Water Washing Research Articles

Biofouling in-water cleaning and scrubbers wash waters, potential sources of marine pollution: the Brazilian case.

Maritime transport is considered a sustainable mean of transporting goods worldwide. In addition to cargo, ships unintentionally transport non-native species. While managing the transport of organisms through ballast water has been at the centre of international efforts, biofouling from ships has not been addressed in the same way and some potentially harmful practices, such as in-water cleaning, still occur worldwide. Another problem arising from ship operating standards is the equipment known as "open-loop scrubbers," which utilizes seawater to "wash" the sulfur content out of the heavy fuel oil (HFO) and, in turn, discharges an acidic wash water full of sulfur and other substances from fuel oils in the environment. Here, we compare the international regulations applied to both issues and how they have been implemented in Brazil so far, considering the perspective of ports and terminals. Results showed that six of sixteen states have already imposed restrictions/bans on scrubbers wash waters, indicating a clear movement in the direction of restricting the discharge as the best way to prevent air and marine pollution. Regarding biofouling, although there is hope with the adoption of the revised guidelines, there are still some doubts considering these are non-binding, depending on national policies to be implemented. In Brazil, there is no national policy yet, and all public ports prohibit vessels in-water cleaning.

The Effect Of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (Lof) From Rice Washing Water and Coconut Water Using Em4 On The Growth Of Chorella sp. At Laboratory Scale

Chlorella sp. has significantly higher nutritional content compared to artificial feed. To obtain Chlorella sp. as a natural feed, it was necessary to cultivate pure phytoplankton to meet the availability of crude feed in sufficient quantities. In conducting the cultivation, there was a need for liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) that could be easily obtained and was available in nature, which was liquid organic fertilizer made from a mixture of rice washing water and coconut water fermented using EM4. This research aimed to determine the density of Chlorella sp. using liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing water, and coconut water fermented using EM4 and the effect of the best fertilizer dosage on the growth of Chlorella sp. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with four replications. The highest average cell density of Chlorella sp. throughout the research was obtained in treatment C (15 ml dosage), followed by treatment B (10 ml dosage), treatment D (20 ml dosage), and the lowest in treatment A (control). The application of liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing water and coconut water significantly affected the density of Chlorella sp. (p <0.05). The highest density was recorded on day 6 in treatment C with a dosage of rice washing water and coconut water of 15 ml, with a population density of 12,466.25 x 104 cells/ml.

High sensitive humidity sensor based on PEDOT:PSS/CMC-Na coated polyester fabric with directional moisture transport performance

Flexible humidity sensors with excellent flexibility and sensitivity have been widely used in various fields such as human and plant health monitoring and management, non-contact human-machine interaction, smart e-textiles, and industrial and agricultural production. However, many sensors are limited their application due to the problems of unbreathable and poor wear comfort. Herein, a highly sensitive humidity sensor based on flexible polyester fabric with directional moisture transport is proposed. The facile method of coating is conducted by the preparation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) paste with adjustable content and applied to the polyester fabric. The difference of hydrophilicity between the two sides of the fabric caused by the coating helps to directional moisture transport, thus giving rapid sensitivity, while using PEDOT: PSS can obtain the changes of electrical conductivity coming from the humidity. and the addition of CMC-Na not only helps the coating, but also provides hydrophilic groups, which is conducive to humidity sensing and directional moisture transport. The combination of this moisture-sensitive coating and directional moisture transport gives the sensor a fast humidity response time of 0.35 s, a wide humidity detection range (0‐100%(0–100% RH) and sensitivity of 4.15. Furthermore, the sensor can maintain the humidity response time in milliseconds even after being subjected to water washing and friction, indicating its excellent durability and stability.

Physico-Chemical Alternatives for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Fusarium Chlamydosporum

Abstract Introduction/Objective Background: Synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs) by chemical or physical methods is difficult due to energy and time consumption, equipment costs, and chemical toxicity. Chemosynthesis-derived NPs are unstable, limiting their biological applications. Thus, identifying alternative green sources to address these drawbacks is difficult scientifically. The hardest part of green metal nanoparticle synthesis is finding a nontoxic natural product and an eco-friendly solvent. Objectives: Isolation of fungal endophytes from Eucalyptus sideroxylon leaves to synthesize ZnO and Au nanoparticles. Methods/Case Report Materials and methods: We used healthy Eucalyptus sideroxylon plant samples from the desert research center to separate endophytes. All fungi were grown on malt extract broth on a rotary shaker at 28 °C (120 rpm) for 96 hours after isolation. Biomass components were removed by filtration and washing in distilled water. Nanoparticles came from biomass cell filtrate. 0.1 M, 1 mL of Zn SO4, and HAuCl4 were added to 10 mL of fungal filtrate and agitated for 24 hours in the dark at room temperature to make Zn and Au nanoparticles separately. Characterization of nanoparticles shows a green synthesis of ZnONPs and AuNPs. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: Fungal endophytes' filtrates were mixed with 1mM Zn SO4 and HAuCl4 solutions to test their extracellular biosynthesis of ZnO and Au NPs. The fungal filtrate became colorless and violet after mixing with Zn SO4 and HAuCl4. Only FI-03 is from 13 (FI-01 to FI-013). The most potent fungal strain for Zn O NP and Au NP nanoparticle synthesis was Fusarium Chlamydosporum. Pure, mostly spherical ZnO and Au NPs averaged 19.3 and 22.1 nm. UV-Vis absorption: Excitonic absorption peaks of ZnO NPs were between 300 and 400 nm. ZnO NPs' maximum absorption peak was 305 nm, while Au NPs' peak was 520 nm. One absorption peak indicates metallic gold nanoparticles. Au and ZnO NPs aggregate the most due to their hydrophilicity, HD of 34.88 and 15.77 nm, and PdI of 0.77, 1.00, and 0.952. Gold face-centered cubic fcc structure dominates Au NPs' XRD pattern. EDX shows 64.61 and 35.39 percent Zn and O, respectively, in both nanoparticles. The optical absorption band of gold nanocrystallites peaked at 2.2 keV in energy-dispersive X-rays. Conclusion Endophytic fungus biosynthesizes ZnO and Au NPs, which are bioactive compounds for medicine and food without toxic chemicals and are environmentally friendly.

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Taenia spp infection in pigs in Kongwa and Songwe districts, Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis (PCC) is widespread in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where free-range pig rearing is common and hygienic standards are subpar. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 42 villages between June and September 2019 (14 in Songwe district, southwest Tanzania, and 28 in Kongwa district, central Tanzania). Using a commercial Ag-ELISA kit (apDia, Belgium), circulating antigens of Taenia spp in pig serum were identified and used to calculate the PCC seroprevalence. The study recruited 692 randomly selected households, sampling one pig per household. The relationship between each risk factor and the seroprevalence of PCC at the household and village levels was analysed using mixed logistic regression models. The findings showed that approximately 28% of the pigs were reared in free-range settings, the proportion of households with latrines across the districts was 92%. Twenty-seven percent of households with latrines had water and soap available for hand washing. Sixty-seven (9.7%) tested positive for PCC based on Ag-ELISA. The overall seroprevalence in Kongwa and Songwe districts was 7.3% and 14.0% respectively. In addition, the overall village Ag-ELISA positivity was 9.3%, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.6% – 14.1%. Increasing the age of the pig (OR = 3.13 95% CI = 1.48 – 6.60; p = 0.003), pig originating from outside the household (OR = 0.5 95% CI = 0.25 – 0.99; p = 0.05), and pigs kept in a household that practised deworming (OR = 2.23 95% CI = 1.08 – 4.61; p = 0.03) were important risk factors associated with PCC positivity. Therefore, the high seroprevalence of PCC, up to 14%, calls for rapid and effective control actions such as vaccination and treatment of pigs against PCC, and public health education emphasises on indoor pig rearing, hygienic practices and regular use of latrines. Our findings also point to a potential danger of Taenia. spp infection indicating the possibility of people carrying the adult parasite Taenia solium not only in the rural communities of Kongwa and Songwe districts but also in the urban areas of Tanzania, where pigs from these areas are transported for consumption. To develop effective management measures, further research on taeniasis and cysticercosis in the human population is required.

Optimization of water washing for mitigation of 3-monochloropropane 1,2 diol ester in palm oil physical refining process

The presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) in processed palm oils is of concern, as these oils are widely used for edible purposes. The mitigation method studied here optimizes the removal of chloride through water washing of crude palm oil (CPO), to limit the formation of 3-MCPDE. The contaminant removal obtained via washing CPO supports the quantitative findings. By utilizing 5% water in the washing step, water-soluble chlorides in CPO are removed by up to 76%, resulting in a 71% reduction of 3-MCPDE to within statutory limits. In this study, a linear correlation was developed between the chloride and the corresponding 3-MCPDE with a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.99. Using the correlations, 1.0 mg/kg of 3-MCPDE in refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) will be obtained from CPO with 1.2 mg/kg chloride with 7% wash water usage. The study also showed minor GE reduction between 7 and 11% was attained after water washing.

Two-stage method recovery of metals from copper slag: Realize the resource utilization of all components

The recovery of metal from copper slag is of great significance to the resource utilization of copper slag and the sustainable development of copper smelting industry. Currently, hydrometallurgy is the traditional method used to recover mineral metals. However, as copper slag is a silicate mineral, the traditional acid-leaching process of metal results in the leaching of Si, resulting in the formation of silica gel. The silica gel can inhibit the recovery of metal while making metal difficult to separate from Si and causing filtration problems. This study proposed a two-stage method (evaporation + water washing) to selectively recover Fe and Zn from copper slag. Under the optimal conditions (evaporation: H2SO4 = 3 M; time = 60 min; temperature = 120℃; and liquid–solid ratio = 4; water washing: liquid–solid ratio = 5), the leaching efficiency of Fe, Zn, and Si reached 99.94 %, 97.40 %, and 0.15 % respectively. The separation mechanism was determined through mineral characterization (XRD, SEM, HRTEM-EDS, SAED, AFM, etc.) and the application of DLVO theory. It was found that H+ destroyed the Fe2SiO4 structure in copper slag during the evaporation stage, which promoted the release of Fe and Zn, forming soluble sulfate crystals. Simultaneously, evaporation increased the ion concentration, reducing the repulsive force between colloids, resulting in the aggregation and precipitation of silica gel into stable amorphous silica. After washing, soluble sulfate is dissolved in water. The recovered Fe can be processed to get red iron oxide (96.32 % purity), the Zn-containing solution can be recycled for electrolytic Zn, and the residue can be used to prepare geopolymer (52.47 MPa, 28 days). The two-stage method for recovering metals from copper slag is highly efficient and provides valuable insights into resource utilization of metals and Si in silicon-containing solid wastes.

Disinfection efficiency of chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid against MNV-1 and HAV in simulated soil-rich wash water

Wash water from fresh vegetables and root vegetables is an important vehicle for foodborne virus transmission. However, there is lack of assessing rapid viral inactivation strategies in wash water characterized by a high soil content at the post-harvest stage. Considering the significance of food safety during the washing stage for fresh and root vegetable produce prior to marketing, we assessed the inactivation efficacy by using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and peracetic acid (PAA) against a surrogate of human norovirus (murine norovirus 1, MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), in wash water containing black soil and clay loam. The results indicated that MNV-1 and HAV were reduced to the process limit of detection (PLOD), with reductions ranging from 4.89 to 6.35 log10 PFU, and 4.63 to 4.96 log10 PFU when treated with ClO2 at 2.5 ppm for 10 mins. Comparatively, when treated with 500 ppm of PAA for 10 mins, MNV-1 and HAV were maximum reduced to 1.75 ± 0.23 log10 PFU (4.50 log10 PFU reduction) and 2.13 ± 0.12 log10 PFU (2.72 log10 PFU reduction). This demonstrated the efficacy of ClO2 in eliminating foodborne viruses in soil-rich wash water. When we validated the recovery of the virus from two types of wash water, the pH (9.24 ± 0.33 and 5.95 ± 0.05) had no impact on the recovery of MNV-1, while the recovery of HAV was less than 1 %. By adjusting the pH to a neutral level, recovery of HAV and its RNA levels was increased to 15.94 and 3.89 %. Thus, this study emphasized the critical role of pH in the recovery of HAV from the complex soil-rich aqueous environment, and the efficacy of ClO2 serving as a pivotal reference for the development of control strategies against foodborne viruses in the supply chain of fresh and root vegetables.

Antibacterial Effect of Aqueous and Alcoholic Ginger Extracts on Periodontal Pathogen Aggregatibacter Actinomycetem Comitans [An in Vitro Study] (Part 1)

Among natural food sources with antimicrobial activities, ginger rhizome has been used as widely grown food spices and medicinal crops for centuries. Furthermore, it possess antifungal and antioxidant properties due to the phenols – related constituents (gingerols) that constrain the growth of many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including some periodontal bacteria. The Actinomycetem comitans is a portion of the normal microbiota in numerous healthy individuals but is also a major etiological agent in some aggressive and chronic types of periodontitis. The present study was conducted to test the effect of aqueous and alcoholic ginger extracts on the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetem comitans in comparision to 0.2% chlorohexidine gluconate mouth wash and distilled water in vitro, determination of ginger extracts minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration and detection of active ingredients of ginger extracts by using the high-performance liquid chromatography as well as chemical elements.

Titanium dioxide release behavior during wash of UV-protective garments by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

The increasing worldwide use of different kinds of clothes with ultraviolet protection in recent years, in particular employing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, is driving the researchers’ attention to the possible environmental problems due to titanium release. This study aims at determining the amount of titanium released from seven ultraviolet-protective garments into the wash water employing total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. For this, a wash protocol was designed based on the international standard ISO 105-C06:2010 and the literature. Pieces (4 cm × 10 cm) of textile were sampled from the garments and submitted 30 times to the wash protocol. The wash water produced in each wash was then prepared for total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis. Results showed that the titanium released in 30 washes was between 8.6 ± 1.3 µg/L and 168 ± 3 µg/L. Every sample released titanium in the first to third wash, except sample 1, which first released titanium in the 18th wash. The greatest titanium release in one single wash was also the 18th wash of sample 1, which released 77 ± 2 µg/L. These results showed the good performance of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in quantifying low titanium amounts in wash water, which is a hard task even for well-established analytical methods.

Efficiency of Food Waste Activated Carbon in Treating Biodiesel Plant Effluent: Impact on Process Conditions and NaOH Recovery

<p>In work illustrated, the mixed food reject was carbonized and further activated with zinc chloride for biodiesel washwater treatment experiments. Biodiesel washwater is one of the significant side streams generated during biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The food waste activated carbon (FWAC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) were analyzed for structural and surface morphology using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Filed emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM) and IR-Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption experiments were performed at 10 to 50 minutes with an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 to 0.5 in 100 mL of biodiesel wash water. pH, Turbidity and Total dissolved solid of biodiesel plant effluent before and after adsorption experiments were determined. Food waste-activated carbon used for the study reduced the effluent pH from 11.5 to 7, Turbidity from 435 NTU to 1 NTU and TDS from 1140 mg/L to 145 mg/L. The feasibility of NaOH recovery from biodiesel wash water was also studied.</p>

PH-controlled sulfuric acid washing enhancing heavy metal stabilization in lightweight aggregate production from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (FA) is a pressing issue in urban development. In FA treatment, washing is a common dechlorination pre-treatment. During washing, considerable heavy metal would leach due to the abundant alkaline substances, posing challenges to the heavy metal stabilization. Also, with high alkalinity, FA has potential to co-dispose of waste sulfuric acid (hazardous waste). Addressing these, our study presented a novel pH-controlled sulfuric acid washing for FA dechlorination during the sintering preparation of lightweight aggregate (LWA). It was aimed at enhancing heavy metals stabilization and enabling the co-recycling of FA and waste sulfuric acid. By controlling a pH of 10.50 during sulfuric acid washing, the leaching rate of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ba, and Cr was below 2%, which was a marked improvement over conventional water washing. Sulfuric acid washed FA (SFA) can be used to produce standard-compliant LWA by sintering with bentonite and SiC. The SFA-based LWA stabilized heavy metals more effectively than LWA using FA and water-washed FA. At a 30 wt% addition rate, the stabilized rate of Pb and Cd increased from 11.7% (using FA) to 72.4% (using SFA), and from 6.3% (using FA) to 49.0% (using SFA), respectively. During washing and sintering, XPS analysis further investigated the transformation of Pb, Cu, and Zn into stable states (Pb-glass, Cu2O/CuO, and ZnAl2O4), enhancing their stabilization. Our study introduces a novel method for co-recycling FA and waste sulfuric acid, offering enhanced environmental sustainability and deeper insights into the mechanism of heavy metal stabilization.

Green lignocellulosic superadsorbent for superior Pd(II) removal and cascade catalytic conversion

In this study, a lignocellulosic-based adsorbent with excellent adsorption capacity for palladium and can be used for upcycling as an eco-friendly catalyst was prepared. The palladium adsorption performance of the lignocellulosic-based adsorption material was improved by 6 times compared to that of kraft lignin before the cationization modification process using polyethyleneimine. The prepared cationized lignin was introduced into a cellulose dissolution-regeneration process to be fabricated into a bead-type adsorbent, and through a cross-linking reaction using citric acid, a natural cross-linking agent, structural stability in contaminated water was achieved and adsorbent recovery and reuse were facilitated. As a result of the adsorption isothermal study, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for palladium of the regenerated cellulose beads containing cationized lignin was 212.5 mg/g. Palladium was recovered and reused from the beads by reducing Pd(II) to Pd(0) using the cationized lignin-containing regenerated cellulose beads as the catalyst. After reduction, Pd(0) present on and inside the beads successfully promoted the hydrogenation reaction that reduces 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with a conversion rate of 98 %. In addition, when reused 5 times after a simple water washing process, a conversion rate of 96 % or more was maintained, and high reuse catalyst efficiency was exhibited.

Remediation of heavily PAHs-contaminated soil with high mineral content from a coking plant using surfactant-enhanced soil washing

This study investigated the effectiveness of various surfactants at different concentrations in removing high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil with high mineral content, focusing on the impact of surfactant treatment on the mobility of the residual PAHs in soil. The results revealed that the cationic surfactant (CTMAB) inhibited removal of PAHs in the whole tested concentration range of 0.1–8 g/L. In contrast, the non-ionic and anionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and SDBS) significantly enhanced removal of PAHs as their amendment concentrations reached 2 g/L and above. Triton X-100 exhibited steadily increased efficacy with increasing amendment concentrations and maintained favorable solubilization capability when continuously amended, making it the preferable choice for remediating PAHs-contaminated soil. Surfactant and water washing processes altered soil physicochemical properties by removing some clay minerals (e.g., faujasite) and organic matter that can bind or sequester PAHs, potentially increasing their extractability and bioavailability in the washed soil, thereby posing higher ecological risks compared to the original one. Although soil washing decreased retention of the remaining PAHs in soil, it did not significantly impact PAHs release from soil by flowing water. These findings provide insights into the long-term effectiveness and ecological impacts of surfactant-enhanced washing as a potential remediation technique for PAHs-contaminated soil.

Microbial Profile of Fresh and Semicooked Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Hygienic Practice of Fish Handlers in Hawassa, Ethiopia.

Despite its high nutritional quality, fish is a highly perishable food item. This study aimed at assessing the microbial quality and safety of fresh and semicooked Nile tilapia fish fillets and the food safety practices of fish handlers in Hawassa City. The microbial load of 40 for each of raw and semicooked fillet samples was estimated by the standard plate count method, and the dominant flora as well as common bacterial pathogens were identified following phenotypic procedures. Moreover, a survey was conducted to assess the hygienic conditions and food safety practices of 30 fish handlers. The mean microbial load of the raw fillet samples in log10CFUg-1 was 8.42 for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMBC), 2.52 for total coliforms (TCC), and 3.41 for a count of staphylococci (CS). On the other hand, the respective parameters for the semicooked fillets in log10CFUg-1 were 6.68 (AMBC), 2.52 (TCC), and 3.17 (CS). The mean AMBC of all the fresh raw fillet samples exceeded the recommended maximum permissible limits. The mean SC of raw fillets from three of the eight vendors and one semicooked fillet were at a potentially hazardous level (>4 log units). Moreover, Salmonella species were isolated from 30% to 25% of raw and semicooked samples, respectively. The mesophilic bacterial flora of both types of samples was dominated by Bacillus species, Salmonella species, E coli, and Staphylococcus species. Most fish handlers did not practice hygienic food handling and lacked basic sanitation amenities like clean water and soap for hand washing. Moreover, nearly all the fish handlers did not have any formal education. These findings call for public health intervention measures like the provision of training in good hygienic practices and certification for fish vendors in the chain.

A novel process for the desalination of MSWI fly ash via in-situ leachate concentrate washing and residue solution electrolysis

Desalination of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is necessary prior to its disposal. Water washing followed by evaporation crystallization for salt extraction is a popular desalination process for MSWI fly ash, while facing large water consumption, high evaporation energy consumption, and difficulties in crystalline NaCl selling. Leachate concentrate is another hazardous waste produced in MSWI plant which is hard to be degraded. In this work, a novel process for the desalination of MSWI fly ash via leachate concentrate washing and residue solution electrolysis was proposed. The effects of liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio and washing step were discussed. Low-carbon electrolysis strategy for the high-salt washed leachate concentrate was explored. Results showed that leachate concentrate washing displayed the similar desalination performance to water washing and the preferred L/S ratio was 3. The dissolution of Cl in fly ash exceeded 92 % after its twice washing. The desalination capacity of leachate concentrate decreased sharply with increasing using times while its salinity increased steadily. With CO2 injection in a regulating chamber, stable electrolysis of the washed leachate concentrate was achieved. The findings are expected to provide guidance on the treatment of MSWI fly ash, leachate concentrate as well as high-salt wastewater in other fields.

Fluorescence detection of hazardous metals using polyaniline-supported layered double hydroxide nanocomposite

Within the framework of this research paper, the hybrid composite composed of polyaniline/layered double hydroxide (PANI@Nd-Co/LDH) is regarded as a versatile substance under solvothermal conditions. A systematic structural and morphological analysis of PANI@Nd-Co/LDH was performed utilizing a diverse array of analytical methods, including Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The synthesis approach involved polymerization to fabricate PANI@Nd-Co/LDH, which functions as a sensor enabling exceptionally sensitive and specific fluorescence detection of Pb(II) and Al(III) in comparison to other prevalent heavy metal ions. The sensor exhibits a fluorescence response characterized by “turn-off” behavior for Pb(II) ions, while it exhibits a fluorescence response marked by “turn-on” behavior when detecting Al(III) ions. With conditions optimized, the minimum detectable limit (MDL) was determined to be 9.6 nM for Pb(II) and 220 nM for Al(III), respectively. These results are consistent with the most minimal limits of detection (LOD) documented in the literature. Additionally, PANI@Nd-Co/LDH can be easily regenerated and employed for a minimum of three cycles by a straightforward process involving filtration and repetitive water washing. The detection mechanism is attributed to the inner filter effect (IFE), which occurs due to the concurrence of the emission and excitation spectra of PANI@Nd-Co/LDH with the absorption spectra of Pb(II). In contrast, the increased fluorescence observed for Al(III) can be linked to the chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect, also known as the chelation-enhanced fluorescence phenomenon. These findings suggest that PANI@Nd-Co/LDH demonstrates excellent potential for detecting and/or recognizing Pb(II) and Al(III).

BIOM-58. ZERO-WASTE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS FROM BIOPSY NEEDLE WASHES

Abstract BACKGROUND Brain tumor classification has increasingly integrated molecular diagnostics into official criteria. However, biopsy tissue is limited due to the small quantity acquired in eloquent areas of the brain and is, therefore, usually earmarked for histology. We have identified that the fluid used to wash biopsy needles contains excess tumor material that can be diagnostically useful. Characterization of this non-zero-sum waste material provides an opportunity for improvement in the diagnosis and treatment for brain tumor patients. METHODS For suspected or established high grade brain tumor biopsies (n = 37 across a multi-institutional cohort at submission), neurosurgeons were instructed to save fluid used to wash biopsy needles. Samples were processed and characterized in a variety of methods to establish diagnostic utility including (1) cell-free DNA isolation and targeted panel sequencing (n = 13), (2) isothermal amplification of cell-free DNA from raw wash water for rapid diagnostics (n = 2), (3) cell-line generation (n = 24) and, (4) cell-free mutant protein capture and quantification (n = 9). RESULTS (1) 13 wash samples were considered for cf-tDNA extraction and Illumina TruSight Oncology 500 panel sequencing (with extracted DNA ranging from 20ng-40ug). In 2 returned cases (11 pending), concordance was 100% with clinical targeted panel sequencing where panels overlapped. (2) One case suspected of harboring H3K27M was subjected to targeted, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and Oxford Nanopore real-time sequencing, confirming an H3.3K27M diagnosis (11.8% allele fraction) within 1hr35min of receipt of sample from the operating room. (3) 5 cases resulted in primary cell culture generation (4) A novel single-molecule mutant protein quantification technique was performed on 9 cases. RESULTS from all analyses and concordance with outstanding sequencing will be presented. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that biopsy byproducts contain enough high-quality tumor-derived material to perform a variety of useful diagnostics with the potential to have immediate translational impact on standard of care.

Effect of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and Rice Washing Water as Liquid Fertilizer on Ipomea reptanas L. Poir Plant Height

The Ipomea reptans L. Poir plant is a horticultural plant that contains high nutrition and is very popular among the public. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is a sodium salt which is very important in the vegetative and generative growth of plants. Rice washing water is one of the domestic wastes that is rarely used and has very good properties for plant growth as an organic liquid fertilizer. This research was prepared based on a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with treatment of MSG concentration combined with rice washing water, namely treatment I (MSG 5 grams + 200 mL rice washing water) and treatment II (MSG 5 grams + 200 mL rice washing water) were carried out repetition 3 times. The parameters observed in this research were the height growth of Ipomea reptans L.Poir plants. Giving MSG combined with rice washing water is the best way to increase the height growth of Ipomea reptanas plants, namely MSG 7.5 grams + 200 mL Rice Washing Water which can be seen with a plant height of 33 cm (6 weeks).
  
 Key Words: MSG, Rice Washing Water, Plant Height, Ipomea reptanas L. Poir

Comparison of different preparation methods for oxygen isotope determination of phosphate in mammal tooth enamel

AbstractWe tested several sample pre-treatment protocols for the study of oxygen isotope ratios in the phosphate phase of mammalian enamel of ten different fossil samples. We investigated the effect of different pre-treatment methods and the duration of the hydrogen fluoride treatment on enamel samples from skeletal phosphate with known δ18O values. The samples had been measured previously, so we could compare the ratios measured in our laboratory with the previous values to choose the best chemical preparation procedure. Four pre-soaking methods and two different time intervals of 2 mol dm−3 hydrogen fluoride treatment were compared during our experiments. In our experimental conditions, the distilled water wash and the 6 h of soaking in hydrogen fluoride gave the closest results to the expected δ-values. The steps of the tested preparation processes were repeated at least three times on each sample, so the reproducibility of the process could be also investigated.