Washing Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Bibliometric Insights into Car Wash Wastewater Treatment Research: Trends and Perspectives

Car wash wastewater (CWW) poses a significant environmental danger due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals, and anionic surfactant complex composition, all of which can have an adverse effect on the environment. Even with the extensive research on CWW treatment, further study is necessary to improve our comprehension in this field. With an emphasis on CWW treatment processes and research trends, this study offers a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 208 articles from the Scopus database. The analysis reveals that more than 55.77% of the research publications were released within the last five years, suggesting that there is increasing interest in the treatment of CWW. According to the data, the most important journal in this field is Desalination and Water Treatment. China and India were major research contributors. The main research directions in this area are properly indicated by the frequently used keywords “carwash wastewater”, “electrocoagulation”, “wastewater treatment”, and “water reuse”, according to an analysis of the keywords. Electrocoagulation, coagulation, and adsorption are common methods that are gaining popularity. In recent years, the most often researched CWW contaminants included those measured by COD and heavy metals. The results of this research offer an overview of recent developments.

Denim washing wastewater treatment by coupling coagulation–flocculation/Fe-garnet filtration: life cycle assessment and the fertilization with the sludge

Denim washing wastewater treatment by coupling coagulation–flocculation/Fe-garnet filtration: life cycle assessment and the fertilization with the sludge

Determination and implementation of an onsite management system for motor-vehicle wash effluents: A field-scale commercial application toward sector sustainability

The global upsurge of vehicle wash enterprises is allied to the production of large wastewater volumes. This effluent contains organic and inorganic compounds which can cause environmental pollution. Upscaling the laboratory-scale systems for motor-vehicle wash wastewater (MVWW) treatment to field-scale commercial application is essential for enabling the circular economy framework, meeting the United Nations' 2030 Agenda. In this study, 98 research publications on MVWW treatment technologies were scrutinized for bibliometric-meta analysis. After, a practical treatment option was identified and designed for implementation in a Ugandan motor-vehicle wash station and a comprehensive economic evaluation was performed. A continental outlook on MVWW quality showed that its major pollutants include oil-greasy compounds, surfactants, and suspended solids. Results showed that a hybrid system consisting of coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation and sand/gravel filtration was identified as the most practical treatment method for implementation in motor-vehicle washing stations. The final effluent of the field-scale integrated treatment system contained turbidity = 2 ± 0.0 NTU, chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 18.9 ± 0.6 mg/L, surfactants = 3.2 ± 0.3 mg/L, supporting onsite recyclability in motor-vehicle washing activities. The integrated system demonstrated a profitability scenario with a benefit-cost ratio (B/C) > 1 and a payback period of 2.7 years. Implementing the hybrid system for onsite MVWW treatment could fulfil targets of sustainable development goals related to; water conservation, water recycling and reuse, and environmental protection.

Car wash wastewater treatment combination: A systematic review

Car wash wastewater is a source of water pollution. Processing car wash waste is crucial to prevent environmental pollution. In this issue, car wash treatment has the potential to sustain of clean water. However, the effective treatment of car wash wastewater is still being determined, complicated to solve, limited resource capabilities, inadequate surrounding environmental support, and very expensive processing costs. This systematic review paper aims to review the combination technology of car wash wastewater treatment systematically. A literature survey was conducted, and 11 research articles were found suitable for inclusion in the investigation, which extracted information, country of origin, and method used. The best 8 of 11 articles were removed as secondary data for writing this manuscript to be included in the analysis table. Studies on flocculation-column-flotation, coagulation-flocculation, ultra-microfiltration, coagulation-flocculation, electrocoagulation, sedimentation-filtration, filtration-ozonation, electrocoagulation-adsorption, and each n=1. This systematic review shows that ultrafiltration and microfiltration membrane treatment methods effectively remove pollutants from car wash wastewater.

Comparison studies on treatment of automobile wash wastewater by filtration techniques using alum sugarcane bagasse and wood dust

Comparison studies on treatment of automobile wash wastewater by filtration techniques using alum sugarcane bagasse and wood dust

Efficiently combined technology of precipitation, bipolar membrane electrodialysis, and adsorption for salt-containing soil washing wastewater treatment

Wastewater of that washing of soil that results in concentrations of inorganic salts, toxic metals, chelating agents, and refractory dissolved organic matter may threaten the surrounding environment. Simultaneously, the removal of contaminants and the recovery of resources from this wastewater remain challenging. This study investigated the probability of a novel combined treatment (chemical precipitation + bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) + activated carbon (AC) adsorption) on salt-containing soil washing wastewater treatment. The results showed that the proposed combined treatment could achieve proficient removal of heavy metals, inorganic salts, and total organic carbon (TOC) with low energy consumption (removal efficiency of heavy metals and inorganic salts > 94%; TOC removal > 58%). Meanwhile, the efficient recovery of acid and alkali could also be realized in the proposed treatment (acid-production rate = 7.76 ± 0.38 mmol/h and base-production rate = 5.47 ± 0.42 mmol/h at 50 mA/cm2). The mechanism result indicated that the chemical precipitation process could achieve high removal of heavy metals. Then, the BMED process induced an efficient separation of organic matter and inorganic salts. Accordingly, the AC adsorption process could efficiently remove organics. Preliminary economic evaluation results revealed that the combined process could proficiently treat the soil washing wastewater with economic viability. Together, these findings provide meaningful information for soil washing wastewater treatment with resource recovery.

A Review of On-Site Carwash Wastewater Treatment

In recent years, people’s environmental awareness has increased. The high density of the urban population has caused a considerable increase in the demand for car washing services, which has created large quantities of car wash wastewater. The main pollutants in car wash wastewater are detergents, dirt, oil, and grease. Untreated wastewater released into rainwater sewer systems or other water bodies may pollute the water and generate excessive bubble foams, which negatively affects urban appearance. Car washes are divided into mechanical car washes and manual or self-service car washes. In general, car washes have a small operation and scale, occupy limited land, and cannot afford wastewater treatment costs. Therefore, most car washes are not equipped with wastewater treatment facilities. Consequently, the discharge of wastewater from car washes negatively affects the water quality in the surrounding environment and results in wasteful use of water resources. This study reviewed 68 research papers on the quality, treatment techniques, treatment costs, and treatment effectiveness of car wash wastewater to provide a reference for car wash operators to contribute to the preservation of water resources. We found that there is a higher chance of recycling car wash wastewater when combing two different techniques for car wash wastewater treatment.

On the modeling and optimization of two-phase olive-oil washing wastewater treatment and polyphenols recovery by ceramic tubular microfiltration membranes

This research is focused on modelling and optimization of the performance of a ‘green procedure’ based on microfiltration (MF) technology, for recovery of high added-value antioxidant compounds (TACs) from two-phase olive-oil washing wastewater (OOWW) and its treatment. Concern of olive oil industry to improve the production process in line with Circular Economy is vital to make it respectful with the environment including the management of the generated effluents. Key operational factors of the MF process were studied, modelled and optimized by multifactorial statistical analysis. Box-Behnken design was implemented and data analyzed by ANOVA and interpreted by RSM methodology. MF flux was ulteriorly modelled by a second-grade quadratic fitting equation comprising the significant operating variables, being them pressure and tangential velocity. Optimized flow achieved 10962.4 L/hm2 at 8.5 bar, 4.2 L/min tangential velocity, ambient temperature (25 °C) and raw pH (5.13). Finally, multiple-response permitted to optimize up to 67% TSS rejection and minimum rejection of TACs of 22.9%, upon 3.57 bar, 4.2 m/s, 23.4 °C and effluent pH of 5.1, meaning the recovery of 77.1% of TACs from OOWW in the permeate stream, up to 1207.1 mg/L. Results show that the proposed process allows a reduction in energy consumption by using the raw effluent with unmodified pH and ambient temperature.

A Study of Car Wash Wastewater Treatment by Cyclo-Flow Filtration

With the increase in transportation demand and facilities in this era and the significant improvement in people’s living standards, the annual production and sales of vehicles are steadily increasing. With this, the issues of car wash wastewater treatment and water pollution are becoming more and more serious. Car wash wastewater mainly comprises fine sand, slick oil, suspended solids (SS), and surfactants, and can be quantified as chemical oxygen demand (COD) on a normative basis. This study examines the use of cyclo-flow filtration with high filtrate flux to treat car wash wastewater to solve issue of limited space in metropolitan areas and increase the willingness of the industry to invest in car wash equipment to recover water resources. The average removal rates of SS and COD are about 81% and 43%, respectively. Compared with current technology, the price of recycled water can compensate for operating costs, requiring minimal operating space owing to the single-unit cyclo-flow filtration system.

CARRIER FLOTATION BY CHAR SLIME - WASHING OF ŞIRNAK ASPHALTITE SLIMES

Şırnak asphaltite slime below 200 micron size is processed. The clean coal products of the column flotation are received with mid-products and shale settlements in the modified column cell in the baffled form. The use of hydrocyclone, agglomerate thickener and wash decantation has been a suitable potential method after the driven and internal loop column flotation. With this method, ultrafine sized oily sludges with high efficiency and low solid rate coal washing are provided. It also enabled highly efficient wastewater treatment as a result of separating the oil with czar foam. Therefore, the method applied in this study can be designed as an optimum wastewater treatment technology for the treatment of oily wastewater in the oil and drilling industry. The aeration process in internal loop column flotation with air jet is widely used in lake water treatment and fresh water treatment. In this study, internal loop carrier column flotation, hydrocyclone overflows and agglomeration process are optimized for coal washing and environmental wastewater treatment. The ash and sulfur contents decreased to a level of 48% ash reduction and a 34% sulphur reduction

Boundary flux modelling of ceramic tubular microfiltration towards fouling control and performance maximization for olive-oil washing wastewater treatment and revalorization

In the context of the Circular Economy concept, nowadays widely accepted as vital for present and future sustainable production, olive oil industry must be ready to evolve into a whole environmentally respectful process, and this irretrievable includes an adequate and tailored treatment of the effluents that are generated in olive mills, such as current two-phase olive-oil washing wastewater (OOWW). The treatment together with antioxidant fraction recovery by microfiltration (MF) is proposed in this research. In particular, the key operating input factors of MF for the treatment and valorization of OOWW were analyzed and modelled by the boundary flux theory. This permitted to achieve the prediction, maximization and control of the steady-state permeate flux of the membrane, critical for successful scale up of the process, reaching up to 10,596.5 L/h m² under appropriate operating conditions comprising pressure of 8.5 bar, tangential velocity of 4.2 L/min, raw pH0 equal to 5.13 and ambient temperature of 25 °C. These results highlight a reduction in energy consumption by running the MF process under ambient temperature and raw pH of the effluent, and this is the key to allow the cost-effectiveness of the proposed MF process at industrial scale in the olive mills.

Treatment of vehicle wash wastewater by Fenton process and its recycling

A large number of vehicle wash centres are functioning in the state of Kerala, India and huge quantity of wastewater is generated at these service stations. Though, various treatment methods are available for the treatments of such wastewater, majority of the service stations do not have any treatment facility and the untreated wastewater is ultimately discharged off. This causes serious pollution problems. The aim of this study is to treat vehicle wash wastewater and make it reusable using Fenton process, an advanced oxidation process. Fenton process has already been proved to be effective in treating most wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from a vehicle wash station in the city of Kochi, Kerala and characterization was done for various parameters. Factors affecting Fenton Process were identified and optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the percentage removal of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil & grease. The results show that Fenton process effectively removes contaminants from vehicle wash wastewater making it fit for recycling.

An eco-friendly hybrid sonophotocatalytic approach to optimize carpet washing wastewater treatment

An eco-friendly hybrid sonophotocatalytic approach to optimize carpet washing wastewater treatment

Important Parameters of Ceramic Membranes Derived from Oasis Waste and Its Application for Car Wash Wastewater Treatment

The purpose of this study is to find the best parameters, which are the oasis waste concentration, molding pressure, and sintering temperature for the fabrication of ceramic membrane to be used in the treatment of car wash wastewater. These membranes were prepared from clay and oasis waste using the semidry-pressing process. Characterization of these membranes was done by the determination of their porosity, contact angle, and shrinkage. Following the experiments, we notice that when the oasis waste concentration goes from 8% to 22%, the membranes become more hydrophilic. The same evolution is observed when the sintering temperature and molding pressure increase from 700 to 900°C, and eight to 12 bars, respectively. Moreover, membrane porosity increases with the increase of sintering temperature and oasis waste concentration by 14.6% and 49.3%, respectively. In addition, permeate flux is proportional to the oasis waste concentration and the sintering temperature. The highest flux increase is 62.2% for the case of 15% of oasis waste concentration, while a drop of 23.8% for permeate flux is recorded with the rise of molding pressure. After determining the membrane specific volume, which complies with the Tunisian standards NT.106.002, the best experimental parameters for the membrane fabrication are found to be: (i) 22% of oasis waste concentration, (ii) 800°C for sintering temperature, and (iii) Eight bars for molding pressure. After 30 minutes of the experimentation of wastewater treatment of car wash using the best membrane, an oil rejection of 93% and permeate flux of 116× 10-6 m3/m²s could be achieved.

Simultaneous desalination and ammonia recovery using microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell: A feasibility study of alkaline soil washing wastewater

The high concentrations of ions and ammonia nitrogen (NH3−N) in soil washing wastewater can remarkably affect ecosystem balance. This study aims to prove the feasibility of using alkaline soil washing wastewater as inlet water of microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell (MEDCC) to desalinate and recover NH3-N, from the views of performance and mechanism. The system could obtain desalination, and NH3-N removal efficiencies of 73 ± 7% and 85 ± 3%, respectively, within 12 h at the maximum current density of 9.8 ± 0.1 A/m2. Importantly, 82.5% of the removed NH3-N could be recovered in the form of NH3·H2O. The addition of electrochemically active bacteria in the anode chamber of MEDCC improved desalination and NH3-N recovery efficiencies by strengthing electric field. Bioenergy provided 58% of the total energy consumption, forming an energy-saving method for soil washing wastewater treatment. Alkalization pretreatment and acid immersion could reduce precipitation from membranes to improve desalination performance and reduce energy consumption. From the standpoint of the mechanism of desalination and NH3-N recovery, the MEDCC is expected to have the potential to simultaneously complete desalination and NH3-N recovery in alkaline wastewater with low energy consumption.

A Column Study on The Efficiency and Reusability of Kapok Fibre as Car Wash Wastewater Treatment

The car washing industry which consumes large amount of water produces Car Wash Wastewater (CWW) which were likely to exceeds the standard set in both Malaysia’s and Singapore’s regulation. Kapok Fibre (KF) is a natural adsorbing material which have large lumen and low density is believed to be able to act as an adsorbent to manage the CWW. This study was done to determine the characteristic of KF and CWW and investigate the efficiency of KF in treating CWW along with the reusability of KF through a column study with Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 12.41g COD/L.day. The CWW contains a certain concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, Oil and Grease (O&G), and Anionic Surfactant (AS) though the interaction between KF and AS is novel. KF found out to has the capability in removing COD, O&G, and AS up to 88.37%, 100%, and 83.8% respectively. However, in reusability experiment there is limitation to KF in which by exceeding the operation time to 600 minutes of treatment, the efficiency in removing COD, O&G, and AS were found to drop to 62.02%, 75%, and 55% respectively. This shows that KF could be an avant-garde, low-cost sustainable treatment to treat CWW instead of the conventional high cost and complex operating system.

Two-phase olive-oil washing wastewater treatment plus phenolic fraction recovery by novel ion exchange resins process modelling and optimization

This research was focused on the modelling and optimization of an environmentally friendly procedure to recover added-value polyphenols (TPhs) from two-phase olive-oil washing wastewaters (OOWW) by ion exchange (IE) resins and simultaneously permit the treatment of this effluent. The reason is the need of olive mills to evolve into a whole environmentally friendly conception to upgrade this ancestral industry, comprising the management of the by-produced effluents. Key operating factors of Dowex 21KXLT® strong-base and Dowex66® weak-base resins were studied, modelled and optimized by statistical multifactorial analysis. Optimal resin amount between 140 and 146 and 114–146 gresin/LOOWW, T from 20 to 25 °C, pH0 between 6.5 and 8.2 and 4.7–7.1 and 60 vs. 25 min contact time were determined for the strong-base and weak-base resins. Final phenols concentration uptake of 60.8% vs. 83.3% plus 55.8% vs. 53.7% COD removal supported major efficacy of the selected weak-base resin. In addition, the process could be directly driven with raw OOWW exiting the mills’ vertical centrifuges upon unmodified pH0 nor T. The high added-value concentrated pool of antioxidant phenols could render feasible the industrial scale-up, and the treated effluent could be now driven to biological treatment given the high removal of TPhs preventing biomass inhibition, or partially discharged.

Increasing large-scale feasibility of two-phase olive-oil washing wastewater treatment and phenolic fraction recovery with novel ion exchange resins

The present investigation was focused on improving the feasibility of large-scale application of a ‘green’ procedure to recover total antioxidant compounds (TACs) by solid phase extraction from the liquid residues of oleic industry (two-phase olive oil washing wastewaters, OOWW). To this aim, the use of ion exchange resins Dowex 21 K XLT® strong base and Dowex 66® weak base was examined. Adsorption capacity equal to 146.12 mg TACsadsorbed/gresin upon 114 gresin/LOOWW for the weak-base resin and 117.29 mg TACsadsorbed/gresin for 114 gresin/LOOWW for the strong-base resin was successfully attained. Thus, it was possible to recover up to 83.3% TACs with the weak-base resin in contrast to 60.8% with the strong-base one. Also, 55.8% vs. 53.7% COD removal was ensured. The process could be driven with raw OOWW, taken directly at the conditions at the outlet of vertical centrifuges, since narrow improvement with T and pH modifications was found. Moreover, significant reduction in phenols concentration would prevent biomass inhibition of further biological treatments, or even permit partial discharge on land. On the other hand, the high added-value concentrated pool of antioxidant compounds would be key to render the reclamation of this effluent feasible at industrial scale.

Portable wastewater treatment plant using banana stem filter media in small scale motor vehicle washing services

One of the technology that can be applied to small-scale wastewater treatment was used simple filtering system. In general, water filter media uses a mixture with layered system such as silica sand media, zeolite, manganese green sand, and activated carbon. Portable WWTP can be used for effective and efficient motorized vehicle washing wastewater treatment so that the wastewater was environmentally friendly and can be reused. The variables used in the design test are TSS, Detergent and pH. Filter media that used were banana stem, zeolite sand and activated carbon with a thickness of 50 cm, a downflow-upflow flow and a duration of 3 days. The results showed that the average percentage of effectiveness after going through IPAL were 31% BP-BP (banana stem-banana stem), 46% BP-PK (banana stem-sand carbon), and PZ-KA (zeolite-activated carbon) by 48%. The use of banana stem filters was considered more economical, easy to obtain, fast, lightweight and practise. Banana stem filter media was also more effective in lowering pH. The use of variety banana stem filter media with a combination sand and carbon (BP-PK) can minimize the weakness of the sand filter, which generally requires a long flow time and sufficient pressure.

Use of ferric chloride contained in the rejects from the steel industry as a coagulant for the fuel washing wastewater treatment

Use of ferric chloride contained in the rejects from the steel industry as a coagulant for the fuel washing wastewater treatment