Wash Material Research Articles

Comparative Study on Integrated Psychosocial Stimulation, Nutritional Support, Water Sanitation Hygiene Interventions among Malnourished Children in Kanam, North Central Nigeria

This study is determined to compare the effect of integrated psychosocial stimulation, nutritional support, and water sanitation hygiene interventions on malnourished children. An individual randomized trial design comprising weekly home visits for 3 months in four locations of Kanam Local Government Area, Plateau state, was adopted. The eligible malnourished children were identified through a door–to–door survey using standard procedures of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference) and children with body mass index (BMI) < 16Kg/m2 were selected. A focus group discussion session, follow-up home visitation on weekly and monthly facilitation/support of mother-to-mother, weekly distribution of food supplements, home stimulation environment through the provision of WASH material and age-specific psychosocial stimulation activities were part of intervention strategies adopted for the study. The result shows a significant difference between base-line and end-line data, impacted by integrated package delivery which enhanced and improved nutritional and developmental outcomes of malnourished children over the period of intervention. Furthermore, the findings reveal that there is a non-significant difference among the study groups. However, the observed effect on outcomes based on average BMI indicators is at causal pathways to improve child nutritional status outcomes. The study concludes that the integrated intervention package improved the developmental and nutritional outcomes in malnourished children. Implementation of these integration packages over a longer duration is needed to witness a significant improvement.

Knowledge and Practices Regarding Menstruation Hygiene Management Among School Going Adolescents

Adolescence is a crucial time for girls to prepare for and adjust to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to better understand the challenges girls face due to menstruation in the form of socio-cultural norms and its impact on self-esteem. The study was conducted on 240 adolescent girls in the age group of 10-14years and 15-19 years belonging to rural and urban areas of Hisar district. Self- developed schedules were used to delineate personal, socio-personal variables, MHM status in terms of knowledge, attitude and practices, socio-cultural norms concerning menstruation and facilities at school and home in terms of MHM. Self-esteem of adolescent girls was assessed by using State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) developed by Heatherton and Polivy (1991). Results, illustrate that knowledge, attitude and practice level of respondents was signifi cantly associated with personal and socio-economic variables i.e. age, class, area of residence, mother education and father occupation. Majority of respondents of rural background were unsatisfi ed with the family communication and guidance on MHM they received at homes. Regarding facilities at school in terms of MHM more than 1/4th rural adolescents agreed that there was lack of separate and clean latrines with doors, lack of soap and wash material, lack of changing room to manage periods at school, lack of sanitary material and lack of guidance on MHM. Approximately one- third of girls irrespective of area of residence reported dissatisfaction with home facilities with regard to MHM

Comparative Evaluation of the Dimensional Accuracy of Different Putty-Wash Techniques Using Additional Silicon Impression Material In Vitro Study

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the dimensional accuracy of stone models made by addition silicone impression material using three putty- wash impression techniques: one step putty wash (dual viscosity), two step and modified two step putty wash technique. Material and Methods: A stainless steel master model was constructed simulating a three-unit fixed prosthesis. Fifteen impressions were make of this master model with each impression technique. The first technique, one step dual viscosity was made with putty in the tray and light body on brass dies and impression was make. The second technique, two step putty/wash, the first step using putty on the tray with acrylic spacer on the dies and impression was make then followed by loading wash material on the dies and reseating the first impression in the second step. The third technique, modified two step made using putty/light body as in the first technique then a hole was made at the edge of two abutments in the polymerized impression, then light body was loaded into the tray and over the model and the tray is reseated. Total of forty five impressions were obtained and casts poured using type IV stone. The accuracy of these casts measured using a travelling microscope. Three dimensions diameter, height, and interabutment distances measurements were obtained and statistical analysis was done using paired T-test, One way ANOVA, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests. Result: Showed that a significantly larger dimensions of the resultant stone casts of all techniques in comparison to the master model (P

Dimensional Accuracy of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Considering Impression Techniques– A Literature Review

Objectives Impression accuracy is the main determinant of the fit, form and function of prosthetic restorations. Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) is the material of choice in most clinical situations. The purpose of this paper is to provide an up-to-date review of scientific articles which discuss the dimensional accuracy of PVS impression material using various impression techniques, tray types and spacers. Besides, the procedure, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used impression techniques, technique modifications and innovations are also reviewed.Method An electronic search of scientific papers from 1990 to 2018 was carried out using MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the search terms “accuracy and polyvinyl siloxane and impression technique” and “accuracy and addition silicone and impression technique”.Results Searching the key words yielded a total of 312 articles. By application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, the obtained results were further reduced to 35 citations.Conclusion Impression technique is a critical variable in the accuracy of PVS impressions. Dual-phase 2-step technique with 1 to 2 mm space for the light body is proven to be highly accurate and is still considered as the standard technique. The use of 2-step technique without providing a space for the wash material is rejected by the literature. Triple-phase 2-step techniques including “matrix impression system” have also functioned well and even superior to traditional dual-phase 2-step technique. Papers suggest that custom trays do not significantly improve the accuracy of impressions and rigid stock trays are suitable alternatives

Chlorhexidine as an Antimicrobial Agent in Dentistry A Review

Background: Over the years chlorhexidine has been used in the dental practice as an excellent antiplaque agent. Chlorhexidine not only exhibits special property of substantivity, it also possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum which makes its use in wide variety of oral disorders. Virtually all disciplines of dentistry make use of this material in different formulations like mouth wash, gel, spray, varnish, and restorative material etc. Objectives: To analyse and discuss the use of chlorhexidine not only as antiplaque agent but also an antimicrobial agent. Search methods: The following electronic databases were searched: the Cochrane OralHealth Group Trials Register (to 15 Sep 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via OVID (1971 to sept 2015) and EMBASE via OVID (1971 to sep 2015). Selection of article restricted to English language. Analysis: All the available literature is pooled and segregated with respect to dose, frequency,mechanism of action . side effects of chlorhexidine and based on its antimicrobial spectrum further analysed as antibacterial, antiviral and antifunfal and antiprotozoal property accordingly its role in respective oral disorders and their management in different formulation such as mouth wash, spray, gel, cements and varnish etc Conclusion: Analysis giving some insights into its definitive role as an antibacterial agent further supported by a large number of studies clearly highlighting its role as antiplaque agent, as a root canal irrigant, prevention of caries by suppression of S. mutans, prevention of sceondary infection in apthous ulcers and in alveolar osteitis. Showing promisng results as an antifungal agent ascertained by its role in the management of denture stomatatis and implant associated biofilms. Antiprotozoal role as ascertained in the management of ANUG. Though its long term use has been restricted for its known side effects, a new formulation with antidisclouration system has shown promising results. Research results indicated that chlorhexidine doesn’t alter the microbial flora and the research is inadequate to prove its carcinogenicity, available data indicates chlorhexidine is not a carcinogen.

Comparison of Dimensional Accuracy of Cast Obtained from Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression with Different Putty-Wash Techniques and Spacer Thickness - In Vitro Study

Introduction: Dimensional accuracy of cast obtained after making impressions is crucial factor for the quality of fixed prosthodontic treatment. The impression technique with different thickness of putty wash material is critical factor affecting this accuracy. There is much discussion in the dental literature concerning the effect of this impression technique on the accuracy of cast restorations.
 Materials and methods: This in-vitro study was carried out in 60 impression made from master model with Polyvinyl siloxane impressions material using single step putty- wash technique and two step putty-wash technique with varying spacer thickness (0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5 mm). It was further divided into four groups. Group I: Single step putty-wash impression technique, Group II: Two step putty-wash impression technique with 0.5mm spacer, Group III: Two step putty-wash impression technique with 1mm spacer, Group IV: Two step putty-wash impression technique with 1.5mm spacer. Each group consists of 15 impressions. Casts were poured using type IV dental stone after 1 hour. After 24 hour the die of each cast was scanned using CAD/CAM digital scanner and measured mesiodistally, facio-lingually, height (cervico-occlusally), interabutment or interdie distances. The data were recorded and statically analyzed.
 Results: The highest mean values of mesio-distal, bucco-lingual, cervico-occlusal distances were shown by Group I, whereas the inter-die distance showed equal mean value in Group I, II and III. With the increase in the spacer thickness, the mean value also increases in mesio-distal distance. The mean measurement of bucco-lingual dimension was highest when spacer thickness was 0.5mm and it declined with the increase in spacer thickness. The spacer thickness had no effect on cervico-occlusal and inter-die dimensions.
 Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, accuracy of cast obtained from single step putty-wash technique was more accurate than two step putty-wash technique. In two step putty-wash technique, 1.5 mm thickness of spacer showed more accurate cast in comparison to 0.5mm and 1mm.

A comparative Study in the Antibacterial effect of Eugenol as Hand Wash Material with two Types of Soap

Hands have consistently been an important vehicle in the transmission of disease (1). Thus, thorough hand-washing remains the single most important factor in preventing infection specially in hospitals and labs.Twenty-nine non-clinical volunteers (do not work or come in contact with a clinical or hospital setting) that lacked visible skin injuries, eczema or apparent skin disease were used, those subjects were all tested by a material of each of the three used in the study weekly and laboratory tests were done pre- and post washing.All three material were effective , Eugenol extract as effective as the bar and lotion soap. And this was confirmed statistically.Eugenol has a great antibacterial action even in small concentration and this may be due to steroids and other constituents that are found in the composition of its volatile oil. High concentrations are more effective and this may give us a new revolution in prevention of bacterial infection.

Altering internal surface of putty impression material for better recording of tooth preparation margins

This article describes the clinical procedures for a modified putty-wash impression technique. In this method, the hydraulic pressure induced from planned flowing the wash material from the inner surface of putty impression toward the vestibules pull over the gingival tissues covering the finishing line. This simple method reduces the need to using retraction cord in normal depth finishing line in the gingival sulcus.

Effect of Casting Skin Condition on Fatigue Strength of Gray Cast Iron

The microstructure around the casting skin of cast iron changes according to conditions in the mold, wash material and cooling speed. When a self-hardened mold was used, a matrix microstructure containing all pearlite was obtained in the casting skin. When a greensand mold was used, the matrix microstructure was a mixture of pearlite and ferrite. In this study, tests were conducted to determine the influence of a casting skin on fatigue strength in gray cast iron with one sample containing a fully pearlitic matrix compared with another having a ferrite–pearlite mixture. For comparison, fatigue tests were also conducted on the sample with a pearlitic matrix taken from inside the sample and machined. The surface roughness of the test piece with casting skin was rougher than the test piece with the machined surface. The fatigue strength of the test piece with coarser surface roughness was lower. In a smaller eutectic cell, fatigue strength became higher. The fracture path was observed to be along the interface of graphite. It was considered that the fracture propagation was suppressed by smaller eutectic cells. On the other hand, a little ferrite generated in a casting skin made the fatigue strength lower.

Partitioning and analyzing temporal variability of wash and bed material loads in a forest watershed in Iran

The amount of transported material from a hillslope or channel, mirrors the watershed health, which needs to be quantified. However, the contribution of different sediment sources to sediment load has not been adequately studied. In this study, 24 samples of suspended load, bed load and channel material were taken bi-weekly for a period of one year from the Kojour River of the Educational and Research Forest Watershed of Tarbiat Modares University in Iran. The suspended sediment concentration and particle-size distribution were determined. The total sediment load was then partitioned into bed load, wash load and suspended bed material load based on three criteria: (i) the upper limit of 63 micron, (ii) the Einstein method, and (iii) the lower limit of sediment particles in the channel material. The results suggested a significant contribution of wash load compared to suspended bed material and bed loads ratio of 96.8, 2.65 and 0.55%, respectively. The ratio of suspended bed material load to wash load varied from 13.12% (the maximum) in winter to 11.02, 2.70 and 0.91% in autumn, spring and summer, respectively. The results also showed the effects of flow discharge on different components of sediment loads. While, the flow discharge significantly affected bed load and wash load with respective correlation coefficients (r) of 0.520 and 0.464 < r < 0.535 for three methods with significant level (p) between 0.007 and 0.022. It had little influence on suspended bed material load (–0.243 < r < 0.277 with 0.190 < p < 0.253).

Experimental study on the use of spacer foils in two-step putty and wash impression procedures using silicone impression materials

Statement of problemThe 2-step putty and wash impression technique is commonly used in fixed prosthodontics. However, cutting sluiceways to allow the light-body material to drain is time-consuming. A solution might be the use of a spacer foil. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of spacer foil on the margin reproduction and dimensional accuracy of 2-step putty and wash impressions. Material and methodsTwo methods of creating space for the wash material in a 2-step putty and wash impression were compared: the traditional cutout technique and a spacer foil. Eleven commercially available combinations of silicone impression materials were included in the study. The impressions and the cast production were carried out under standardized conditions. All casts were measured with a 3-dimensional (3D) coordinate measuring machine. Preparation margin reproduction and the diameters and spacing of the stone cast dies were measured (α=.05). ResultsThe 2 methods showed significant differences (P<.05) in the reproduction of the preparation margins (complete reproduction cutout, 90% to 98%; foil, 74% to 91%). The use of a foil resulted in greater dimensional accuracy of the cast dies compared to the cutout technique. Cast dies from the cutout technique were significantly smaller than the metallic original cast (cutout median, 4.55 mm to 4.61 mm; foil median, 4.61 to 4.64). Spacing between the dies revealed only a few additional significant differences between the techniques. ConclusionsWhen spacer foils were used, dies were obtained that better corresponded to the original tooth.

Fine Structural Analysis of Solvent Activated Cu-BTC for Carbon Dioxide Capture

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are presently under substantial investigation due to their properties and high potential as new class of porous material for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. Experimentally, Cu-BTC crystalline frameworks with diameter of approximately 6-13 μm were found. The washing method of Cu-BTC was examined using three different solvent, (a) ethanol and water (1:1), (b) water, and (c) acetone to improve the BET surface area. These materials display approximately type I isotherms with no hysteresis and saturation. CO2 adsorption capacities study shows that acetone wash material can store about 5.98 mmolg-1of CO2 at 25oC and 1.2 bar.

Suspended Wash Load Transport of Nonuniform Sediments

The results of an experimental study on transport of suspended wash load through a coarse-bed stream are presented. The experiments were conducted under different concentrations of fine suspended sediment (wash load of uniform size, 0.064 mm diameter) and with three different coarse-bed sediments: two having uniform sizes and one with nonuniform size distribution. For any equilibrium concentration of wash load in suspension, a definite proportion of the wash material was observed to be present within the bed material. No difference is found in this regard between wash load and suspended load transport. Therefore, the relationship, as stated by Samaga et al., for the parameter representing sheltering—exposure and interference effects in the suspended load transport of nonuniform sediments was applied in a modified form by using the present data and the data collected from the literature.

The use of positive core wash cytology to estimate potential risk of needle tract seeding of breast cancer: directional vacuum-assisted biopsy versus automated core needle biopsy

A disadvantage of the image-guided core needle biopsy is that needle tract seeding may occur and affect the local recurrence and overall survival rates of patients after breast-conserving surgery, although the chance is small. The purpose of this study was to compare the potential risk of needle tract seeding of breast cancer from ultrasonographically guided needle biopsies that were performed with a directional vacuum-assisted device and an automated core needle gun. The study compared the biopsies of 148 breast cancers performed using ultrasonographically guided core needle biopsy with the biopsies of 105 breast cancers performed using the vacuum suction probe. The potential risk of needle tract seeding of the breast cancer was defined by the cytological results derived from the needle wash material. The atypical/indeterminate, suspicious/probably malignant, and malignant categories were considered to represent positive cases. There were significantly fewer positive cytological findings derived from the needle wash material with the directional vacuum-assisted device (33%) than with the automated core needle gun (69%) (P < 0.0001). The use of the directional vacuum-assisted device significantly decreases the potential risk of needle tract seeding of breast cancer after an ultrasonographically guided needle biopsy.

A study of the phase composition of iron-ore briquets to assess their behavior in a blast furnace

We study a mechanism for maintaining the strength of cement-bonded iron-oxide-bearing briquets when heated under reducing conditions. These briquets retain their strength when heated in a reducing atmosphere: up to 700–750°C, strength retention is due to the cement stone; strength retention under further heating is due to the continuous metal shell formed on the surface of the briquet as the iron oxide in the surface layer of the briquet is reduced to iron. Fabrication and usage of briquets of iron-ore concentrate can be recommended as a wash material for blast furnaces. Disperse materials containing SiO2 and MgO should be added to the charge during fabrication of the briquets in order to improve the washing properties of briquet slag.

A modified one-step putty-wash impression technique

aClinical Instructor, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine. bProfessor, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina. (J Prosthet Dent 2007;98:245-246) Although the literature demonstrates that optimum accuracy can be achieved with custom trays and stock trays,1-4 the putty-wash impression technique using an elastomeric impression material is a popular method. Two variations of the putty-wash impression technique are commonly used, the 2-step and 1-step.5 With the 2-step technique, a preliminary preoperative putty impression is made and, subsequently, “washed” with low viscosity material after tooth preparation. In terms of the 2-step puttywash impression technique, several methods are described for control of the bulk of the wash material,6-8 which is essential for fabricating accurate stone dies. With the 1-step procedure, low viscosity impression material is injected around the prepared tooth or teeth, and then the putty impression material is immediately placed intraorally and the materials polymerize simultaneously. Accuracy of impressions resulting from the 1-step putty-wash technique is controversial. Some authors found that there was no difference in accuracy between techniques,5,9-11 while others criticized several potential disadvantages with this approach. These disadvantages include lack of control of the bulk of wash material and the high risk of capturing portions of the prepared margin in putty material rather than lower viscosity material.12 Most putty viscosity materials have inadequate fine detail reproduction for this purpose. This article describes a modified 1-step putty-wash technique using vacuum-formed resin sheets as spacers to control the wash bulk and minimize the chance of unfavorable impression results. Using this technique, the limitations of using 1-step putty-wash impression can be eliminated.

Risk of needle tract seeding of breast cancer: cytological results derived from core wash material

Needle track seeding has been recognized as a possible, albeit rare, complication of breast core needle biopsy. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of needle tract seeding of breast cancer from cytological results derived from core needle wash material. The study included biopsies of 207 breast cancers performed using ultrasonographically guided 18-gauge core needles. Each core needle without exposed sample notch was washed in saline solution immediately after removing the needles. Cytology derived from core wash material was performed by saline solution lavage of the fragments using a cytocentrifuge. The cytological diagnoses were divided into five categories: benign, atypical/indeterminate, suspicious/probably malignant, malignant and unsatisfactory. Atypical/indeterminate, suspicious/probably malignant and malignant categories were considered to represent positive cases of needle track seeding of breast cancer, whereas benign and unsatisfactory categories were counted as negative cases. Cytological diagnoses of the 207 lesions were as follows: 26 lesions (12%) were benign, 18 lesions (9%) were atypical/indeterminate, 37 lesions (18%) were suspicious/probably malignant, 79 lesions (38%) were malignant, and 47 lesions (23%) were unsatisfactory. The incidence of positive cases of cytology derived from core wash material was 65% (134/207). The 25% frequency of positive cases of invasive lobular carcinoma was significantly lower than the frequencies of DCIS (74%) and invasive ductal carcinoma (69%) (P = 0.001 and P < 0.01). The frequency of positive cases in the multiple passes group was 75%, which was slightly, although not significantly, higher than the 66% frequency in the single pass group (P = 0.3). In conclusion, the incidence of positive cases of cytology derived from ultrasonographically guided breast core needles' wash material was 65%. The clinical significance is debatable; however, there may be a theoretical risk of local recurrence if the tract is not excised or radiotherapy not given.

BED LOAD TRANSPORT IN THE PRESENCE OF WASH LOAD TRANSPORT

ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted in a 30 m long 0.204 m wide and 0.5 m deep tilting flume to study the effect of different equilibrium concentration of wash load transport on the transport of uniform and nonuniform sediments through an alluvial channel and on the composition of active bed layer. The experiments were carried out under different hydraulic conditions. The bed material used consisted of three different sediments: two having uniform sizes and one with non-uniform size distribution. It was found that for each equilibrium concentration of wash load there was a definite proportion of wash material in the bed material. The bed material transport is also affected in the presence of wash load in the flow.

INFILTRATION OF COHESIVE WASH MATERIAL AND BED MATERIAL TRANSPORT IN AN ALLUVIAL CHANNEL

ABSTRACT Extensive experiments were performed to study the effect of different equilibrium concentrations of cohesive wash load on the transport of uniform and nonuniform sediments through a loose bed channel. The experiments were conducted under different hydraulic conditions in a 30 m long, 0.204 m wide and 0.5 m deep recirculating tilting flume. The bed materials used in the study consist of two different sediments having uniform sizes distributions and one no uniform sediment. The cohesive wash load used is fine clay having size of 0.0039 mm. Preliminary results obtained on variation of bed load transport in the presence of cohesive wash load and infiltration characteristics of cohesive wash material in the bed layer are presented in this paper.

A clinical evaluation of fixed partial denture impressions

Providing the dental laboratory with an accurate replication of the hard and soft tissue of a patient is important. Therefore, it is essential to examine whether clinicians critically evaluate impressions routinely before sending them to the laboratory. This study evaluated the quality of impressions sent to commercial laboratories for the fabrication of fixed partial dentures (FPD) by describing the frequency of clinically detectable errors and by analyzing correlations between the various factors involved. A total of 193 FPD impressions were evaluated, immediately after arrival at 11 dental laboratories, by 3 calibrated examiners. The impression technique and material used, tray type, and number of prepared units were recorded for each impression. Data relating to errors and faults, including defects in material polymerization, retention to tray, tissue contact by tray, crucial areas beyond tray borders, heavy-bodied material exposure through the wash material (for double-step impressions), inadequate union of materials, retraction cords embedded in impressions, and air bubbles, voids, or tears along the margin were also documented. The data were analyzed with the Pearson chi-square test (alpha = .05). Of the impressions, 89.1% had 1 or more observable errors. Significant correlations were found between material type and voids or tears at the finish line (Rv = 0.17, P < .025) and between material type and polymerization problems (Rv = 0.223, P < .004). Within the limitations of this study, impressions made with polyethers had the most detectable errors, followed by condensation-type silicones. The high frequency of detectable errors found in impressions sent for FPD fabrication is of concern.