer species, Trichogramma latipennis Haliday (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Trichogramma species, recovered from corn crops and 1 that also was reared in the laboratory, successfully parasitized the eggs of S. exigua and S. litura under controlled conditions. The emergence rate of T. yousufi sp. nov. was recorded at 24.79 to 40.82%, with the highest percentage for more adults of this parasitoid released per m2 in the nursery, indicating its potential to be employed as a biological control agent of Spodoptera in natural conditions. Resumen Las especies Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) son avispas polifagas diminutas y endoparasitoides de huevos de lepidopteros. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies de Trichogramma que emergen de los huevos del barrenador asiatico del maiz, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) que ataca al maiz, Zea mays L. (Poaceae) en Bunga Raya, Siak, Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia, e individuos de una especie no identificada obtenida de un laboratorio comercial en Jatisari, Karawang, Java Occidental, Java, Indonesia. Se evaluo la tasa de emergencia de Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. Khan e Ikram (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) en una infestacion que tenia huevos de ambas especies de plagas, el gusano del ejercito de remolacha, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), y el gusano del tabaco, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), en Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn ex Benth. (Fabaceae) tambien en un vivero en Pangkalan Kerinci, Riau. Las dos especies de Trichogramma, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), y la nueva especie, T. yousufi sp. nov., fueron recuperados de los huevos de O. furnacalis en Bunga Raya. Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) fue identificada como la especie criada en el laboratorio en Jatisari. Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. fue comparada y separada de su especie mas cercana, Trichogramma latipennis Haliday (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Las especies de Trichogramma, recuperadas de cultivos de maiz, y una criada en el laboratorio, parasitaron con exito los huevos de S. exigua y S. litura en condiciones controladas. Se registro la tasa de emergencia de T. yousufi sp. nov. en 24.79 a 40.82%, con el porcentaje mas alto para adultos de este parasitoide liberado por m2 en el vivero, lo que indica su potencial para ser empleado como agente de control biologico de Spodoptera en condiciones naturales. Key Words: new species; Ostrinia furnacalis; parasitism rate View this article in BioOne

Чума, промышленная революция и закат бумажной эры

This essay discusses first English and then world economic history, starting with the Black Death of 1348–1400AD. When the English population and wealth both increased after 1400, the structure of English development by the year 1700 became a little bit like a spiral, this paper says. The aggregate size of wealth increased, but there was little commensurate change in the distribution of wealth. The eighteenth-century English elite absorbed the elites of Wales and Scotland, and then the Protestant elite of Ireland. Then, on the same model of absorption, an English-speaking elite later came to dominate world wealth. As the world population increased in the early modern period, and as aggregate wealth increased apace, the distribution of world wealth became approximately what the distribution of wealth had been in England in 1700. A tiny group of very wealthy people had controlled the wealth of England in 1700. In the late twentieth century, the English elite absorbed the world elite many of whom adopted the English language and much of English culture. They often sent their children to study in Britain or America. Now this tiny elite group, English in language and usually English in culture, controls much of the wealth of the world while at the same time the ongoing increase in population has produced a huge number of very poor people.